general understanding of scientific research

I. characteristics of two terms of scientific research

human journey to perfect knowledge and scientific truth is long and
tortuous. but with all the luck, humans also managed to reveal various
natural phenomena that have been covering life and human life for
centuries. the driving force is curiosity. this curious desire is then
channeled through scientific investigations, so what is currently
considered something extraordinary, was once extraordinary things.
scientific investigation (hereinafter referred to as scientific research)
is that human friends disclose the truth, so that mankind can stand
upon the "scientific truth" it believes.
Charles pierce put forward a method of exposing the scientific truth as
follows:
1. methode of tenacity, a person's way of expressing scientific truths
and judging that beliefs are "right"
2. methode of authority, a uoaya to express a truth through a power of
authority
research is the formal and systematic use of scientific methods to
answer or resolve problems. in other words, scientific research is an
attempt to explain these natural phenomena. the scientific method is
the "soul" of the study, where the application of deductive-inductive
thinking is preferred.

scientific research is the use of scientific method formally and

systematically to solve problems in the field of Natural Science
(science), where the object of research is human life and the natural
surroundings.
steps in conducting research are:
- selection and restriction of the problem
- preparation of hypotheses through literature review
- collect, organize and analyze data
- verify whether a hypothesis is rejected or accepted, and
- formulating conclusions.
A. Scientific research classification
based on the patterns applied in obtaining data, the research is divided
into two parts of research that is qualitative and quantitative. the
difference between the two is related to methodology in conducting
research and conducting studies, where qualitative methodologies are
more interested in deep understanding of the problem whereas
quantitative methods are more interested in objective measurement.
based on the goals in research, scientific research is distinguished on:
- pure and applied research
- evaluation research
- research and development
based on the method applied, the research is distinguished on:
- historical research (historical research)
descriptive research
correlation research
causal-comparative and experimental research.
scientific research in its current form, berikalbakal from traditional
research, trial and error that constantly undergoing development and
refinement, so that the system and methods applied more and more
the better.
the findings gained from the investigation are generally very helpful
to improve the welfare and living standards of people around the
world.
B. models of scientific research
based on the strategy applied, the scientific research model is
differentiated above:
static research model and dynamic research model.
a Static research model
This model describes a research process consisting of 3 elements of
poko:
namely theoretical understanding, operationalization and hypothesis
testing.
Research begins with the idea or interest of researchers to a particular
phenomenon. Such interest can be stimulated by theories read through
empirical research from other studies, or by other factors. the interest
was then continued by an attempt to develop a theoretical
understanding.
The next step is the operational stage of thap translation of concepts
that are still common to be the variables, indicators and definitions of
operations.
The next stage is testing the hypothesis consisting of:
1. penyususnan research instrument to collect data about variables to
be studied.
1. determination of research units and research samples
3. determination of data collection techniques
4. Determination of analytical techniques, both qualitative and
quantitative
The static research model has several weaknesses: in reality the
research process is never smooth and the research process is a process
that invites challenges at every stage.
b. dynamic research model
Dynamic research models are well expressed by the Wallace model,
according to this model, theories produce hypotheses; hypotheses
show how to observe; observations produce generalizations, and
generalizations generate support or argument for theory. if the
argument is obtained then the theory needs to be modified. this new
theory will produce a new hypothesis, the new hypothesis will show
how to make observations, new observations lead to new conclusions.
In other words the process of research is a process that will never end
and can be started arimana course depending on the interests and
abilities of researchers.

C. Selection of research topics

The next step is, what is the toppik of research. which is very
important, because after the determination of research topics, we will
be able to formulate research problems and research titles to be
performed.
Some resources that can be applied to obtain research topics are:
a. through the results of observation / observation directly in the field
b. through the thinking / research results of other researchers
c. reading through biliografi, for example: encyclopedia journal,
review, thesis, dissertation, textbook, periodical magazine, bulletin
and so on.
Through a series of activities above, we can get a topic that will be
used as a reference research. however, it should also be noted some
basic principles in choosing the research topic.
Noteworthy in topic selection:
a. the topic should be really interesting
b. the topic has enough significance
c. do not choose a topic that causes controversy in society. that is,
topics that can disturb the unity and tranquility of the wider
community should be avoided
d. the topic should still be within the scope of the researcher's
capabilities and skills
enough data is available
f. availability, sufficient tools and time
D. Apply a scientific thinking pattern
scientific research at its inception is the embodiment of the scientific
thinking pattern of John Dewey. Karl Alberecht in his famous book
Brain power (Learn to improve your thinking skills) says: "i kept six
honestserving men, they taught ne all i know, their names were: what
are they doing and whwen and how and where and who ".
The above sentence is a modification of Jhon Dewey's basic
principles and mindset. John Dewey is a pioneer of scientific thinking,
which is principally applied by every step of the research.
There are societies that perform various sacred ceremonies to do
something. there are also people who resigned to all the phenomena
experienced, and his life is relatively unchanged throughout the ages.
there are also those who dare to make mistakes before getting
something stable and when it is obtained something that will be
sustainable all the time.
one of the human traits that drives the development of the universe
(science), is the nature of curiosity, of the universe.
There are at least 5 basic assumptions that encourage people to
develop knowledge and technology, namely:
1. the universe exists, formed from matter and energy and occupies
space
2. man exists and knows the universe through the five senses he
possesses. the ability to recognize as an interaction effect between the
five senses with the activity of the universe. other than that humans
have perileaku, moves, reflexes, instincts, learning, and reason or
intuition, and the adaptability to the environment.
3. the phenomenon of the universe follows causal law or determinism
so that manusai can determine axioms, theories, propositions, and
simple formulas to understand it and used as a lubricant aspect of his
life.
4. The human body consists of biologically developed matter and
energy. the development of the body requires input from existing
materials in the natural environment, which is beneficial to the
development of human life.
5. the stored energy in this universe can be exploited by human beings,
to facilitate its work and effort, by following the law of conservation
of energy and the law of material determination. engineering in the
field of matter and energy is referred to as technology.
the nature of curiosity and willing to do something about the secrets
of this universe, must be based on the scientific method, so that
everything that is done can be easily understood, and useful for other
human life. scientific method is a procedure used by technology
scientists by developing theories, propositions, assumptions,
hypotheses, measurement and analysis of data, so that the existence of
the object can be understood by others, to develop or obtain new
things calm the object.
The procedures adopted by scientific meode in the development of
science are:
1. Be aware of a problem with an object
2. collect relevant information with the problem through observations,
experts, or media in circulation
3. propose hypotheses about the problem, formulate the problem or
make the questions about the problems encountered
4. make observations or experiments to measure or detect data, collect
data with valid and reliable instruments
5. analyzing the data and testing the proposed hypothesis
6. conclude the data analysis, generalize to:
a. create a new theory
b. see if the results support the existing theory
c. or to see if the analysis results abort the existing theory
7. disseminate the findings (theory) of society through scientific
journals, seminars, workshops or other scientific media.
How humans observe, measure, analyze, and draw conclusions about
the truth of a project and its quality effect on the object, of course,
requires a method or method that can be accountable and easily
understood by others. the method commonly used by scientists is the
statistical method.
the scientific method is closely related to the philosophy of science.
philosophy of science is part of the epistimology (philosophy of
knowledge) that physically examines the nature of science. the
scientific method is a process in gaining knowledge called science. in
other words, science is a knowledge that is perceived through the
scientific method. science as an ilmiag method contains principles
that are systematic and static, empirical, and objective. (Nasution,
2001)
The scientific method is the procedure used by scientists in the
isstematic search of new knowledge and the reconsideration of
existing knowledge. the conditions that must be met for a knowledge
to be called science, are listed in what is called the scientific method.
scientific methodology is an examination of the rules of the scientific
method. philosophy methodology ii included in epistimology, which
examines how to gain knowledge.
Simply put, scientific knowledge is the kind of knowledge acquired
and justified scientifically correct or by applying scientific method or
work. the scientific method according to Sudarminta (2002), is a
systematic procedure or step that needs to be taken to acquire
knowledge based on sensory perception and involves testing the
hypothesis (assuming temporarily) in controlled theory. sensory
observation usually initiates or terminates the process of scientific
work, because it is often called scientific work also a circle or
empirirs cycle.
Every human being, especially scientists use his brain to think.
thinking, is a mental activity that produces knowledge. the scientific
method is an expression of the way mind works. thus the resultant
knowledge is expected to have the characteristics demanded by
scientific knowledge, ie rational and tested ifat which enables the
body of knowledge it creates is a reliable knowledge.
in this case, the scientific method tries to combine deductive and
inductive ways of thinking.
Deductive reasoning is a process of thinking that reacts from
something that exists, leading to a new proportion formed of a
conclusion. This conclusion follows exactly the base of his mind
based on form, not fixed by the content or material of the reasoning.
Inductive reasoning rests on induction which is a method of thinking
that departs from a specific rule (event or event), to define common
laws (rules). determination of general rules based on specific things.
Inductive conclusions are always generalizations, meaning they
always include a large number of special events.
The flow of thinking covered by the scientific method can be
elaborated in several steps that reflect the stages in scientific activity.
these stages are known as logico-hypothetico-verification scientific
frameworks, through the following process:
1. the formulation of the problem, which is the question of the clear
empirical object of its boundaries and can be identified the factors that
lie in it.
2. the preparation of the framework of thinking in the filing of
hypotheses, which is an argument that explains the possible
relationships between the various factors that sadaing hook and form
the constellation of the problem.
3. the formulation of the hypothesis, which is a temporary answer or a
conjecture to the proposed question whose material is the conclusion
of the developed frame of mind.
4. hypothesis testing, which is the collection of facts relevant to the
hypothesis proposed to consider whether there are facts that support
the hypothesis tesebut.
5. conclusion, which is an assessment of whether a proposed
hypothesis is accepted or rejected. if in the testing process there are
enough facts to support the hypothesis, then the hypothesis was
accepted. on the contrary if in the testing process there is not enough
facts supporting the hypothesis, then the hypothesis was rejected. the
accepted hypothesis is then considered to be a part of scientific
knowledge, because it has fulfilled the scientific requirements of
having a framework of explanation consistent with previous scientific
knowledge as well as the truth.
II. Outline of research
It has been generally known, that State Universities in Indonesia to
develop (three) darma or tasks are:
a. educational tasks
b. research tasks
c. the duty of community service
Research conducted by teachers / educators strata one (S1) generally
is the basis for writing the final task. the final task teacher / educator
S1 called thesis.
In general, an outline of research is the first step of a scientific
research, which is the basis for the preparation of thesis (for S1
program) and thesis (for S2 program). from outline of research, then
compiled a research proposal. this research proposal will become the
next Chapter I, Chapter II, and Chapter III in thesis / thesis. In general,
thesis S1 program (education study program) contains: the
preparation, the main body of the thesis, complementary components
such as reference libraries, and attachments. the preparatory section is
placed before the main body and followed by complementary
components and attachments. outline research has the following
outline:
Chapter I Introduction
1. background issues
2. identification of the problem
3. problem restrictions
4. the formulation of the problem
5. research objectives
6. benefits of peneliitan
7. the definition of operasion
CHAPTER II Review of literature
1. theoretical framework
2. conceptual framework
CHAPTER III research method
1. place and time of study
2.pesiapan
3. procedures
4. data analysis techniques
5. population
6. samples
7. data collection instruments
8. the design of peneliitan
CHAPTER IV results of research and discussion
1. research results
2. discussion
CHAPTER V conclusions and suggestions
1. conclusion
2. suggestions
from outline of research, then compiled a research proposal. this
research proposal will be the next Chapter I, Chapter II, and Chapter
III in thesis / thesis. thesis opening consists of:
a. page title thesis
b. page of approval of supervisor and endorsement of department and
faculty
c. biography
d. abstract or summarye. foreword
f. table of contents, list of images, table lists, and attachment list
things to be considered, for the title of research to be done, cultivated
so that the title of research is short, directed to aspects that will be
examined, clear, so as not to bring a variety of interpretations.