Hydraulic Power Plant

Training Report on Generation and Transmission, 2005
INTRODUCTION
The Me.S.E.B was constituted under section (5) of the electricity (supply) act, 1948 by
the government of Meghalaya vide notification no. P.E. 304/74, dated 21.12.1974
and the board came into existence from 21.1.1975.
In pursuance of the section 75 (1) of the Indian electricity supply act, 1948 the second
annual administration report of the Me.S.E.B covering from the period from the
1.4.1988 to 31.3.1989 has been prepared and is being submitted to the state
government.
FUNCTION
The board is assigned with the general duties of promoting the coordinated
development of generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in a most
efficient and economical manner.
In order to discharge these duty effectively and efficiently the board operates its own
generating plant, maintains its transmission and distribution network with the
deployment of the work force of about 4409 employees of all ranks.
The Meghalaya state electricity consultative council was constituted under section 16
of the Indian electricity supply act 1948 vide government notification no.
PE.188/85/61, dated may 7, 1988. All the members of the Me.S.E.B are the
members of the council and the chairman of the Me.S.E.B is the EX-Officio Chairman of
the Meghalaya State Electricity consultative council.
North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 1

ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP
The head office of the board is located at Shillong. The chairmen of the board also
function as the chief executive head of the board secretariat, finance and accounts
and the engineering department.
ENGINEERING WING
The engineering department of the board has two separate wings.
1. Electrical engineering and
2. Civil engineering.
ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP OF ELECTRICAL WING

The electrical Engineering wing of the board is headed by the chief engineer
(electrical). He is assisted by one additional chief engineer (electrical) and one
additional chief engineer (RE wing) and seven superintending engineers including no.
of executive engineers, assistant executive engineers, sub-divisional officers and
assistant engineers etc.
The electrical wing is in charge of the works of the generation, transmission and
distribution of power, collection of revenue, operation and maintenance of power
station, transmission lines, stores and purchases and other allied electrical matters.
GENERATING STATION UNDER OPERATION

1. Umiam stage-I hydro electric power project – 4 × 9MW
Unit – 1 21.02.1965
Unit – 2 16.03.1965
Unit – 3 06.09.1965
Unit – 4 11.09.1965
2. Umiam stage-II hydro electric power project – 2 × 9MW
Unit – 1 22.07.1970
Unit – 2 24.07.1970
3. Umiam stage-III hydro electric power project – 2 × 30MW
Unit – 1 26.01.1979
Unit – 2 30.03.1979

4. Umiam stage-IV hydro electric power project – 2 × 30MW

Unit – 1 16.09.1992
Unit – 2 11.08.1992
5. Umtru hydro Electric project – 4 × 2.8MW
Unit - 1 01.04.1957
Unit – 2 01.04.1957
Unit – 3 01.04.1957
Unit – 4 01.04.1968
Meghalaya state Electricity Board (Me.S.E.B) was established during the year 1965,
until then it was under the Assam Electricity Board (A.S.E.B).It was in the year of 1975
that Me.S.E.B became an independent body. Presently, it boasts of five hydel power
stations at various places in the state. The five power stations of Me.S.E.B are the
following:
1. Stage-1 situated at Sumer about 28Kms from Shillong in the Ri-Bhoi district of
Meghalaya, which generates about 36MW.
2. Stage-2 situated at Umsumer also at Ri-Bhoi District of Meghalaya, which
generates 18MW utilizing 2 machines each of 9MW capacity.
3. Stage-3 situated at Kyrdemkulai also at Ri-Bhoi District of Meghalaya, which
generates 60MW using 2 machines each of 30MW capacity.
4. Stage-4 is situated at NongKhyllem, East Khasi hills district of Meghalaya, that
also generates 60MW using 2 machines each of 30MW capacity.
5. Umtru power station which is the oldest in the state generates 11.2MW using
4 machines each having a capacity of 2.8MW.
Stage -2 is connected to stage-1 only and through it is connected to the Grid. All the
other stages can connect or disconnect to the grid on itself accordingly.
The Umiam/stage -1 power station was commissioned in the year 1965with a capacity
of 4x9MW (36MW). Renovation and Modernization for all the units was carried out
from August 2001 to January 2003. It has four generating units Viz. unit-I, unit-II, unit-III
and Unit-IV.
Unit-I was recommisioned after repair and maintenance(R&M) works
on 25th February 2002.

Unit-II was recommisioned after R&M works on 11th September 2002.

Unit-III was recommisioned after R&M works on 21st September 2002.
Unit-IV was recommisioned after R&M works on 17th January 2003.
Umiam Dam is the main source of water for the power house. The Dam receives water
from the small river connected to it from the surrounding places and rain water. The
dam constructed has a maximum level of 3220 feet above sea level and a minimum
level of 3155 feet above sea level. The head height is 145m. The water from the dam
is led through a dimension tunnel 2km long via 2(two) penstock whose diameter is 1.3
meters each and distributed through four (4) smaller penstock to the turbines in the
power station. The demand for Shillong is 100KW. Since the regional load demand for
power is more that of generated power, power is being imported from the North
Eastern Grid.
Fig: Layout of various hydro power project under taken by MeSEB

SALIENT FEATURES OF
UMIAM STAGE-I POWER STATION
This stage was commissioned on 1962. This power station is the first generating plant
of Me.S.E.B. A dam is built across the Umiam Lake with a catchment’s area of
85.5squares miles (221.5sq.km) an average rainfall in the basin is about 105inches
(2667mm). The power house is built in Sumer. The size of the building is
41.8mx21.3m including control room with an installed capacity of 4x9MW (That is four
machines of 9MW each). Supplier of hydro electric generator is M/s Toshiba of Japan.
Water is taken from the reservoir by an underground tunnel, which is then bifurcated
into two penstock in the valve house. Two numbers of butterfly Valve are used for each
penstock, one in the valve house that is both manually and electrically operated with
the horizontal pivot called gate valve (Gate valve remains always open) and the other
inlet to the turbine called the main inlet valve (MIV), is operated electrically through a
servomechanism. Each penstock is again divided into two units, which are used to run
the four turbines. The four machines are named as unit-I, unit-II, unit-III, and unit-IV.
Each generator is of 10600KVA capacity. A special feature of the butterfly valve is its
ability to trip automatically in the event of 25percent over velocity of water in the
penstock. The penstock is 530.85m long valve house to power house. There are 60
numbers of supports with the spacing of 7.3m apart. Vertically mounted Francis
turbines are used. Unit-I and unit-III provides the power supply to the station through
auxiliary transformer for lightning, control room power supply and others etc. 9 (nos.) of
air blast circuit breakers are used 4 for each units,1 for Shillong, 2 for stage-III, 1 for
NEHU and 1 for stage-II. The regular occurrence of tripping in the power system finds
advantages in using ABCB. The cooling of the station accessories are provided through
a cooling pump of 70 H.P. capacities.

The battery bank provides supply for the control system also; its power is required for
the initial excitation system of the exciter which is lead acid batteries.
The Transformer Yard consists of 4 Nos. of power transformer of 10600KVA and other
accessories. The transmission voltage is at 132KV.
The capacity of EOT crane main host is 40tonnes an auxiliary host is 7 tonnes.
At tail race channel of length 365.85m is used. Turbine water level is at maximum of
810.77m and minimum of 809.40m.

ELEMETARY OF HYDRO POWER STATION

1
ELEMENTARY OF HYDROPOWER STATION
The potential energy of water stored in the reservoir with high head is converted into
kinetic energy in the flowing water through the penstock. The flowing water converts
the energy into mechanical rotational energy in the hydro turbine. The hydro-turbine
drives the rotor of hydro-electric generator.
The hydro electric power plants are situated far away from the load centers. The hydro
turbines and power plants are classified as high head, medium head and low head
power plants. The turbines used are:-
Type Head H (m) Flow rate Q (m³/s)
Impulse (Pelton) High 100 to 1000 2 to 100
Reaction (Francis) Medium 5 to 30 5 to 500
Kaplan Low 2 to 100 5 to 100
The major components of a hydroelectric scheme are:
1. The forebay: The forebay is a storage basin situated at the intake. Its main
function is to temporarily store the water which is rejected by the plant
due to the sudden change in the load of the generators.
2. Intake structure: The forebay is provided with the intake structure so as to
direct to the penstock. These intakes are provided with Trash racks so as
to prevent the entry of debris into the penstock, thus providing safety for

the turbine runners. The forebay is provided with spillway or waste way
so as to remove the water if there is a need to.
3. Penstock: Penstock is huge diameter pipes which carry water under pressure
from the reservoir to the turbines. In long penstock surge tanks are
provided to reduce the pressure and in the case of short length the pipes
are made with heavier pipe wall. These are made of steel and long
penstocks are branched at the end. Penstocks are provided with gates
at the entrances and are used for repair. An air vent is provided to force
air as soon as the gates are closed.
Surge tanks: It consists of open chamber connected to the penstock and
the atmosphere. When the load is rejected the back pressure acts and
the level of water rises in the tank and thus provides excess pressure on
the turbine and thus it is rescued.
4. Hydraulic Turbine: Turbines converts hydraulic energy into Mechanical energy.
The energy thus produce is used to rotate the shaft thus producing
electric energy. It consists of runner with especially designed blades. The
water with high kinetic energy is made to strike the runner and thus
producing rotation of the shaft of the generators.
5. The power house: A power house is a building consists of substructure to
support the turbines and electric equipment and a super structure to
house and protect the equipment. In this power station it consists of a
concrete block extending from the foundation of the generators floor
with waterways.
Super structure is building which generally accommodate generators
and exciter at the ground floor, and switchboard and control panel.
Vertical turbines are placed below the floor level beneath the generators.
7. The Draft tube: The Draft tube is a conduit which connects the outlet of the
turbine runner to the tail race. The water, as it emerges out of the
runner, flows through this pipe of gradually increasing diameter and
come to the tail race. Outlet gates are provided with gates, so that the
draft tube can be dewatered for repairs.
8. The tail race: The channel into which the water is discharged after passing
through the turbines is known as the tail race. In the absence of nearby

stream tail race channel is constructed. Proper design and maintenance

is necessary to reduce aggradations or degradation of the bed.
Aggradations will raise the tail water level and reduce the gross available
head of the plant. The Degradation decreases the Tail race level and if it
falls below draft tube level there will be unnecessary flow condition,
losses increases, and reduced turbine efficiency.
Switch yard: The transformer steps up the voltage corresponding to the transmission
level voltage and at the switchyard protective equipments such as the
circuit breakers, PLCC equipment, bus coupler etc. are located.

STUDY OF SURGE TANK, PENSTOCK,

2
CASING, INLET VALVE AND BYPASS VALVE
(i) Surge tank

This is a cylindrical tank provided on the tunnel. The construction is such that the top
part is open to the atmosphere. When the load on the turbine increases, the turbine
gates are open by the governor an increased demand of water is partly made by the
water stored in the surge tank. Similarly, when the load on the turbine decreases, the
gates of the turbine are closed partly by the governor to adjust the rate of flow of water
in order to maintain the constant speed of the runner. When the gates are closed the
water moving to the turbine has to move backward, this backward moving water is
stored in the surge tank. Thus, the surge tank controls the water when the load on the
turbine decreases and supplies water when the load on the turbine increases. In this
way surge tank controls the pressure variation resulting from the rapid changes and
the water flow in penstock and thereby prevents water hammer effects. Also this can
be regarded as a safety device for the protection to the penstock from bursting from
excess pressure developed during the occurrence of change of demand of load. For low
head surge tanks are usually not required as the penstock itself can withstand the
back pressure.
(ii) Penstock
It is closed pipe, which direct the flow of water from the end of the tunnel to the spiral
casing of power house. These penstocks are made to run on concrete support. The
penstock being used in stage-I power station is made of cast iron and the velocity of
water in the penstock is 4 m/s. The joints are welded so as to avoid the leakage of
water. The two penstocks bifurcate into two units. Each unit supplies water to the

machines viz. unit-I, unit-II, unit-III and unit-IV (generators). Openings are provided at
regular intervals for maintenance purposes.
(iii) Casing
The type of casing used for stage-I turbines (Francis) are provided with a volute or spiral
casing, the function of which is to distribute water equally to all parts of the gate
apparatus and to impart to it a whirl (or tangential) component of velocity. These casing
has larger diameter at the beginning of the casing i.e. near the MIV and small diameter
at the end. Steel spirals are cast, riveted, or welded. The latter construction now being
universally applies to the large casings. A ring of fixed stay vanes, which resist axial
loads on the spiral, bridges the throat of the spiral.
(iv) Bypass valve

It is provided across the main inlet valve. Since the main inlet valve is normally closed,
unequal pressure/high pressure results on the two sides of the valve. If the water were
to be directly led into the casing with this pressure the damage can be done to the
casings. So, water is first led through the bypass valve to equalize the pressure by
completely filling in spiral casing with water. Only after ensuring the balance in
pressure, the main inlet valve can be opened through a servo mechanism. After the MIV
is opened the operation of bypass valve is halted and remains closed.
(v) Inlet valve

It is the valve at the inlet of the casing also known as the main inlet valve (MIV). The
MIV used in this power station is butterfly type. It is made of carbon steel casting. The
bearings are provided with necessary packing glance to prevent in flow of sand or other
foreign matters contained in water. It is opened only after the spiral casing is filled with
water. Two units are renovated for increase in efficiency. Locking mechanism is
provided to enable maintenance work.
(vi) Man hole

This is an opening provided at the end of the main inlet valve so as to perform
maintenance work. It is opened only after the MIV is closed.

(vii) Servomotor
It is a fluid –pressure operated piston in a cylinder mounted on, or combined with, the
body of the governor. The piston rod is connected either to the gate regulating shaft or
directly to the shift or directly to the shift ring by suitable connecting rods.
This servomotor is used to open and close the inlet valve. There is a separate
servomotor for the opening and closing of guide vanes.

STUDY OF TURBINE
3
Since it is medium head plant the turbine is a reaction Francis turbine. The essential
parts of the reaction turbine are:
(i) Stay vanes

This vane regulates the flow of water from the guide vanes to the runner.
(ii) Runner
The runner has the function of abstracting the whirl component of water, converting it
into rotational energy, and discharging the water with a minimum of whirl and of
absolute velocity. There are 22 nos. of blades.
(iii) Guide Vanes/Wicket gates

This consists of a ring of 22nos. of guide vanes, the function of which is to control the
direction and quantity of water reaching the runner. The guide vanes are arranged to
swivel together by an interconnected linkage system controlled by a regulating ring.
Each vane is provided with a safety device, such as breaking link or shear pin, which
will fracture if an obstruction prevents closure to the vane. One or two hydraulic
servomotors through connecting rods rotate the regulating ring.
(iv) Draft tube

This tube mounted at the end of the turbine. This is conical in shape. This is used for
the removal of water from the turbine in to the tail race.

(v) Regulating ring

Regulating ring is made up of alloys of iron and is controlled by servo mechanism. The
guide vanes rest in this ring.
(vi) Air valve

Air valves are protective devices that are provided at the end of the turbine to release
air which may cause high pressure on introduction of the water in the penstock after
the maintenance work.
(vii) Shaft
The shaft is made of high grade steel and the rotational motion of the turbine is
transferred to the rotor of the generators. The shaft made hollow for the release of air
also output of the converter is run through it to the rotor.
(viii) Casing
The type of casing used is spiral casing. The water in the casing has a pressure of
1.5Mpa.
(ix) Bearings
The bearings are ball bearing and contained in pads with oil immersed.
(x) Bottom ring

This is a support provided for the machine to rest at an angle less than 90˚ on the
bottom ring during the off condition. The bottom ring is made from chrome/ high grade
steel. During the running condition the machine rises due to the centrifugal force and
remains at 90˚.
COOLING SYSTEM OF THE TURBINES

For cooling purposes the water in the penstock (i.e. unit-I&III) are opened either one of
them at a time. This water when opened by the tapping (provided in the unit I &III) is
stored in the over head water tank by using induction motors. The water flows through

the pipes and they are used for cooling the machines of the four units. For cooling the
four transformers the water is pumped by the three pumps provided in the pump
house.
fig. Cooling arrangement of the Umiam Power Station

Water for cooling can also be used by pumping the water from the tail race and this
process is usually used when water level in the dam is low. The advantage of this
method is that water circulation can be done continuously. The excess water used in
cooling of the machines again flows to the tail race.
Machine cooling
Four air coolers are provided. These air coolers have small pipes in them. The water
flows through the pipe to the turbine gate bearings (TGB) the lower guide bearing (LGB)
and to the thrust bearing in upper guide bearings (TB and UGB) for cooling the oil

inside them. The TGB, TB and UGB are provided with shaft, sealed to prevent the oil
from leaking while the shaft is rotating.
The purpose of strainer in the tail race is to prevent the dirt from entering the pump.
Water kept at a pressure of 2kg/cm². Cools the oil heated in the bearings. Oil is
circulated at 2kg/cm². Pressure thus, preventing any mixing of the water with the oil.
Air pressure (at 10kg/cm²) is used for bringing the turbine to rest only after the speed
had reached 30% of the rated speed (180c.p.m). In case the valve is cold then a
suction pipe is used. If the suction pipe is not up to the desired level then the pump
cannot be operated due to presence of air cavities inside, which may damaged the
pump. Therefore, the water from the overhead tank is released and allowed to flow to
the pump till the water on the suction pipe is full. There is another pipe, which releases
the air pressure and allows determining the water level in the suction pipe. Oil is used
in the machine in order to reduce the friction and due to this friction oil is heated and
thus water is used to serve as a coolant that is allowed to flow through the pipes.
The cooling system is also provided for the cooling of the stator of the generators.
Turbine
The turbine used in this power station is Francis turbine since it is used for medium
heads. It consists of runner provided with vanes, guide vanes, guide mechanism, draft
tube, and spiral casing. The stay vanes guides the guide bearing and Guide vanes
regulate the supply of water according to the load and also direct water to enter into
the runner vanes at the suitable angle. The water enters the turbine through the
penstock connected to the spiral casing. The water is directed into the guide vanes.
Finally the water is discharge through the draft tube. The overall efficiency of this
turbine lies between 85 to 90% of this turbine.
Pressure Relief Valve

It is located close to the turbine. It normally remains closed during the running
condition and maintained through an oil pressure of 20Kg/cm2. suppose the pressure
in the turbine increases more than 20Kg/cm2 which is the oil pressure the valves
opens and the excess pressure is released and thus the turbine is relieved from getting
damage.

STUDY OF GENERATORS
4
The most frequently used machines for the generation of electrical power is the
synchronous machine.
In synchronous machines the part of the machines in which the voltage is induced is
called the armature. It has stationary armature and rotating field. This configuration is
used because there are many advantages such as for cooling, insulation purposes of
both field and armature also with this configuration wear and tear is reduced. The
component part of the electrical part of the electrical machine that carries the exciter
or the field winding for the production of the required magnetic lines of force or flux is
called field system. If the field system is so provided that the lines of forces after a
particular distance change their direction, the field system is said to possess
alternating poles. In case of all A.C. machines, the frequency of the voltage induced is
dependent on the speed of the machine and the number of poles.
There are two types of construction of water-wheel-generator units. In the first type of
construction the generator is provided with its own shaft and is coupled to the turbine
shaft with the help of the coupling. The generator is provided with two types of bearing.
The turbine has only one bearing, a journal or guide bearing. The generator thrust
bearing takes the load consisting of the generator-rotor-weight, turbine-rotor-weight,
and the water thrust.
The main parts of the synchronous generator are:

(i) Stator
(ii) Rotor
(iii) Exciter

(iv) SSG
(v) Brake and jacks
(vi) Bearing and coolers
CONSTUCTIONAL FEATURES OF THE STATOR

The rotating pole-wheel, having alternatively north and south poles change the
direction of the magnetic lines of forces in the stator and hence in order to reduce eddy
current iron losses, the stator is made of dynamo-sheets generally 0.5mm thick. These
sheets are either pasted with one paper on one side or are insulated from each other
with the help of chemical treatments.
The stator is either one piece or made up of two or more parts in case of stators having
large diameters. The division of stator into parts are however responsible for the flow
of bearing currents and must be avoided.
Parts of the stator are:

(i) Stator core
(ii) Stator coil
(iii) Coolers
(iv) Temperature recorder
STATOR CORE
(a) The stator core is built up of high grade, non-aging, thin laminated silicon
steel. The burrs around the punched lamination are to be removed. Both
surfaces of each lamination are coated with insulation varnish or other
material to minimize eddy current losses. The laminations are adequately
keyed/dove tailed to the stator frame and are held securely in place. It is
also assembled to minimize noise from excitation and air flow.
(b) The air duct in the stator core is of such design so that the temperature
rises through out the entire core length is uniform and is design to make
the air flow smooth and minimize air friction losses.

(c) The stator core is formed as a continuous core by overlap stacking at the
site, adequately keyed to the stator frame and securely held in place by
clamping flanges at each end.
(d) The tie bolts and clamping flanges are designed to compensate for a
possible vertical settlement of the lamination after the stacking. Fingers
and clamping plates is to be a non-magnetic metal.
STATOR COIL
(a) The stator core is made of copper and is sufficiently transposed.
(b) The insulation of both coil are element conductors conformed to “Class F
insulation (IEC standards)”.The coils are so taped that there are no
discontinuities through out the entire length of the coils with equal
thickness being applied to both the slot and end-turn portions. The
insulation and tapping of the coils are provided with adequate corona
shielding to prevent corona discharge under normal operating condition.
The insulation is built up of mica tap and glass fiber impregnated with
epoxy or polyester resin by a vacuum process. A corona protective varnish
is in proximity of the slot ends is provided.
(c) Provisions are made for slightly wedging the coils in the slots with edges
which will neither shrink nor buckle.
(d) The end portions of the coils and the connection are rigidly supported and
braced to prevent vibration and distortion caused by the most severe
short-circuit conditions to which the generator may be subjected. The
joints by means of brazing method have sufficient mechanical strength
and current carrying capacity.
(e) To fasten the end coils together and to the insulating end rings filters and
ribbons fiber glass polyester impregnated are used.
Four (4) resistance type temperatures detectors are provided for each phase of stator
winding at different places in slots where the maximum temperature is expected. The
temperature detector is inserted between the upper and lower coils. The detector is

arranged at appropriate places where no extreme temperatures difference is expected

between each phase.
The line leads of stator windings is connected top the high voltages power cable. The
neutral side conductor of the stator winding is connected to existing current
transformers and then is connected to form neutral point connected to the neutral
grounding device through the high voltage power cable.
CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF THE ROTOR

The design of the rotor in the case of slow moving machines (water-wheel-generators,
diesel generators) is different from the design of the rotor of fast moving machine
(turbo-alternators). The difference in the two designs being mainly due to high force
and hence results in high mechanical stresses on the moving parts. Run-away speed is
defined as the speed, which the prime mover would have, if a Prime mover working on
full load is suddenly unloaded and its speed regulator does not work. Due to large
values of run-away speeds in the case of water turbine, there is a large difference
between the peripheral speed at rated speed and at run-away speeds.
The parts of rotor are:

(i) Rotor poles
(ii) Rotor coil
(iii) Cooling vanes at bottom
(iv) Breaking ring
ROTOR POLES
In each unit there are ten (10) numbers of poles and these poles are made of solid
forged steel.
ROTOR COIL
The field windings are made of copper. The insulation materials of the field winding is
adequate for class F (IEC standards)

Filed winding connection between poles is of flexible pole type and is conveniently
supported to prevent their failures due to vibration and thermal expansion cycles
combined with centrifugal forces acting on the field winding up to the run-away speed.
Damper winding connection between poles is made of connecting plate with holder to
avoid failure due to vibration an thermal displacement and is c\securely tighten
together with rectangular washer.
The function of the rotor coil is to induce magneto motive force necessary for
generating electric power. I addition it must be mechanically so rigid to withstand the
centrifugal at the run-away speed. However, subjected to repetitive mechanical and
thermal stress during long term operation conductive materials such as copper
material connection plates and connection copper straps as well as insulating
materials are anticipated to be caused to deteriorate. Thus the followi9ng faults are
predicted to develop:
(i) Ground fault caused by reduced insulation resistance.

(ii) Layer short resulting from insufficient turn insulation strength.
(iii) Increased temperatures rise.
(iv) Break down of insulating collar, breakage of interpole connection plates and
protruding turn insulation resulting from decreased mechanical strength.
To prevent above listed faults, it is essential to conduct preventive

maintenance/inspection and to carry out repair/modification as required.
BRAKES AND JACKS

In order to bring the rotor quickly to a standstill in case of any disturbance or fault in
normal operation, the generator is provided with brakes, as it is dangerous for the
thrust bearing to run at lower speeds for a long time. The total time bringing the speed
from the rated speed to standstill can be reduced to 3(three) minutes with the help of
brakes. The brakes are so designed that they can destroy the entire energy of the
rotating masses. Normally the brakes should be applied only after the speed has fallen

down to 20% of the rated speed. Only under dangerous conditions, the brakes are
applied at rated speed. The brakes work hydraulically. A turbine Regulator oil tank
supplies the oil for the brakes. The brakes are provided with pats, which are made of
asbestos interlace with metal wire. The pats come in contact with the polished surface
of the rotor ring when brakes are applied. In order to avoid deformation of the rotor
rings the maximum temperature during braking is limited top 150 degree centigrade.
In order to help the erection work, the brake is made to work as a jack during erection
and overhauling. Brakes are used for stopping of machine and operate when machine
is at 120 r.p.m. i.e. at 20% of the rated speed and when speed immediately comes
down to 0 r.p.m. it releases only after one minute. Machine is never run at 10% of the
rated speed also known as the creeping speed. Jacks are used only for maintenance
work.
BRAKES
1. The pneumatic brake is designed and constructed to cause the least air
leakage, and is provided with the least wearing and easily replaceable brake
shoes. Each brake shoe is spring reset so that the brake shoes are disengaging
automatically from the brake ring when the air pressure is off.
2. The brake shoe is non-asbestos molding type. Limit switches are provided for
confirming that each shoe has disengage from the brake ring completely. The
wiring and electrical conduits are provided between each limit switch and
terminal box.
3. The pneumatic brake is able to operate manually by electromagnetic valve
mounted in the turbine control cubicle.
4. Air pipes and valve for pneumatic brake are furnished by the contractor up to
the electromagnetic valves inside of the turbine control cubicle.
JACKS
The jacks are provided to lift the machine when it is started. These are placed below
the breaking ring.
1. The contractor will furnish oil jacks to jack up the rotating parts of the turbine
and generator for overhauling, assembling and adjusting. The generator and

turbine oil jacks have sufficient capacity to lift up the rotating parts and keep it
at the raised position. A limit switch is provided on each jack to confirm the
operation of the jacks. One limit switch is provided on the top of the upper shaft
to signal the jacked up position. The wiring and electrical conduits are provided
between each limit switch and terminal box.
2. Blocking devices are provided for blocking the rotor in the raised position
without maintaining hydraulic pressure on the jacks.
3. One portable motor operated pump and oil tank assembled as a unit is
furnished to commonly serve the four units of the generator from the outside of
the air housing. All piping and valve necessary between pump and jacks are
furnished.
EXCITER
The exciter is brushless type ac-exciter. The supply to the exciter’s generators is fed
through the excitation generator at single phase supply and from the rotating armature
power is supplied to the diode rectifiers and the dc output is fed to the field of the main
generator. The rotor of this generator is mounted at the top with the same shaft of the
main generator.
SSG
This generator is mounted with the same shaft of the turbine. This is also known as
speed sensing generators and the output of which is fed to the governor system and
thus regulate the speed as per the demand of the load.
GENERATOR BEARING
There are four types of bearing in the generating system:
Turbine bearing
Lower guide bearing
Upper guide bearing
Thrust bearings

(i) Turbine bearing

This bearing is mounted on top of the turbine. These are provided on two bearing pads
and are immersed in oil.
(ii) Lower guide bearing

This bearing is at the bottom part of the generators. There are 8 nos. of bearing pads. It
is of shell type. It is completely submerged in oil.
The main function of the upper guide bearing and lower guide bearing is to prevent any
radial movement of the shaft. Cooling is done by means of water. Working pressure is
2 Kg/cm². These are provided in upper guide bearing and lower guide bearing and in
the stator frame for cooling of stator. For upper guide bearing cooler is of coil type
having inlet and outlet.
(iii) Upper guide bearing

This is same as the lower guide bearing. It guides the shaft of the generator.
(iv) Thrust Bearing

It consists of thrust collar and thrust runner. The collar is also known as thrust pads
and 15% of top of the pad is made of babit material due to the wear and tear and can
be replaced from time to time. The babit material is softer than thrust runner.
Thrust collars are coupled/clamped to the shaft and carries the whole weight of the
rotating shaft (i.e. both turbine and generator shaft). Thrust runner consists of eight (8)
nos. pads and is completely submerged in oil and the thrust collar rotates on it.
COOLERS
Two types of coolers are used. They are:
1) Air coolers
2) Oil coolers

Air coolers
This type of air cooler is used to cool the stator of the main generator. Water jackets
are provided along the whole periphery of the stator. These water jackets contain
water. When the machine runs the air is sucked and thus there is cooling of the stator.
Oil coolers
Oil coolers are used for the cooling of the bearings. This also contains water jackets
and through this water is run and the oil is cooled. All bearings contain temperature
recorders.

STUDY OF 11KV SWITCHGEAR

5
Switchgears are used for making and breaking of circuits. It is normally situated
indoors at the generated voltage i.e. at 11KV. It consists of the following:
Current and potential transformer

CT’s are inserted in series with the main circuit for supplying secondary current
whereas PT’s are connected in shunt across the main circuit, produces the secondary
voltage. These are used for instrumentation as well as for protection purposes as these
steps down the currents and voltages and are fed to the necessary relays for particular
purpose.
Isolators
There are two kinds of isolators in switchgear. They are:
Machine isolators
Substation isolators
Isolators are switches used for isolating a particular line from the system. These are
operated only after the circuit breaker have tripped and is done manually. These are
switches which are being opened for maintenance purposes.
Surge arrestors
Surge arrestors are safety equipments used to divert the surge due to lightning and
protect the systems from such strokes. The triode type lighting arrestors are used in
this power station. These are non uniform resistors connected in series. Due to very
high voltages during lightning flash over voltage occurs and it is disposed of to the
ground.

Excitation transformer
Excitation transformer is used to give supply to the exciter. This steps down the voltage
from 11KV to a single phase line and from the secondary it is fed to the exciter
generators.
fig. 3A 100MVA HRC are used for the fuses.

STUDY OF CONTROL SYSTEM

6
Control system
(i) Speed control
To execute speed control, a deviation of the actual speed signal from the rated rotation
signal is calculated by ∆F processing. The calculated deviation is further implemented
by speed dead-band processing, and then the value of the frequency setter (65F) is
added to the deviation to calculate the speed deviation. On the other hand to execute
load control, a deviation of guide vane position from the load setter (65F) is obtain and
then it is multiplied by speed droop to have the deviation of the guide vane position.
The deviation of guide can be used in parallel operation.
Then the control deviation is obtained by adding the speed deviation and the valve
position and PID control is executed.
The lower value is selected between the PID control output and the value of load limiter
(77) and it is output as a guide vane position command. Here, the load limiter (77) is
automatically set to the start up position when the system is started.
The guide vane manipulation signal (control valve position command) is calculated
from the deviation of the guide vane position data from that of the position command.
The difference the control valve position command and the actual control valve
position is output as a control valve drive signal. The control drive signal obtain above
is used to operated the guide vane servo motors by means of C1 type actuator so that
the guide vane position, movement follows the position command.

(ii) Governors
The hydraulic turbine governor is equipment for controlling the guide vane by detecting
turbine speeds and its guide vane opening in order to keep the turbine speed stable or
to regulate its output.
Accordingly the controllability of the power plants and the quality of an electric power
depend upon the performance of the governor and, the governor is entrusted with a
position of large responsibility as the primary regulator to control the major factor of
the power plant.
For this reason the improvement is quick-response stability have been carried out and
governors employing PID control system have recently been used widely in a field of
hydro-electric power. The CK2 type Governor Actuator is a mechanical drive and control
parts of the highly quick response and highly stabilized governor is newly developed.
The simplified construction of the governor has accomplished improvement in
sensitivity, quick response and stability and has provided easiness of maintenance.
Parts of actuator
Converter
The converter is a part for converting an electric signal from the regulator to a
mechanical displacement of the main distributing valve. The displacement rate
changes according to the magnitude of the electric signal.
The converter is of spool type which directly operates type pilot spool with the strong
permanent magnet and the moving coil.
A dither signal is continuously superposed on the converter during signal to making a

vibration in to a pilot spool and a main spool in order to prevent from its sticking.
Start and stop device

The start and stop device control the movement of the connecting rod for connecting
the converter to the pilot valve by means of hydraulic cylinder mechanism which

presses the pilot plunger downward (closing) when stopping releases it to permit its
opening movement upward when starting.
Pilot valve
The mechanical displacement of the converter initiates a movement of the valve
plunger from its neutral position to send pressure oil for control of the control piston.
Control piston
The control piston is a member of hydraulic cylinder for controlling the main
distributing valve and its movement is restored to the pilot valve. By changing that
restoring amount, a gain of distributing valve can be adjusted.
Main distributing valve

The main distributing valve changes oil flow paths to the servomotor for opening or
closing the guide vanes. The opening or closing time is determined by the port area of
the main distributing valve.
Guide vane opening limiter

The guide vane opening limiter is used for limiting a stroke of the servomotor below
any opening position, and either manual or remote setting is available.
Restoring mechanism
The restoring mechanism feed back the servomotor movement to the governor
regulator and the guide vanes opening limiter.
Turbine speed detector

The turbine speed detector detects the turbine speed, and SSG (speed signal
generator) or PMG is available.
The main purpose of servomotor is to get power that is required to open the guide
vanes. The oil pressure of 20Kg/Cm² in the pressure tanks with the help of oil pumps
maintains this force. The solenoid valve helps in opening the valve 2 and 3, which is
then converted to rotatory motion to provide operating force.

Fig. Position movement follows the position command

Fig. System Block Diagram of Governor Actuator

Excitation-System
The system supplying direct current to the field winding for excitation is called
excitation-system. Two types of excitation-systems are:
i) Self Excitation
ii) Separate Excitation
When the machine starts DC voltage at 110V is fed to the rotor winding of the main
generator/ alternator by the battery. The e.m.f is induced in the stator winding that is
at 11KV. This voltage is further stepped down through excitation transformer and this
is fed to AC generator mounted on the same shaft of the main rotor. In the AC exciter is
in which the e.m.f is induced in the rotor. The induced e.m.f is fed to the diode through
slip rings. The diode is also rotating on the same shaft and rectifies the AC into DC and
at 110V and is fed to the field winding of the main generator. After this the power from
the battery is disconnected. During running condition no battery supply is given.
Voltage control
It is done by the D-AVR.
Temp. Control
(i) Load control
(ii) Air cooler
Current control
A time delay, between the series log–out mag. Switches in sorting out resistance, is
produced by the motor throughout its own acceleration which reduces the current to its
predetermined limiting strength. The current limit relays operating on the series lock-
out principle control shunt-wound magnetic connectors which short out resistance.
Power control
All the main electrical connections throughout a station, other than power switchboard
or bus and switch structures should be arranged so as to minimize the localized
possible trouble due to short circuits or grounds.

Synchronization
The frequency, voltage and phase of the machine are adjusted so that they match with
these of the line to which the machine is connected.
Starting and synchronizing the machine

(i) The sump pump is switch on.
(ii) The bypass valve is opened.
(iii) The inlet valve is opened.
(iv) The starting switch is switched on-partly open of the guide vanes to allow the
machine to rotate at around 600rpm. Water strikes the runner through the
guide vanes causing the rotor to rotate at 600rpm (at zero speed level). Speed
level is link with the governor.
(v) The field excitation circuit is connected by using field switch.
(vi) The voltage is build up by reducing the field rheostat resistance.
(vii) Adjust the guide vane to 40-50%.
(viii) The D-AVR circuit is connected to regulate the voltage output
(ix) The synchroscope is switch on and the machine is synchronized.
(x) The machine is loaded slowly.
Stopping the Machine

(i) The air compressor is switched on.
(ii) The load is reduced slowly to zero.
(iii) The starting switch is opened.
(iv) The inlet valve and bypass valve are closed.
(v) The generator breaker is opened.
(vi) Brakes are applied.
(vii) The field breaker is opened.

Fig: Automatic Voltage regulator using the D-AVR

STUDY OF TRANSFORMER
7
Transformer
Four 3-phase transformers each of 11/132KV ratings are used. KVA rating is
10600KVA.each transformer has a large tank field with the winding dipped in the oil.
Oil is circulates with 341lt/min and water circulation is 182lt/min. the transformer oil
is used mainly for insulation purposes besides being a coolant.
The delta-star step-up and star-delta step-down connections systems. They are
economical in cost, and they provide a stable neutral whereby the high-voltage systems
may be directly grounded or grounded through resistance of such value as to damp the
system critically and prevent the possibility of oscillation.
There are two types of transformers:

(i) Power transformer
(ii) Potection/measurment transformer
Power transformer
Power transformers are generally rated above 500KVA are used on primary
transmission lines for the transmission and distribution of relatively large quantities of
energy. They are essential to the proper co-ordination and interconnection of the
different circuits of any power system design. They are used for voltage and current
transformation, voltage control, phase shifting for load control or permit correction of
system phase relations, phase transformations.
Protection/measurement transformer

They are normally used to step down from a distribution voltage to a operational
voltage and are used for measuring and protection purposes.
Cooling of transformer oil

The hot oil usually comes to the top surface and this heated oil is cooled with the help
of the insulated water around the oil pipe in the heat exchanger. Again this oil is
pumped back from the bottom inside the oil tank.
Transformer protection
Transformer protections are
1. Transformer differential protection: In this protection the I/V ratio between
primary and secondary turns should match.
2. Buccholz relay: It is a mechanical device that is mechanically connected to the
flow in the conservator and electrically connected to the tripping circuit. If there
is any fault in the winding gas bubbles and moisture flows to the conservator
tank. The flow gives a signal (mechanically) to the relay. The transformer cannot
be charged without first rectifying the fault by draining the oil, checking
insulation resisting and ensuring safety.
3. Temperature relays: It protects the transformer against excess temperature of
winding and oil.
4. Conservator tank: It maintains the oil level in the transformer tank.
5. Radiators: It contains fans, which facilitate cooling process.
6. Lighting arrestors: This consists essentially of a gap, a resistor connected in
series between each line and the ground. The breakdown voltage should be as
low as possible. Arrestors should be located as close as to the equipment to be
protected.
Maintenance of Transformer
As compared to most of the electrical equipments, a transformer requires relatively
little attention. A regular system of attention and preventive maintenance will ensure
long life and trouble free service. Records must be maintained giving details of all

inspection and testing made to any unusual occurrences. The causes of the
breakdown of the transformer are generally classified as:
(i) Incorrect installation of use.
(ii) Over load.
(iii) Neglect.
(iv) Faulty design or construction.
(v) Accidents.
Factors affecting the life of the transformer

The transformer oil readily absorbs moisture from air. This reduces dielectric strength
of the oil, which is also reduced by solid impurities. All preventive steps should be
taken to eliminate air from transformer preferably by filling the transformer under
vacuum. Presence of oxygen causes sludge formation which blocks the free circulation
of oil over winding.
Maintenance procedure
Precautions: no work is done on any of the transformer unless it is disconnected from
external circuits and all winding have been fully earthed. Naked light and flames
should be kept well away from the transformer while doing maintenance. Oil level
should be reduced below tank cover and before unsealing the tank, radiators,
conservator explosion vent and any other piping on the tank cover.
Recommendations for maintenance

Transformer tank, cover and other parts should be inspected periodically for any oil
leakage, peeling of point or rust formation. Rusted portion should be properly cleaned
and painted. Oil leakage should be immediately attended to. Clamping bolts on gasket
joint should be tightened properly and if necessary gaskets to be replaced. The
frequency of inspection should be determined by the size of the transformer.
Transformer oil
Oil level should be checked at regular intervals and if necessary conservator should be
topped up. Oil for topping up should be cleaned, fresh, filtered and comply with IS335
and should preferably be from the same source as the original oil.

Samples of oil should be checked at regular intervals and tested. It may be mentioned
that normal method of oil purification only maintains dielectric strength of the oil.
However, the dielectric strength should not give a true indication of the correct
condition of the oil. Even oil, which is highly deteriorated, may give high dielectric
strength, if it is dry. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out chemical tests and other test
as given in IS1866 in addition to the above tests.
Oil deterioration takes place generally by the following contaminants:
(i) Water
(ii) Polar substances
(iii) Acids
(iv) Sediment and perceptible
(v) Dissolved gases.
It may be noted that conditioning by centrifugal separator or filtration does not remove
the acidity from the oil but will remove only sludge, dusts etc. and will tend to retard
the process of deterioration. Filters with fuller’s earth will help to reduce the acidity in
the used oil and in addition improve the resistivity.
Measurement of resistivity, dissipation factor, and interfacial tension helps in detection

of polar substances. This contamination is generally due to solid soluble components,
material used in construction, oxidation of oil.
Relationship exists between resistivity and dissipation factor. If dissipation factor

increases resistivity decreases.
Resistivity Dissipation factor
Satisfactory results of resistivity at Indicates presence of moisture or general

90deg and unsatisfactory results at contamination
lower temperature.
Unsatisfactory result at both Indicates greater contamination. Oil can be

temperatures. restored to satisfactory level by drying at low
temperature by filtration.

Oxidation of oil encourages deterioration of pressboard, insulating paper. When acidity

reaches 0.5mg KOH/gm check acidity once in 6 months till 1.0mg KOH/mg level is
reached when oil is to be proceed .Pungent odour indicates higher acidity.
Conservator and oil level indicator

Conservator are so designed that the lower part act as a sump in which impurities and
sludge may collect .A valve is fitted at the lowest portion if the conservator for draining
and sampling .The inside of the conservator should be cleaned periodically. A
detachable end let is provided to facilitate cleaning higher on all power transformers.
Oil indicator glass should be kept clean so that the oil level is visible .Broken indicator
glass should be replaced immediately when conservator is taken for maintenance,
magnetic oil level indicator mechanism should also be cleaned and inspected for
operation .Float should be cleaned to see that there is no oil in the float.
Silica gel Breather

Breather should be inspected frequently especially in a situation where temperature
and humidity changes are considerable and when transformer is subjected to
fluctuating loads. So long as silica gel is in the active stage, its color changes to pale
blue/pink when it should be reactivated.
For reactivating the silica gel remove the oil cap at the bottom and empty the contents
of the breather in the tray. Heat the crystals in a tray oven at the temperature of about
100 degree Celsius for eight hours. When they have turned to deep blue remove the
gel from the oven and refill in the breather. Immediately fit the oil-sealing cup after
filling oil up to the level marked on the cup. The oil must be change when its color
changes from pale yellow to dark brown.
Remove the silica gel breather only when the ambient temperature and the load of the
transformer are increasing and oil is expanding to avoid breathing in of air into
conservator directly.

Buccholz relay
Routine operation and mechanical inspection tests should be carried out as
recommended. During service, if the gas is found to be collecting and giving alarm, the
gas should be tested and analyzed to find out the probable nature of the fault.
Sometimes it may be noticed that the gas collected is only air. The reason for this may
be that the oil is realizing absorbed air due to change in temperature. The absorbed air
is released only in initial period of six month, when no vacuum is applied during filling
of air and the transformer. The nature of the internal faults can be identified to great
extent by chemical analysis of gas.
Buchholz relay will also give alarm or trip the breaker due to oil level falling below the
Buchholz relay. Isolating valve between the conservator and the Buchholz relay
facilitate the removal of Buchholz relay for repair/checking without lowering oil level in
the conservator. It should be ensured that isolating valve of the Buchholz is kept fully
open for unhindered oil flow.
Explosion vent
The diaphragm fitted at the exposed end and transformer cover end of the vent should
be inspected at frequent interval and replaced if they damaged. Whenever lower
diaphragm rupture, oil rises inside the explosion vent pipe and is visible in the level
indicator in the explosion vent. Failure to replace the outer diaphragm quickly will allow
entry of moisture, which will contaminate the oil. If the diaphragm is broken the nature
causes of the fault are determined.
Temperature indicators
At each yearly maintenance inspection the level of oil in the pockets holding the
thermometer bulb should be checked and the oil replenished, if required. The capillary
duping should be fastened down again if it has become loose. Dial glasses should be
kept clean and if broken replaced as soon as possible to prevent damaged to the
instrument. Temperature indicators found reading incorrectly should be cal liberated
with standard thermometers immersed in hot water bath. Thermometer pockets should
be filled with oil. Also check the pockets for the presence of water and if found, clean
the pocket and refill with fresh oil and seal the opening properly. If alarming is

exposed, the retyping must be done PVC tape of good quality to prevent further
damage to the armoring of the capillary.
Bushing
Porcelain insulators and connecters should be cleaned at convenient intervals and
minutely examined for any cracks or other defects. Small or narrow cracks are difficult
to detect. However, they are likely to develop rapidly. All such bushings should be
replaced. Similarly, oil inside the oil communicating type bushing should be checked by
unscrewing air release screws provided on bushing top. The cause of any serious loss
of the oil should be investigated.
External connections including Earthing

All connection should be tight. If they appear blacken or corroded, unbolt the
connection and clean with emery paper. Remake the connection and give it a heavy
coating of grease. It is particularly important that heavy current carrying should be
properly maintained.
Gaskets
Check the transformer for leakage periodically. The poles should be tightened even
around the joints to avoid uneven pressure. Broken or leaking gaskets should be
replaced as soon as possible.
Pressure relief valve

No maintenance is required.
Rollers
After the transformer has been in service for a long period, the rollers should be
examined carefully. They should be greased and rotate to see that they are turning
freely.
Paint work
During storage service the paint work should be critically inspected at least once in a
year and where necessary re painting and re touching carried out. If the metal surface

is exposed and becomes rusty or greasy due to delay in touching work the surface
must be thoroughly cleaned before repainting with primer and final paint. In case paint
of another chemical base is to be used, paint manufacturer should be consulted for
compatibility with existing paint.
Faults and failure

Although failure in the transformer is rare, faults do occur in and the reason may be
broadly classified as:-
(i) Failure in the magnetic circuit.
(ii) Failure in electrical circuit.
(iii) Failure in dielectric circuit.
(iv) Failure in structural and mechanical fittings.
(v) Failure in the magnetic circuit.
Common causes for this failure are

(i) Breakdown of insulation of core bolt.
(ii) High flux density in the core resulting in large magnetizing current increases
during switching.
Failure in electrical circuit

Common causes of this failure are:
(i) Presence of sharp edge on conductors
(ii) Drying out of transformer is not carried out properly.
(iii) If moisture penetrates into the winding insulation.
(iv) Incorrect pressure on the windings resulting in dislodging of turns.
(v) Switching, lightening surge producing high voltage at the end turns.
(vi) Loose connection, bolted joints.
(vii) Sustained overloads resulting in over heating.
Failure in dielectric circuit

Common causes for this failure are:
(i) Moisture entering oil due to breathing.
(ii) Narrow oil ducts in winding causing insufficient cooling

(iii) Sustained overloading resulting in deterioration due to excessive oil

temperature.
Failure in structural and mechanical fittings

Common causes for this failure are:
(i) Inadequate clamping of leads from winding to terminal boards resulting in
short circuit.
(ii) Poor windings leaky fittings, cause leakage of oil resulting in overheating.
(iii) Improper ventilation causes over heating of oil.

STUDY OF SWITCHYARD
8
Switchyard
Switchyard consists of current transformer (CTs), potential transformer (PTs), isolators,
capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), power line carrier communication (PLCC)
equipment, air supply unit, wave trap, lighting arrestors (LA).
CTs are used for reducing/stepping down A.C. from higher value to lower value for
measuring/protection/control. They are connected in series with the main circuit for
supplying the secondary current.
PTs are used for stepping down voltage from higher value to lower value for
measurement/protection/control. They are connected in shunt to the main circuit to
produce secondary voltage.
Isolators are disconnecting switches that are used for disconnecting of the circuit
under normal condition. They are installed in such a way that a part of substation can
be isolated from other live wire for the purpose of maintenance. An isolator should be
closed before only after opening the circuit breaker.
CVT is used for line voltmeters, synchroscope, protective tariff meter, etc. it is used for
voltages up to 66KV and above, the carrier current equipment can be connected via
the capacitor of the CVT. Thereby there is no need of separate coupling capacitors. The
capacitors connecting in service act like potential dividers. The reactor connected in
series with the burden is adjusted to such a value that at the supply frequency it
resonates with voltage divider. Generally, high voltage capacitors are enclosed in

porcelain housing. A large metal sheet box at the base encloses at the turning coil,
intermediate transformer.
For communication over medium and long distances in the power network, the power
line carrier communication is the most economical and reliable method for
communication. This is because of the higher mechanical strength and insulation level
of high voltage power lines which contribute to the increase reliability of
communication and lower attenuation over the longer distances involved. The carriers
used in PLCC system are radio frequency currents of frequencies between 24Kh and
500Kh. The use of radio frequency carrier currents enables several channels of
communication to be had over a single physical circuit.
Wave traps are used to prevent PLCC from entering the equipments in the stations, as
this would results in complete loss of communication. This consists of mainly suitable
designed choke coils connected in series with the power lines. These choke coils offer
negligible impedance to power frequency to the radio frequency carrier currents.
STUDY OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

Circuit breakers are devices which are used during fault condition and interrupt the
short current automatically. They are mounted on support structure. The circuit
breakers are classified on the basis of medium used for arc extinction. The CB’s used
for 3-phase system is called triple pole CB.
Each pole of the CB comprises one or more arc extinguishing chambers. The
interrupters are mounted on support insulators. These interrupters enclose a set of
fixed and moving contacts. Each CB pole comprises identical twin-interrupter unit
mounted on a single support.
The circuit breakers used in the power station are:
(i) Air blast circuit breakers
(ii) Minimum oil circuit breakers.

Air Blast Circuit Breakers

The ABCB needs an auxiliary compressed air system which supplies air to the air
receiver of the breakers. For opening operation, the air admitted in the arc extinction
chamber. It pushes away the moving contacts. In doing so the contacts are separated
and the air blast takes away the ionized gases along with it and assists arc extinction.
Within one or two cycles the arc is extinguished by the air blast and the arc extinction
chamber is filled with high pressure air as it has higher dielectric strength than that of
atmospheric pressure. Hence a small contact gap of few centimeters is enough. The
flow of air around contacts is guided by nozzle shaped contacts. The air flowing at a
high speed axially along the arc causes removal of heat from the periphery of the arc
and the diameter of the arc reduces to a low value at current zero. At this instant the
arc is interrupted and the contact-space is flushed with fresh air flowing through the
nozzle. The flow of fresh air through the contact space ensures in removal of hot gases
and rapid building up of the dielectric strength.
Steps for maintenance of circuit breakers
(i) General inspection: Observe the circuit breakers visually. Note the cleanliness,
terminal earth connection, level of quenching medium.
(ii) Cleaning and drying: use trichloroethylene or other cleaning agent. The fluid
should be compatible with the surface to be cleaned
(iii) Cleaned by air pressure jet.
(iv) Using clean cloth, which does not leave fibers or particles on the surface.
(v) Care should be taken to avoid the falling of dust, iron particles, nut bolts,
washers etc. inside the breakers.
(vi) Avoid water, moisture or dampness during cleaning.
(vii ) Congealed lubricant should be removed and all rolling and sliding surface
should be cleaned and lubricated.
Internal dust and moisture causes gradual deposits on internal surface resulting in
gradual increase of surface leakage current and internal flashover due to tracking.
Hence cleaning and drying is important.

All joints should be cleaned and proper gaskets/”o” rings should be used. Terminals
should be cleaned of dust, oxide coating if any be with emery paper without ion
particles.
To extinguish arc we must increase the resistance:
(i) Arc lengthening: resistance is approximately proportional to the length of the arc.
(ii) Arc cooling: the voltage required to maintain the ionization increases with
decrease of temperature so that cooling effectively increases the resistance.
(iii) Arc splitting: An appreciable voltage is absorbed to the two contact surfaces so
that if the arc can be split into a number of small arcs in series, the voltage
available for the actual arc column is reduced.
(iv) Arc grounding: if the arc can be constrained in a very narrow channel the voltage
necessary to maintain it is necessary.
To reduce the arc in the breaker maintenance work to be done are as follows
(i) Regular checking of minimum oil in oil circuit breaker.
(ii) Check the surface of the contacts.
(iii) Checking the silica gel.
(iv) Insulation of other breaker parts.
(v) Speed limits.
(vi) Moving contacts.
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC)

Introduction
Fast and efficient communication is a pre-requisite for the management of modern
power systems. To maintain a large power grid in optimum working condition, the
central load dispatcher has to have at his command a large battery of communication
systems. The load dispatcher may use the commercial P&T telephone system using
open wires or underground cables for communication over short distances. Such as
communication between the load dispatch centers generating/receiving stations in the
same city where the load dispatcher station is located. In some cases, VHF wireless
communication may also be used. For communication over medium and long distances
in a power network, power line carrier communication is the most economical and
reliable method for communication. This is because of higher mechanical strength and

insulation level of high voltage power lines which contributes to the increased reliability
of communication and lower attenuation over the longer distances involved.
History of PLCC
Engineers started thinking about using power lines for communication at the beginning
of the 20th century. Practical power line carrier communication systems came into
operation in several countries after 1920. In those early days antennae similar to those
used in radio network were used to couple the telephone system to the power line. This
because capacitor capable of withstanding the high voltage used in transmission had
not been developed. These antennas were more than 100m long and were turned to
carrier frequencies. The coupling systems using antennas was inefficient and were
affected by interference from nearby long wave radio transmitters. By about 1930
suitable paper and oil capacitors were developed which could withstand high voltage
and serve as effective coupling devices for power line carrier communication
equipment. These early PLCC systems have now been developed into extremely
sophisticated and complicated systems which handle not only speech communication
but also telemetry, tele-signalling, control, and tele-printer and tele-protection signals.
Such comprehensive PLCC systems are now widely used in all power grids.
Carriers
(i) The carriers used in modern PLCC systems are radio frequency currents of
frequency between 24 KHz and 500 KHz.
(ii) The use of radio frequency carrier current enables several channels of
communication to be had over a single physical circuit.
(iii) The reasons for the low frequency limit of 24 KHz are:
(a) Harmonics, switching and lightning surges and corona which will be present
on high voltage power lines all have components in the frequency band
between 100Hz and 24 KHz, which can cause frequencies. The signal to
noise ratio in such circuit will be quite poor, i.e., below 24 KHz are chosen
as carrier frequencies.
(b) It will be very difficult to separate the power frequency and radio frequency
components below 24 KHz as the difference in the frequency will be smaller

and the unwanted power frequency voltage will be very high compared to
signal voltages which will be of the order of few mill volts.
(c) The cost of coupling equipment becomes prohibited below 24 KHz because
of the size and complexity of the equipment required for operating efficiently
at such low frequencies.
(iv) The reasons for high frequency limit of 500 KHz are:
(a) Above 500 KHz, the radiation losses become very high.
(b) Interference to and from other services increases.
(v) The Lower and upper frequency limit of 24 KHz and 500 KHz have been decided
by the CCITT of the ITU for the above reasons.
(vi) In many countries the range of frequencies used for PLCC is restricted by the
Government concerned as some of the other utilities such as long wave radio
stations, navigation beacons, etc. have to share the available frequency band.
Modulation
In the PLC telephony, the carrier currents are modulated by voice frequency currents
and the modulated currents are transmitted over the power communication used in
the early days of PLC. The modern PLCC system is used for voice communication.
Frequency modulation is rarely used for speech transmission because of its
considerable bandwidth requirements.
Coupling arrangement
Since telephonic communication system work at low voltage, they cannot be directly
connected to high voltage lines, suitable coupling device have therefore, to be
employed. This usually consisted of high voltage capacitors with suitable line matching
units for matching the impedance of the power line to that of the coaxial cable
connecting the matching unit to the PLC transmit-receive equipment.
Wave traps
Further the carrier currents used for the PLCC have to be prevented from entering the
power equipment in the station, as this would result in high attenuation or even
complete loss of communication signals. For this purpose, “wave traps” or “line traps”
are employed. This consists mainly of suitable designed choke coils connecting in

series with the power lines. This choke coils offer negligible impudence to power
frequency to the radio frequency carrier currents.
Wave traps are generally provided with one or more suitably designed capacitors in
parallel with the choke coil to enable them to resonate (rejecter resonance) at the
carrier frequencies and thus offer an even higher impedance to the flow of RF currents.
COUPLING CAPACITOR
A modern capacitor consists of stacks of flat wound element of pure cellulose paper
and aluminum foil held between insulating under optimum pressure to minimize
capacitance changes with temperature and time. The inter connection are designed to
obtain highest possible surge carrier frequencies. The entire stack assembly is placed
in a suitable porcelain flanges and gaskets of synthetic rubber with dry nitrogen
cushion. The coupling capacitor is usually designed to withstand the anticipated,
nominal wire tension and earthquake forces. A corona shield is always provided.
Arching hours are usually not providing as they may give rise to various PLCC circuit.
The internal insulation of coupling capacitor is made considerably stronger than the
external insulation, such that any arc over voltages can only occur in the air outside the
capacitor thus preventing capacitor breakdown due to over voltages. In other words the
coupling capacitors are designed to be impulse-voltage proof. Coupling capacitor is
designed for outdoor used and withstand normal atmospheric phenomenon such as
temperature and humidity changes, sun, rain, snow etc. This design feature enable
normal operation at full rated voltage for long period, with practically no maintenance
to be taken for granted. Coupling capacitors used in modern PLCC system have a
capacity between 2 and 8 nf. The units are designed to have low loss (less than 0.5 db)
they are usually mounted on pedestals below the line conductor where the line enters
the situations. In many cases, the capacitive voltage dividers used for the
measurement of line voltages are used as couplings capacitors for PLCC, thus making
of economy in the installations.
The coupling capacitors are used as part of a filter network which allows a fairly wide
band of radio frequencies to pass through to the PLCC transmit-receive equipment.

Basic coupling arrangements

The power frequency and radio frequency current are stored out. A radio frequency
current are prevented from entering the station bus and the power frequency current is
blocked by the coupling capacitor from the PLCC equipment. The coupling capacitor is
coupled safely to the high voltage power lines.
Line matching and protective equipment

The drainage coil, which has powdered iron core, serves to ground the power frequency
the charging current of the capacitors and allows the carrier frequency to appear in the
output of the unit. The grounding switch is kept open in normal operation and is closed
if any work is to be done on the communication equipment without interruption the
power flow on the line. The tuning capacitor enables maximum carrier energy transfer
to take place between the power lines and transmit/receive equipment. The matching
transformer is insulated for 7010 KV between the two winding and performs two
functions. Firstly, it isolates the communication equipment from the power line.
Secondly it serves to match the characteristics impedance of the power line (400-600
ohms) so to that of the coaxial cable to communication equipment (50-150 ohms). The
vacuum arrestor which sparks over at 250 volts is provided for giving additional to the
communication equipment.
The line matching unit, which consists of the matching transformer and tuning
capacitor indicated above, is tailor made to suit the individual requirements of the
coupling equipment and generally tuned to wide band of carrier frequency (100-450
KHz typical).
TYPES OF COUPLING
Phase to ground coupling
As can be seen from the figure, the wave traps and the coupling capacitor are all
connected to one conductor of the power line. The remaining two conductors, though
not directly connected to the line, carry a portion of the returning carrier current
because of the capacitance between the conductors, the energy is lost. Also radiation
loss is high as earth form apart of the circuit, and the noise pick-up is correspondingly
higher. This method of connecting is insufficient as the connection at the receiving end

cannot be made to match the line perfectly. This is because the impedance of the line
cannot be calculated correctly as it depends partly on the soil conductivity in route the
line which varies from place to place and time to time and partly on station switching
condition. Hence, some communication is usually not possible when the conductor
carrying PLC current is cut accidentally.
This type of coupling is more economical than the other types of coupling as it uses
only half the number of wave traps in coupling capacitor used with other type of
coupling. But because it is insufficient and less reliable than the other types, it is used
only for short and of unimportance lines, or where high reliability in presence of false is
not essential. (E.g. where carrier protection is not to be employed)
Phase to phase coupling

Four wave traps and four coupling capacitors are used for this type of PLC coupling.
The two power conductors in this case may be considered as metallic go and return
lines for carrier currents. The third conductor has no appreciable influence on the
carrier current transmission. Hence, the switching conditions of the station have little
effect on communication. The signal attenuation is less because two conductors are
used instead of one conductor and earth. This type of coupling is more reliable over
longer distances and is generally used in load dispatch.
Inter-line or inter-circuit coupling

This is the same as phase to phase coupling but with the difference that the two
conductors used for communication belong to two different power circuit carriers on
common towers. This type of coupling is not employed where the circuit are carried on
two separate sets of tower is it then behaves more like a double phase- to-ground
coupling and is found to be impractical. This is because the two widely separated
conductors do not constitute an efficient transmission line but tends to behave more
like to antenna, with the entire consequent disadvantage.
This type of coupling is even more reliable than phase-to-phase coupling on same
circuit in that permits operation with one of the two circuits open and grounded for
maintenance purposes. Inter phase and inter system coupling are employed to 220KV
and 400KV lines where the interference level are high they are also used on very long

110KV lines where attenuation becomes a problem. This types of coupling permits
higher reliability of operation under broken conductor condition and are always
employed where carrier line protection system are to be provided.
Use of capacitor voltage transformer as coupling capacitors

As capacitor voltage transformer are almost always used at the entry of each power
line into a power station, both for ”line alive” indication and for synchronizing purpose
and grid system, the idea of using this devices for coupling the PLCC system to the
power line was tried and found to be successful. There is a considerable saving in the
cost of communication system with this arrangement as the use of a separate coupling
capacitor is avoided.
The typical circuit arrangement is as follows:

The capacitors are in series acts as coupling capacitor for PLCC. The voltage drop
across C2 is applied to a suitable auxiliary to get the potential required for “line alive”
indication metering synchronizing circuit. A compensation choke/reactor is used in
series with primary of this transformer to resonate with both capacitor and make the
output of the auxiliary transformer largely independent of the load. Taps on the desired
transformer are used for getting the exact voltage on the secondary side. The Ferro-
resonance filter is provided to reduce sub-harmonic (parasitic) oscillation may cause
mal-operation of protective relays. The filter consists of a parallel resonant circuit
which resonates at 50Hz and is loaded by the damping resistor.
The two capacitors can be built as two separate units. This construction is usually
adopted when only one of the facilities namely carrier communication is to be installed
in the first place and the second facility added at the later date. In this case the
capacitor C2, the auxiliary transformer and the compensating choke are combined into
single unit constructionally. The capacitors may also be built into a single porcelain
bushing if both metering and carrier facilities are required from the beginning. This will
ensure uniform dielectric condition for the two capacitors and temperature variation
will affect both the capacitors equally. This results in a constant voltage division ration
and thus one possible source of metering error is avoided.

Suspension mounting of wave trap is preferred to rigid mounting on coupling capacitor

as this arrangement enables at to withstand the dynamic stresses created by short
circuit breaker, and because it is more economical, but high insulation trap, which are
very heavy may have to be mounted on pedestal insulator or coupling capacitors.
Wave traps are made in various standard sizes and rating and to various
specifications, some of which are mentioned below:
Standard inductances for wave traps recommended by I.E.C are 0.2, 0.25, 0.4, 0.5,
1,2mH. And addition to tuning devices, which usually consists of capacitors, lightening
arrestors are invariably connected across the choke coil of wave trap.
The lightening arrestors used by vacuum type arrestors whose arc over voltage lies
below the rated voltage of the tuning capacitors, but above the voltage produced
across the coil during a short circuit. The lightening arrestors are therefore, protects
the tuning capacitors against momentary over voltage resulting from short circuit
current is not high enough to cause the lightening arrestor to arc over. Hence, a
sustained arc and consequent destruction of the arrestor are avoided.
The tuning capacitors used are high voltage, high stability mica capacitors with losses.
For lower voltage class of tuning units (with impulse tests voltage ratings up to 40KV)
polystyrene capacitors are manufactured by some manufacturer. For higher voltage
class of tuning units (with impulse tests voltage ratings up to 150KV), capacitors with
mineral oil impregnated paper dielectrics are used, which are similar in construction to
coupling capacitors. All types are moulded in epoxy resin. Single frequency trap has
single and double tuned parallel resonant circuit. All the elements belonging to the
tuning circuits are usually mounted in a common housing which can be removed and
substituted with another similar tuning device to resonate the trap to a different
frequency. This is also used for measurement of frequency of the supply.
By pass circuit
Bypass arrangement has to be provided at all intermediate power station on the line
when no PLCC is required with them. The station to be bypassed cannot be simply
bridged by a capacitance as dangerous power frequency voltages can be transferred

from a live power line section to a disconnected section. Hence, standard coupling
arrangement are made as for providing a PLCC station coupling incoming and
outgoing power and the coupling units are connected together by co-axial.
Air supply system

This unit is to maintain air pressure inside the air blast circuit breakers. Following are
the parts of Air supply system:
Air compressor
An air supply unit consists of air compressor, which is run by induction motor. The
mass and pressure is 6001p/sq.inch and low pressure is 1201p/sq.inch. The
maximum speed is fitted with air cooler. Lubricating oil is used in valve line compressor
oil.
Non-return valves
This is one way valve and is provided between the compressor and the accumulator.
This is to prevent back pressure from the accumulator to the compressor. Absence of
this will cause high back pressure and result in requirement of high starting torque of
the motor resulting in losses. Until the pressure in the compressor is more than that of
accumulator this valve does not open.
Accumulator
These are used to store the compressed air and are used in time of needs in the ABCB.
Pressure switch
At low pressure it gives alarms i.e. below 250kg/cm². This sense and causes automatic
operation of compressor motor. The existence of low pressure restricts the operation of
breakers.
Lightening arrestors
They divert the transient part over voltage surges to earth and protect the substation
equipment from lightening and switching over voltage surge.

(i)Valve type arrestors

It consists of resistor element in series with other elements. The resistor elements offer
non linear resistance such that for normal frequency power system voltages the
resistance is high. For discharge current the resistance is low. The gap unit consists of
air gap appropriately. During normal voltages then LA does not conduct. The surge
wave traveling along the O.H. lines comes due to the arrestor, the gap breakers down.
Since the resistance offered is low the surge is diverted to earth. After a few
microseconds the surge vanished and normal power frequency voltage step up across
the arrestor. The resistance offered to this voltage is very high. Therefore, arc current
reduces and voltage across the gap is no more sufficient to maintain the arc.
Therefore, the current flowing to the earth is automatically interrupted and normal
condition is restored.
The valve type surge arrestor comprises one or more gap elements in series with
resistor elements. The house is filled with inert gas. Generally, resistor material used
are composed of silicon carbide bound by inorganic binder and subjected to heat
treatment.
(ii) Metal oxide arrestor (MOA)

Nowadays, gapless zinc oxide arrestor is used up to 700KV. This arrestor is called
MOA. MOA is superior to conventional silicon carbide type arrestors.
Main advantage of using MOA is to increase the degree of protection. The use of high
spark over voltage is to improve the flow of current. Interrupting ability should be
avoided because it reduces the degree of protection offered by the surge arrestor.
MOA elements are at high normal ohmic normal resistivity and negligible current flow
when the voltage drops to normal system voltage.

Fig: Showing the inter connection of 11KV switchyard at Stage-I power station.

STUDY OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER

9
AND VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Current Transformer
The ratio is determined by primary injection kit. This tests assumes great importance
when CT’s have multiple ratios. As the energy to be computed is very large in case of
bulk loads, this test is to be done meticulously. By applying low voltage from a DC
battery on the primary side and observing the deflection in a control zero range DC
voltmeter on the secondary for determining AC polarity is not advisable as the core may
get saturated during the tests process and residual magnetism may affect accuracy.
230V AC supply source is taken and potential coil and also the current coil (through
loading transformer connected to the same supply) are connected to a watt meter or
energy meter. Potential heads may be interchanged if necessary to get forward
direction. The current coil is then connected to the secondary of the CT and direction of
meter noted.
Inverse time over current and earth fault relay (CDG11) features:
(i) Identical time/current characteristics on all taps.
(ii) High torque ensuring consistent timing even under adverse condition.
(iii)Very low overshoot.
(iv)Comprehensive range auxiliary and highest unit rating.
(v)Dust tight draw out case and tropicalised finished.
Application
Selective phase and earth fault protection in time graded system for AC machine
transformers, feeders, etc.

General description
A non-directional heavily damped induction disc relay, which has an adjustable verse
time current characteristics with a definite minimum time. The relay has high toque
movement combined with low burden and low overshoot. The relay disc is so shaped
that as it rotates the driving torque increase and offsets the changing restraining
torque of the control spring. This feature combines the high torque of the relay
ensuring good contact pressure even at currents near pick-up. Damping of the disc
movement is by a removal high relatively permanent magnet.
The torque method of winding the operating coil ensures that the time / current
characteristics one identical or each of seven current taps selection of the required
current setting is by means of plug setting bridge which has a single insulated plug.
The maximum current taps is automatically when the plug is withdrawn from the bridge
allowing the change to wider load without risk of open circuiting the current
transformer.
The relay operating time can be adjusted by movement of disc back stop which is
controlled by rotating a knurled molted disc at the base of the graduated time multiple
scales. A highest instantaneous over current unit type(AG13), can be fitted in the
same care to provide instantaneous protection under maximum shot circuit conditions
to improve discrimination on time grade protective system.
Type CDG21 relay is a single pole type CDG11 relay that is the highest instantaneous
unit. Type CDG 31 is triple pole version of the type CDG 11 with three over current units
and one earth fault unit in the center. Type CDG 51 relay is a triple pole type 31 relay
with highest instantaneous unit over outer elements. Type CDG 61 relay is a triple pole
version of type CDG 21 relay.
Current ratings and settings

The operating coil can be supplied suitable for operation from 1 A or 5 A CT. Secondary
and then following standard setting range are available.
50-200% adjustable in seven equal steps of 25%


Other settings are available on request
Starting current
0.13-10.5% of current setting.
Closing current
The disc will completely rests at 90% or more of the current setting.
Time setting
Operation time
0 – 3.0 sec Or 0 – 1.3 sec
Resetting time
With the multiplier set at 1.0 the resetting time is 4 sec. and 9 sec.
approximates for relays having an operating time of 1.3 sec. and 3.9 sec. at
four times the current settings.
Overshoot
On removal of current equal to 20 times the current setting the overshoot
time is less than 0.66 sec. and 0.4 sec. respectively for relays having an
operation time of 1.3 sec. and 3 sec. at four times the current settings.
Voltage Transformer
Voltage transformer (potential transformer) can be classified as measuring type or
protective type depending upon the purpose of there presence in the circuit. Potential
transformers are usually used for voltage, distance, directional protection. The primary
of the PT is connected to the power circuit in parallel i.e. between phase and ground.
The turns ratio used in this power station is 100:5. The voltampere rating of PT’s are
less than that of power transformer. There are two types of construction:
(i) Electromagnetic type (VT) where the secondary is wound on a magnetic core just
like ordinary transformer.

(ii) Capacitor type PT (CVT), the primary voltage is applied across the series
capacitor group. The voltage of one capacitor is taken to the auxiliary PT the
secondary of this PT is taken for measurement.
Accuracy classes
Standard specify the limits of errors for PT for the usage in protection or measurement.
This is shown in the table given below:
0.9 to 1.1 times rated primary voltage 0.25 to 1.0 times rated output
Accuracy
at 0.8 lag p.f. Application
classes
Voltage error% (+ or -) Phase error minutes(+ or -)
0.1 0.1 5
0.2 0.2 10
Measurement
0.5 0.5 20
1.00 1.0 40
3.0 3.0 120

Protection
5.0 5.0 300
___ Residual VT
10.0 10.0
only
Reference voltage of burden on VT’s
Rated Voltage KV Rated burden Volt-Amp
Phase to ground Phase to ground
115 66.4 25
138 9.74 35
161 93 45
230 133 80
287 166 100

There are three types of connection; V-V, Y-Y and Star open Delta.
(i) V-V connection
This connection is used only for measurement and usually not for protection.
Primaries and secondaries are connected in V and have no path for Zero
sequence voltages arising from earth faults.
(ii)Y-Y connection
Either three separate or three limb transformer are used. Both primary and
secondary are connected in star. Each primary phase winding is connected
phase to earth voltage of supply circuit is transformed into secondary. The
neutral point of load is connected to neutral point of secondaries. The neutral is
solidly grounded in this case.
Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT)

CVT’ are used for line voltmeters, synchroscopes, protective relays, tariff meter, etc.
The performances of such PT’S are inferior to electromagnetic type. It is affected by
supply frequency, switching transients, magnitude of connected burden, etc. The CVT’s
are more economical than electromagnetic type PT’s when the nominal voltage
increases above 66KV.
Testing of Voltage transformer

(i) Error measurements
The errors are generally measured by comparison method, i.e. comparing the voltage
transformer under test with a sub-standard voltage transformer of high accuracy and
known errors. Errors are measured for various voltages, for rated burdens.
(ii) Core losses

Measurement of core loss and exciting current are made to check the quality of core
material and short circuits in winding between turns.
(iii) High Voltage tests

Power frequency with stand tests and impulse withstand tests.

(iv) Insulation Test

Routine insulation tests are of two kinds, applied and induced over-voltage tests. In
applied tests, the primary winding is short circuited and tests voltage is applied
between primary winding and earth, for specified time and for specified value. Induced
voltage tests are made to inter-turn and inter layer insulation of the windings. The
supply is usually applied to the secondary winding at a frequency two or four time’s
normal frequency to avoid core saturation and excessive exciting current. The
secondary insulation is tested by applying 50 Hz. 2KV for one minute type tests on PT’s
including impulse tests.

STUDY OF AUXILLIARIES
10
STUDY OF AUXILIARIES
Oil pump unit (OPU)
The function of oil pump unit (OPU) is to maintain the oil pressure in the pressure tank.
This pressurized oil is used for closing and opening of main inlet valves (MIV) and guide
vanes.
It consists of five parts viz.
(i) Dirty oil hose of lengths to suit requirements. Standard hoses of 1″ bore, with
female end-unions threaded 1½″ B.S.P.
(ii) Tank for draining the filter body-75litres minimum
(iii) Sludge tank for receiving sludge blown from the pack-10 liters minimum.
(iv) 150 liters of insulating oil to fill the filter when starting up for the first time.
This will normally be kept in the filter after the initial filling.
(v) Electrical connection to the filter. The standard filter has an isolator mounted
on it. Cable is not supplied unless specially ordered. The heater load is 18KW and the
motor is of ¾ H.P; the currents appropriate to any particular supply are marked on the
data plate on the filter.
Description
The vacuum receiver is evacuated by the dry vacuum pump, which produces the same
degree of vacuum in the filter cover, and a smaller vacuum in the filter body and heat
chamber. Oil is drawn into the heater chamber where it is heated by 6 immersion
heaters. The out-take pipe from the heater chamber is taken almost to the top of the
chamber, so that the heater always remain immersed. The oil passes from the heater
chamber via the dirty oil pump and cock to the filter body, in which is the filter pack
consisting of 27 columns of specially prepared paper disc, each held under

compression by a spring at the top of its guide rod. Only clean oil can pass between the
paper, and all solid matter is retained at the outer surface of the columns.
The clean oil pass between the papers, and all solid matter is retained at the outer
surfaces of the columns.
The clean oil passes into the filter head and via cock into the vacuum receiver, where it
is subjected to a vacuum of 27″ (68.58 cms) at sea level or more of mercury. The
combination of vacuum and temperature causes complete evaporation of any moisture
which the oil may contain; water vapor, air and other gases being drawn through the
condensing tube and discharged by the vacuum tube through to cock L to atmosphere.
The clean dry oil is drawn through the float-controlled valve by the clean oil pump and
delivered through cock J to the outlet oil K. The float valve closes before the oil level
flows as low as the outlet, hence keeping the outlet oil sealed and preventing vapor
from passing out with the oil. If for any reasons the oil in the vacuum receiver rises too
high, the float cap operates a valve fitted above it, and breaks the vacuum, allowing
the clean oil pump to deal with the surplus.
When the filter is started from cold, the cock J is turned so that the oil is delivered back
into the heater instead of to the outlet, thus circulating the oil in the filter until the
proper working temperature has been reached, and preventing the delivery of any oil
which has not been properly dehydrated.
The solid matter accumulated on the filter pack is removed periodically by reversal with
compressed air, the air being obtained from the vacuum pump. The filter body is
drained of oil through the cock C, and cock L is turned to open the suction of the pump
to the atmosphere, thus pressurizing the air bottle. This pressurized air is then
released into cover by turning cock D to ‘clean’ and it forces its way through the pack in
the reverse direction to filtration, thus cleaning away all the solid matter.
Two nos. of three phase induction motors are used with one as a stand by. They are
run alternatively weekly. The supply to the induction motors is from station service
transformer.

Pressure tank
It contains oil and air at a pressure of 20kg/cm². The air is supplied from air pressure
tank. This tank provides air when the pressure in the pressure tank changes and is
operated automatically.
Oil filtration
This unit is used for trapping the dust and other impurities. The moisture contained in
the oil is also removed by vaporizing the water molecules.
Crane
The cranes are two dimensional types. When it is desired to transfer load from one
place to another place, cranes are employed. In stage-I power station, overhead cranes
are used. Main cranes have the capacity of 40 tons, while auxiliary crane has about 7
tons. There are one motor for each cranes.
Lighting
The lighting for power house and switch yard is obtained from S/S transformer.

STUDY OF BATTERY BANKS

11
There is also a battery room in which 55 batteries of 2V each are kept .The battery
charger (D.C. supply) is responsible for the control as well as protective relays .The 55
batteries of 2V, each which makes the total of 110V, are connected in series and
another 24 batteries also of 2V each are also connected in series but these are for
PLCC only. When the machine function normally a rectifier is used which changes
3-phase A.C. supply to D.C. supply. The D.C. supply from the battery is automatically
used when all the system fails.
Battery is considered to be the heart of power plant .Lead acid type of batteries is used
in the power house.
The functions of battery banks are:

(i) Battery provides the ultimate and final D.C. back-up power for operating
emergency equipments which protect the turbo generators (viz., emergency oil
pump etc.).
(ii) D.C. for operation of all switches gear protective relays, indicating lamps and
FACTA.
(iii) Power for emergency lighting within the generating station lighting.
(iv) Uninterrupted power for controlling C & I equipments and associated UPS
systems.
(v) Power for vital communication equipment (PLLCC) essential for re-synchronizing
the unit with the grid or for reviving the grid in case of major grid failure.
If a battery fails in an emergency the following failures occur:
(i) The emergency oil pumps will not operate which could lead seizure of the rotor
bearings.

(ii) Loss of hundreds of crores of rupees towards repairing the rotor and generation
revenue loss while the unit is out of commission.
(iii) Switch gear associated with generator may not trip which could lead to
generating transformer damage.
(iv) Total darkness in the powerhouse.
(v) Failure of instrumentation and control.
(vi) Switch gears and relays will not operate causing extensive damage to
transformers and power lines.
(vii) Extremely difficult to re-synchronize the unit with grid.
(viii) Major setback in the process of reviving the grid in the event of a regional grid
failure.
STORAGE BATTERIES
Station batteries are used for supplying power for operating automatic control circuits,
the protective relay systems, as well as the emergency lighting circuits in electrical
power stations and substations. These constitute independent source of operative D.C.
power and guarantee operation of the above mentioned circuits irrespective of any
fault occurring in the Power Station or sub station, even in the event of complete
disappearance of A.C. service voltage in the installation. Storage batteries are
assembled with certain number of accumulator cells depending on the working voltage
of the respective D.C. circuits. The most common practice is to install lead-acid
batteries even though nickel-iron cells are occasionally used in self contained units like
11 K.V kiosks and in some 33 K.V. breakers to give necessary trip supply. While the
lead-acid storage batteries are normally of 110 volts and 220 volts the knife cells are
of 30 volts.
Fuse protection of equipment or a circuit serves the dual purpose of detecting

excessive current and breaking the supply by self melting. These two functions are
discharged collectively by relays and circuit breakers with the assistance of storage
batteries. The relays detect the over current conditions and close the trip circuit of the
breaker. The storage battery gives the necessary operative D.C. power for the tripping
mechanism of the circuit breaker to open the circuit and isolate the fault. T run-down
battery is often the cause of failure of costly equipment like power transformers as

circuit breakers will not operate with very low voltage from such batteries even though
the trip circuits are closed by the protective relays. At the time of failure of A.C. supply
station will be left in darkness even without D.C. lighting if the battery is not maintained
in proper condition. The much needed communication either by power line carrier or by
magneto during emergencies may not work if the station battery is not maintained in
good condition.
The above aspects stress the importance of proper upkeep and maintenance of the
station batteries and indicate the vital part played by the battery.
DEFINITIONS
Electric battery
It is a device for the direct transformation of chemical energy into electrical energy.
The term is usually applied to an assembly of identical units or cells connected in
series.
Storage battery
Cells which are reversible to a high degree, i.e., those in which the chemical conditions
and as well as physical state of the electrodes after discharge are brought back to the
original conditions simply by causing current to flow in the opposite direction, i.e., by
charging. In a primary battery the parts which react chemically requi4re renewal,
whereas in a storage battery the reactions are almost completely reversible and the
initial chemical conditions may be restored after partial or complete discharge by
charging electrically
.
Charging
The passing of an electric current through the cell so as to bring it to a chemical
condition in which it is capable of supplying electricity to an external circuit is called
“Charging”. The quantity of electricity thus put in is kwon as the charge and is usually
measured in ampere-hours.

Discharging
The connection of a cell to an external circuit in such a way that a current flows
through the cell in the reverse direction to that of charge. The quantity of electricity
thus taken out is known as the discharge, and is usually measured in ampere-hours.
Capacity
The quantity of electricity usually expressed in ampere-hours, which may be taken from
a cell at a given rate of discharge under specified conditions of voltage and
temperature.
Gassing
As the charging period approaches completion part of the energy input to the cells is
expended on decomposition (electrolysis) of the water in the electrolyte, this being
evident from the appearance of bubbles of gas at the plates (oxygen at the positive
and Hydrogen at the negative plates). Gassing is the name given to this condition. The
end of the charging period in any battery is judged by its beginning to gas.
Recommended starting charge rate

(some times kwon as the Recommended normal charge rate).the rate of charge (in
amperes) suitable for the charging of a cell or battery up to the point at which
appreciable gassing starts to take place from the plates.
Recommended finishing charge rate

A rate of charge (amperes) suitable for charging a cell or battery during the later
stages of a re-charge whilst appreciable gassing is taking place from the plates.
Trickle charging
The passage of a suitable current (which will be in mill amperes) which compensates
for the self-discharge of a fully charged cell or battery whilst standing idle, thus
maintaining it in a fully charged condition.

Floating
The operating of a battery in parallel with a load and a charging source at such an
applied voltage that effectively the battery neither takes a chard from the charging
source nor discharges into the load.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
There are only two types of storage batteries accumulator cells are (1) the plates
(electrodes) The Acid type is predominantly used.
Lead-Acid battery
The essential parts of an accumulator cell are (1) the plates (electrodes) (2) the
electrolyte and (3) the container. In case of lead-acid accumulator the active material is
lead peroxide on the positive plates and spongy lead on the negative plates. The
electrolyte used is dilute sculpture acid. The principle of operation is chemical
transformation of the positive lead peroxide plate and the negative spongy lead into
lead sulphate when discharging and the converse process when charging. When
discharging lead sulphate deposited on the positive plate and part of the sulphuric acid
is used up. Water is released in the process. The chemical reactions are represented
by the following equation:
Pb02 + Pb + 2 H2 S04 ↔ 2PbS04 + 2H20
The specific gravity of the acid therefore decreases. In the course of discharge the
voltage of the cell at first falls slowly and then more quickly. After a certain drop in
voltage has taken place the discharge must be stopped if the cell is to remain in good
condition. The main cell voltage of a lead-acid battery is 2.1 to 2.2 volts and the
specific gravity of the electrolyte is 1.23 to 1.26 in a fully charged condition.
OPERATION AND MAITENANCE

(Lead acid batteries)
1. Care should be taken to avoid the risk of explosion particularly during charge.
Naked flames, lighted pipes and cigarettes should never be brought near at any
time.

2. Metal vessel should not be used to prevent from short circuiting the terminal.
Spanners or other metal should never be left on top of the cells as this may
cause sparking and damage the containers.
3. Topping up should be carried regularly. Pure distilled water only is to be used for
topping up. Acid should never be used.
4. Inspection of the acid level should be carried out regularly and the level of
electrolyte should never be allowed to drop below the tops of separators.
5. Specific gravity gives a good indication of the state of the battery and checked
regularly.
6. The battery should be kept clean and dry and should be connected properly.
7. All metal works should be coated with petroleum jelly.
8. Wood lead lined boxes should be wiped over with linseed oil once a year to
preserve the timber.
9. All connection should be kept firmly tightened and terminals, inter-cell
connecters and cell lids lightly greased with Vaseline or pure mineral jelly. No
grease should be allowed to enter the cell or vents opening, or else frothing of
electrolytes may results.
10. A simple method of checking the electrolyte level is to use a length of about 8”
of heavy wall glass tubing with an inside diameter of 3/16” to ¼” opens at both
ends. Insert the two through the filler opening until it rests on the top of the
plates, close the upper end with the finger and withdraw the tube. The length of
the electrolyte held in to two will then indicates the depth of solution above the
plates.
CHARGING
Direct current alone can be used for charging. If A.C. is used than it has to be
converted to DC through rectifier diodes and used for charging. There are two method
of charging.
1. Charge discharge method

Every battery is supplied with a set of manufacturing instructions. These should
be followed strictly. The following are however general instructions.

During discharge each cell undergoes a certain drop in voltage. At the end of
the discharge, when practically every cell in the battery reaches a certain
minimum permissible voltage, that battery should not be further discharged.
The battery then requires a charge. When the battery is kept on charge, the
charger is connected to the battery to charge the cells and simultaneously feed
DC loads. The charger voltage is maintained such that the recommended
starting current flows through the battery. After that charging is completed,
indicated by gassing, proper specific gravity, and proper cell voltage, the charger
is disconnected. Now the battery is ready to discharge.
2. Trickle or float charging

A battery on load is said to be on floating charge when it is kept parallel with the
charger keeping the voltage of the charger slightly greater than the open-circuit
voltage of the battery. Under floating condition the station battery draws a small
(trickle) current continuously from the charger to make up for the loss of due to
self discharge (local action) those keeping itself in a fully charged condition. A
station battery operated on a constant trickle charge is switched over to boost
(high) charge about once a month or as required by the actual condition of the
battery in operation. By giving a boost charge periodically the danger of
accumulation of lead sulphate on the plates due to insufficiently closed
controlled of the trickle charge current is eliminated.

Fig. Functional Block Diagram of FCBC-1&2
Fig. Block Diagram of Dropper Diode Circuit and DCBC Cabinate

STUDY OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEM

12
The following protections are done for protection of the alternator.
Differential protection
If there is any fault in between the transformer and generator the differential relay
which is connected between the secondary of the CT (i.e. 11 KV) will give alarm and in
turn tripping relay will activate. For generator protection the differential relay is
connected between the secondary of the two CT’s of the generator. The secondary
voltages between CT’s should be the same in order for the relay to operate.
Over current protection

Another differential relay is provided between the generators. The differential relays,
which will close the coil, give signal to the tripping relay that in turn will trip the
machine.
Over voltage protection

A relay is provided from the PT secondary.
Over speed protection

Speed switches operate according to the percentage speed setting of each.
Temperature protection
Operation of relay is by DC but signal is by AC. supposing temperature is 60 degree
centigrade. The temperature- bearing relay is set in such a way that it will give signals
when the temperature is about 56 or 57 degree centigrade that the machine is going
to trip and accordingly the trip is prevented.

Rotor earth fault protection

If there is any portion stator or rotor coming in contact directly with the ground, the
relay provided for this protection will trip.
For lines
(i) Over current protection: This is done by providing a relay. Suppose over current
exists in any of the lines the relay which is connected between CT of the tripping
circuit which in turn will give signal to the tripping coil of the circuit breaker will
trip the line.
(ii) Earth fault: Connecting the relay between the lines protect this fault. Suppose a
fault occurs due to the contact of the line with a tree resulting in breaking of
phase and insulation and line touches the ground the relay will give a tripping
signal to the tripping coil of the circuit.
(iii) Distance fault: For distance protection, the entire line is divided into zones.
Suppose there is a phase fault (in which the two phases touch one another) or an
earth, the zone where the fault occurs gives the signal by the relay provided and
accordingly the fault is detected and rectified. This protection is costly and
advisable to use for the long lines.
(iv) Restricted earth fault: It is only for fault in the station. This is named as over
current protection for station transformer.
Fault protection
In case of Excitation system two parts of the system are protected, the rotating rectifier
(general faults) and the rotating field (accidental grounding).
(i) The rotating rectifier: The fault detector (58ER) for the rotating rectifier detects
open and short circuits of the diode bridge that can be caused by a fault of
rotating rectifier elements. If it detects a fault, it sends shut down and alarm
signals. A monitor informs the fault detectors of the state of the rotating rectifier
by checking wave form of the signal from detection (coil) mounted on the stator
core of AC-Ex.
(ii) The rotating field winding: 52E detects ground faults of the rotating field
winding of the generator. The relay monitors the magnetic connection between

a detection coil mounted in the generator rotor and a similar coil mounted on
the stator. When the detectors find a fault, it generates an alarm signal.
(iii) Other protection: Main circuits of a brushless excitation system are protected by
the means as shown in the following: Protection of the thyristor unit from over
current: The thyristor unit (A-AMP) is protected from over current by a fuse
connected in series.
(iv) Protection of the field winding from ground faults: A ground detection relay
(64E) detects grounding of the field of the AC-Ex. in operation. If a fault is
detected the relay output sends an alarm signal.
(v) Protection from over voltage: Main circuits are protected by following means:-
(vi) A grounded screen winding between the primary and secondary windings of the
excitation transformer.
(vii) A CR snubber circuit for each thyristor in the thyristor unit (A-AMP).
(viii) A thyristor switching system and a thyristor for the A.C.-Ex. field winding.
(ix) A.C. snubber circuit for each diode of the rotating rectifier.
(x) A ring shaped surge expressing resistor connected in parallel to the main
generator field winding.
Protection of Generator
The generator differential protection is the most common and the most effective for
detecting failures in stator windings. It acts by comparing the current magnitude at the
two ends of a phase winding in its most common form. The percentage or ratio-
differential relay has the advantage of high sensitivity for external short circuits where
the current transformers might cause incorrect operation due to ratio errors at high
currents.
Over current protection of generators is seldom used except in unattended stations or

in generators for auxiliary supply. The over current relays must be given high-current
and long time settings to select with bus and feeder protection, which is undesirable.
Generators may be stripped from the bus in case of sustained system disturbances or
failure of relay sensitivity. Because of the long time settings usually required, careful
attention must be given to the decrement characteristics of the generator.

Generator protective relays may trip the general circuit breaker and then the field
circuit breaker or both simultaneously. This is accomplished by tripping a fast multi
contact hand-reset control relay with the protective relay. The trip circuit to the field
breakers may be made up through this control relay and an auxiliary switch on the
generator breaker or may be taken directly from the control relay.

STUDY OF CONTROL ROOM

13
Control room occupies a separate room /chamber for controlling the entire plant.
Various panel boards are installed inside the control room. These are operated
automatically except some cases manual operation is done. Each panel boards
installed have their own particular function to operate. Mentioned below are the panel
boards installed at control room:
GE power controls (6nos.)

GCCP lighting boards: 3-phase, 4 wire, 415V, 50Hz, 600A
AC distribution board-1nos. 3-phase, 4 wire, 415V, 50Hz, 800A
AC distribution board-1nos. 3-phase, 4 wire, 415V, 50Hz, 800A
132KV NEHU feeder
132KV interconnecting line for stage-I to stage-II
Gauhati-I and II
Gen- transformer (4 nos.)
Synchroscope
Bus coupler
Battery charger: 110V, 350AH
Battery charger for PLCC: 3-phase, 50 Hz, AC input 415 ±10%

14
SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATION OF MACHINES AND DIFFERENT ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT USED FOR

GENERATION AND PROTECTION IN SUMER POWER STATION (STAGE-I)
1. A.C. Generators (Alternator):

TOSHIBA (Japan)
Phase 3
KVA 10600
Volt 11000
Amp 557
Exciter Volts 129
Field amp 370
Cycles/sec 50
Rms 600
P.F 0.85
Armature Temp.Rise 80 K
Field Temp 90 K
Ambient Temp 40º C
Arm. Connection
Rating continuous
2. A.C. Exciter:
TOSHIBA (Japan)
Phase 3
Poles 12
Volts 98

Excitation Volts 90
Stator insulation Class F
Frequency 60
Protection IP20
KVA 60
RPM 600
Rotor insulation class F
Field Amp 18.1
Ampere 354
Rating continuous
Ambient temperature 40 º C
P.F. 0.9
3. Water Turbine:
Rated output 10500 KW
Rated Net Head 145
Rated flow 8.27 cub. Meter
Speed 600 rpm
4. Governor Actuator:
Normal Press 1.36 MPa
Size 50 mm
5. Pressure Tank:
Normal pressure 20Kg/cm2
Capacity 1700 lit.
Oil 750 lit
Test pressure 40 Kg/cm2
Air 950
6. Air Tank:
Capacity 300 lit
Normal Pressure 10 Kg/cm2
Test Pressure 20 Kg/cm2

7. Air Compressor:
KW 2.2
Pressure 22Kg/cm2
Total Head 22Kg/cm2
Revolution 500rpm
Capacity 192 lit. /min.
Bore 33/16
Displacement 0.212m
Stroke 3
8. 3-Phase Induction Motor (for air tank)
Output 2.2KW
Poles 4
Volts 400
Cycles/sec. 50
Ampere 4.5
RPM 1425
Rating Continuous
9. Induction motor(Service Compressor):
KW/HP 3.7/5
Amp 7.3
RPM 1440
Rating (CR), 3-phase,50c/s
Volts 420
10. Phase induction motor (for pressure tank):

Output 11KW
Poles 4
Volts 400
Cycles/sec. 50
Amp 21
R.P.M. 1450
Rating continuous

11. Service Station Transformer (unit - I):

KVA 400
Volts HT 11KV
(no load) LT 416V
Amp HT 21
LT 556
Phase HT 3
LT 3
Frequency 50c/s
cooling type ON
Vector group DY11
Impedence% 6
Core and Winding 1170Kg
Temperature rise 43 degree Celsius
Weight of oil 730Kg
Total Weight 2450 Kg
12.
U-4 Power ‘x’r tap position
Tap position Head joined H.V.KV H.V. Amp L.V.KV L.V.Amp. %Z

(line) (line) (line) (line)
1 (MAX) 1N-7 138.6 44.21 - - 10.63
2 1N-6 135.3 45.29 - - -
3 (NOR) 1N-5 132.0 46.20 11 557.02 10.46
4 1N-4 128.7 47.61 - - -
5 (MIN) 1N-3 125.4 48.86 - - 10.05

U- 1,2 & 3 Power ‘x’r tap position
H.V Switch heads

Turns % position connection
105 1 2-3
102.5 2 2-4
100 3 2-5
97.5 4 2-6
95 5 2-7
(a) Machine Transformer (units 1,2&3);

KVA rating 10600
volts (no load) Amps
H.V. 132KV H.V. 46.4
L.V. 11KV L.V. 557
Frequency 50c/s
vector symbols Yd11
Impedance % 10.5
Winding temp. 70°C
Insulation Level H.V. 550KV (peak)
H.V. 34KV (neutral)
L.V. 95KV (peak)
Temp. rise of oil 50°C
Type of cooling 0FW
Core and winding 18313kg
Oil quantity 13010lit
Weight of oil 11050kg
Oil circulation 341lit/min.
Total Weight 40940kg
Water circulation 182lit/min.
(b) Machine Transformer(unit-4);

MVA rating H.V. 10.6
L.V. 10.6

No load voltage H.V. 132KV

L.V. 11KV
Amps. H.V. 46.42

L.V. 557.02
Temp. Rise of oil 45ºC

Temp. Rise winding 55°C
Frequency 50c/s
Phase 3
Type of cooling ONAN
vector Symbol Ynd11
Core and winding 13000kg
Oil quantity 8620lit
Weight of oil 7500kg
Transport Weight 25000lit
Total Weight 32400kg
Un tanking weight 13000lit
Tapping range% ±5%
Insulation level H.V. 550kVþ
L.V. 75kVÞ
13. Induction motor (for water pump):
KW/HP 50/70
AMP 88
RPM 1460
Rating CB
Phase 3
Frequency 50c/s
420 volts ∆ connection
Insulation class A
14. Battery banks:

i) For station:
55 batteries each of 2 volts
AMCO ST 300
300A.H. 10HR
Specific gravity 1.200 at 27°C;
ii) For PLCC:
24 batteries each of 2 volts
EXIDE
TU 350AH
Capacity - 350A.H.
15. Lightning arrester:

Rated voltage 9 KV
Rated Frequency 50c/s
Rated discharge current 10KA
16. Potential transformer (11 KV Side):

Primary voltage 11/√3KV
Secondary voltage 110/√3KV
Tertiary voltage 110/√3V
Rated Frequency 50c/s
Accuracy class 0.5/0.5
Rated burden 200VA/200VA
17. Current transformer (11 KV Side):
Rated current
i) Primary 600A
ii) Secondary 1A
Frequency 50c/s
Rated output 50/50VA (Relay)
80/80VA (Meter)
Basic impulse insulation level 75KV
Power frequency withstanding voltage 28KV

17. River Umiam attachment area up to dam site-85.5sq. Mile (221.5sq.Km)

Average rainfall in the basin-105 meter (2667 mm)
1. Concrete dam.
a) length width at top level
length 195 m
Top width 7.3 m
b) Height from the deepest foundation
Level 73.2 m
c) Size of crest gate 2 m × 12.2 m × 12.2 m
d) Maximum water level 981.7 m
e) Minimum draw down level 960.36m
f) Area of the reservoir at MWL 2510acres (1015.8 hectares)
g) Live storage 141.8×106 m3
h) Dead storage 39.4×106 m3
i) Quantity of concrete 2.5lakh m3
j) Overflow section-elevation above MSL 969.5 m
18. Main earth dam:
a) height from the deepest foundation level 37.2 m
b) length 463.4 m
c) Width of the plant 11.6 m
d) maximum width of foundation level 195.1 m
e) Quantity of earth fill 17.4 m
19. Road type:
a) Height from the deepest foundation level 17.4 m
b) Length 167.7 m
c) Width at top level 7.6 m
d) d)maximum width at foundation level 85.4 m
e) Quantity of earth fill 0.65 lakhs m3
20. Intake:
a) diameter of the shaft 3.05 m
b) Height of the shaft 28.5 m
c) Size of intake gate 3.05×3.05 m
d) Capacity of hoist 27 tones

21. Tunnel:
a) Length of tunnel 2057.9 m
b) Size of tunnel &shape of section 3.05 m dia. Horse-shoe shapes
c) Average lining thickness 250 mm
22. Surge shaft:
a) Height of shaft 48.3 m
b) Diameter of shaft 4.9 m
c) Bottom level of shaft 934.9 m
d) Top level of shaft 983.2 m
e) Gallery size 100.6 m by3.66 m dia.
f) Level at the junction of gallery &shaft 951.8 m
g) Upper expansion chamber size 32.9 m×16.5 m at top
24×7.6 m at bottom
h) Level at the junction of expansion &shaft 983.2 m
i) Top level of the expansion chamber 990.9 m
23. High pressure tunnel:
a) Length 88.7m
b) Diameter & shape 1.98 m, circular
c) Live thichness 10 mm
d) Quantity of boring in tunnel 0.32 lakhs m3
e) Quantity of concrete in tunnel linning 0.17 lakhs m3
24. Butterfly valve:
a) Number 2
b) supplier-m/s Yugoslavia
c) Method of operation with manual &electrical
d) Special features:
Automatic tripping is the event of 25% over velocity in the penstock
25. Penstocks:
a) Length, diameter & numbers:
Two lines 1.98m diameter and 530m long
each line bifurcating into 1.37m diameter
b) Number of support & spacing 60 numbers at 1.3m apart
c) Number of anchors 6

d) Number of turbine fed by each penstocks 2

26. Power house:
a) Size of the building 41.8m×21.3m including control room
b) Installation 4×.9000km
c) Supply of the hydro electric generator m/s Toshiba Japan
d) Capacity of the E.O.T. main hoist 40 tones
e) (Crane) auxiliary hoist 7 tones.
f) e. Level of the generator floor 811.86 m
g) f. Level of the distribution C.L 810.16 m
h) E.O.T (overhead electric transportation)
27. Tail race channel:

a) Length 365.83mm
b) Maximum T.W.L 810.77m
c) Minimum T.W.L 809.40m
28. Cooling pump:
Induction motor
KW/HP 50/70
AMPS 87
RPM 1460
Frame` TQ2 type T
Rating constant
3ph
Frequency 50c/s
420 volts∆
29. Water turbine:
Type form V.F.I.R.S
Rated output 10500 kw
Rated not head 145m
Rated flow 8.27 cubic meter/second
Sl.no. 855746-B
Standard specification J E C-117/1948
Manufactured 1961

CONCLUSION
After undergoing the Summer Training at Umiam stage-I Power Station, we have
become aware of the workings of a Power Station, the operation of various machines
and equipments and the significance of Me.S.E.B as a major player in supplying
electrical power to the people of Meghalaya.
An important feature of the Stage-I Umiam Power Station is that it can be operated
even in a case of total grid failure i.e. it can act as a back-up to restore power in the
grid, thereby other power station can be started using this power.
After renovation and with the inclusion of various microprocessors in the system the
control of equipments, especially in the speed control of turbine by governor, high er
degree of accuracy can be achieved compared to fly ball type governors. Besides these
it has also enhanced automatic control of circuit breakers and other delicate
equipments in the station thus, have led to higher reliability of the plant.

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Training Report on Generation and Transmission, 2005

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 1

ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP OF ELECTRICAL WING

GENERATING STATION UNDER OPERATION

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 2

4. Umiam stage-IV hydro electric power project – 2 × 30MW

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 3

Unit-II was recommisioned after R&M works on 11th September 2002.

Fig: Layout of various hydro power project under taken by MeSEB

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 4

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 5

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 6

ELEMETARY OF HYDRO POWER STATION

Type Head H (m) Flow rate Q (m³/s)

Impulse (Pelton) High 100 to 1000 2 to 100

Reaction (Francis) Medium 5 to 30 5 to 500

Kaplan Low 2 to 100 5 to 100

The major components of a hydroelectric scheme are:

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 7

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 8

stream tail race channel is constructed. Proper design and maintenance

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 9

STUDY OF SURGE TANK, PENSTOCK,

(i) Surge tank

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 10

(iv) Bypass valve

(v) Inlet valve

(vi) Man hole

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 11

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 12

(i) Stay vanes

(iii) Guide Vanes/Wicket gates

(iv) Draft tube

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 13

(v) Regulating ring

(vi) Air valve

(x) Bottom ring

COOLING SYSTEM OF THE TURBINES

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 14

fig. Cooling arrangement of the Umiam Power Station

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 15

Pressure Relief Valve

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 16

The main parts of the synchronous generator are:

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 17

CONSTUCTIONAL FEATURES OF THE STATOR

Parts of the stator are:

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arranged at appropriate places where no extreme temperatures difference is expected

CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF THE ROTOR

The parts of rotor are:

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology 20

(i) Ground fault caused by reduced insulation resistance.

To prevent above listed faults, it is essential to conduct preventive

BRAKES AND JACKS

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(i) Turbine bearing

(ii) Lower guide bearing

(iii) Upper guide bearing

(iv) Thrust Bearing