PERFORMANCE-BASED STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

FOR MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF CONCRETE

STRUCTURES IN JAPAN

Assignment

Submitted to:
Sir Arslan Zaffar
Submitted by:
Muhammad Ayyaz
Registration#:

2014-BT-CIVIL-03

Civil Engineering Department

Performance-based Standard Specifications for Maintenance
and Repair of Concrete Structures in Japan
Contents:
 Introduction
 JSCE Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures and Performance-based Concept
 Structural Performance and Seismic Performance Verification
 Materials and Construction
 Maintenance
 Categories of Maintenance
 General Maintenance procedure in the Standard Specification
 Inspection types together with their roles in the maintenance procedure.
 Procedure to predict the degradation level of the structural performance
 material deterioration and structural performance degradation
 New terminology in the revised “Maintenance” of the Standard Specifications
 Application Example of “Maintenance” of the JSCE Standard

Introduction:
Global sustainable-development needed in 21st century requires that structural engineers
prolong the life cycle of infrastructures constructed during the last century through proper
maintenance. Major developing countries, namely UK, France, Germany and Italy, spend equally
or even more for maintenance and repair of existing structures than for construction of new
structures, while Japan and Korea spend for maintenance and repair only 20% of what they
spend for new structures on maintenance and repair (see Table). This is because their
infrastructures are newer than in the major developing countries. In the maintenance and repair
of concrete structures. Similar development could be seen in other parts of the world. Earlier in
2001 the International Committee for Concrete Model Code for Asia (ICCMC) launched the first
edition of the Asian Concrete Model Code, consisting three parts. One of them is Part 3:
Maintenance, which provides the general principles for maintenance and repair. In 2004
ISO/TC71 established a new subcommittee, SC7 “Maintenance and Repair of Concrete
Structures”, that has been drafting umbrella codes for condition assessment, maintenance and
repair. The International Federation Structural Concrete (fib) has also been drafting a new model
code that includes a new chapter on conservation covering condition assessment, maintenance
and repair. Those standards/codes share one thing in common, i.e. they adopt the performance-
based concept, which is the latest concept for designing, constructing and maintaining
structures.
Maintenance and repair works in major countries:
Country New structure Maintenance and repair works Total construction works
Works
Japan1 52’5 trillion Yen 10’7 trillion Yen 63’2 trillion Yen
(83%) (17%) (100%)
Korea1 116’8 trillion Won 21’1 trillion Won 137’9 trillion Won
(85%) (15%) (100%)
France1 85’6 billion Euro 79’6 billion Euro 165’2 billion Euro
(52%) (48%) (100%)
Germany1 99’7 billion Euro 99’0 billion Euro 198’7 billion Euro
(50%) (50%) (100%)
Italy2 58’6 billion Euro 76’8 billion Euro 135’4 billion Euro
(43%) (57%) (100%)
UK1 60’7 billion Pounds 61’2 billion Pounds 121’9 billion Pounds
(50%) (50%) (100%)

JSCE Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures and Performance-based Concept

JSCE’s Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures have always played a leading role for Japanese
code writers since the publication of its first version published in 1931. It applied the allowable stress
design (ASD) method in the early days and in 1986 introduced the limit state design (LSD) method for the
first time. Its performance-based design method was firstly introduced in its seismic design part in 1996
right after the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and fully implemented in the latest version that
includes the first version of “Maintenance” issued in 2001. The current Standard Specifications for
Concrete Structures contains the seven parts as shown in Fig. 1. All the parts except “Maintenance” part
were published in 2002 and the entire Specifications are subject to revision in 2007. The English versions
of the first four parts namely, “Structural Performance Verification”, “Seismic Performance Verification”,
“Materials and Construction” and “Maintenance” have been published3–6 (see Fig. 2).
“Structural Performance Verification” and “Seismic Performance Verification” recommend
methods to achieve the required performance at design stage for Safety, Serviceability and
Restorability which is the ability of a structure to be repaired physically and economically when
damaged under the effects of considered actions, especially seismic actions. “Materials and
Construction” recommends methods to satisfy Constructability which is the ability of a structure
to be constructed reliably as assumed at the design stage. “Maintenance” emphasizes Prevention
of hazard to third party and Preservation of aesthetical appearance/landscape, both of which a
structure may fail to achieve during the service life due to deterioration. Maintainability is the
ability for a structure to be maintained reliably during the service life and Environment ability is
the ability for a structure to minimize negative impact or maximize positive impact to
environment.
The Standard Specifications defines Durability as the ability of a structure to maintain all the
required performances during its service life under effects of chronological actions that cause
deterioration.
Verification methods to achieve Safety, Serviceability, Restorability and Constructability are
given in the current Standard Specifications. The future Standard Specifications should include
verification methods for other required performance; Prevention of hazard to third party,
Preservation of aesthetical appearance/landscape, Maintainability (other than Restorability) and
Environment ability.

JSCE Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures – 2001 “Maintenance”

Basic Concept and Document Structure:
The word “maintenance” in the Standard Specifications is defined as “a set of activities taken to
collect information on the performance of a structure, assess the performance, and preserve/
restore it so as to satisfy the required performance during the design service life”.
“Maintenance” of the Standard Specifications, which provides guidance to retain the required
performance through maintenance. It consists of two parts.
 Part 1: “Maintenance” describes the general rules, including the required performance and
the flowchart of maintenance.
 Part 2: “Standards for Maintenance” describes the maintenance procedures specific for
each deterioration mechanism. Hierarchical structure and contents of the “Maintenance”
of the Standard Specifications are shown in Fig. 3 and Table 2 respectively.
Table 2: Table of contents in the Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures – 2001
“Maintenance”

Maintenance Categories
Since concrete is used in structures (buildings, dams, bridges, etc.) under different environmental
conditions and with various importance and service life, it is impossible to lay down identical degradation
criteria for maintenance purpose of all structures. Therefore, in the “Maintenance” of the Standard
Specifications, maintenance activities are classified into four different categories, out of which Categories
A and B are primarily dealt with (see Table 3). Preventive Maintenance (Category A) can be applied to a
structure whose cost of remedial action is rather high, or to a structure of great importance, while
Corrective Maintenance (Category B) can be applied to a structure in which failure of some of the
required performances, such as preservation of aesthetical appearance, would not result in serious
consequence to the concerned party.

Table 3: Maintenance categories in the Standard Specifications – 2001 “Maintenance”

Preventive maintenance:
It is a procedure designed to prevent failures and prolong the life of infrastructure, facilities,
machines, software and other entities such as documents. The term is used to distinguish regular
or precautionary maintenance from fixing things that are broken. The following are illustrative
examples of preventive maintenance.
Maintenance Schedule
The manufacturer of a high speed train publishes a 10-year maintenance schedule that outlines the
recommended preventive maintenance in the first decade of a train's lifespan.
Safety
Parts and components of an aircraft are scheduled to be replaced by maintenance teams before they
wear out.
Regular Maintenance
An elevator undergoes regular inspections that include a diagnostic test to determine if components
should be replaced.
Security
An operating system is kept up-to-date to prevent security incidents.
Recommended Maintenance
A software developer recommends improvements that may reduce risks related to a legacy system.
Management approves the changes and they are developed and deployed.

Corrective maintenance:
It is the process of fixing things that are broken or not performing well.
Emergency Repair
Urgent repairs such as a broken elevator filled with people.
Service Outages
Restoring services that are down. For example, restoring a stock trading platform that is down.
Repair
Repairing things that are broken such as fixing a solar system by replacing a broken module.
Performance
Maintenance designed to restore something to optimal performance. For example, maintenance on
a software service that is running slowly.
Quality
Correcting poor quality. For example, maintenance on a bullet train to correct vibrations that are
causing noise and passenger discomfort.
Example of observational assessment

In a traditional assessment -- for example, a quiz, test or exam -- the participant is presented with
questions for direct response. In an observational assessment, an "observer" is presented with
questions to 'rate' participant behaviors, skills and abilities, such as: Performance of a specific task
or procedure.
Storage Tank Inspection and Maintenance

Water storage tanks need to be periodically inspected and cleaned to help maintain good water
quality in the distribution system, and to help extend the life of the tank. Regular tank inspections
can also help to identify small problems that may develop into major problems that can create
health related issues, lead to costly repairs or premature tank failure. Tanks that are not periodically
cleaned can cause contamination events that can harm human health or can contribute to customers'
aesthetic complaints.
Tank inspection and cleaning can be done by draining the water tank. Another option becoming
more popular is using divers or remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). Whichever method is selected,
testing of the water according to American Water Works Association (AWWA) C652 is required.
AWWA Standards are incorporated into Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (Agency)
regulations by reference. This FAQ sheet does not fully describe all the requirements of the
Standard. The intent is to advise the water system of the Agency's acceptance of the Standard.
Systems are encouraged to purchase AWWA C652 from the AWWA bookstore for use. Please
contact an Illinois EPA regional office with any questions.
AWWA G200 'Distribution Systems Operation and Management' is a Standard for maintaining
water distribution systems that water officials also may wish to have available.
Main Components and Procedure of Maintenance:
The maintenance procedure consists of inspection, deterioration prediction, evaluation, judgment,
remedial measures, and recording (see Fig. 4). Inspection is to collect information on the performance of
a structure. Based on the information collected, deterioration is predicted, and then present and future
structural performances are evaluated. Finally, if the remedial action is necessary is determined from the
evaluation results. If a remedial action is needed, an appropriate method should be selected from
available methods for remedial action. All related information for all the procedures must be recorded as
it is vital for future maintenance of the structure.
The overall procedures should be in accordance with the maintenance plan with a specific “maintenance
category”, though some of the procedures may be omitted. Intensity of inspection may vary depending
on “maintenance category”. It is necessary to predict the time dependent degradation in the performance
of a structure during the service life with adequate reliability. However, since the performance
degradation cannot be fully predicted by the current technological knowledge, an indirect and practical
method to consider the performance degradation is necessary. The practical methods presently available
can predict whether the performance degradation would occur or not during the service life, but not how
much time dependent degradation would occur. Therefore, updating information on performance of a
structure through inspection is vital for precise evaluation of the performance degradation in the future.
Types of Inspection and their Roles:
In the “Maintenance” of the Standard Specifications, based on methods used and frequency, inspection
is classified into six types; “initial inspection”, “routine inspection”, “regular (periodic) inspection”,
“detailed inspection”, “extraordinary inspection”, and “monitoring”. Fig. 5 is the flowchart showing all
the inspection types together with their roles in the maintenance procedure. Actual locations in a
structure for inspection, items recorded and tools used should be carefully selected, so that the necessary
information can be obtained reliably.
Material deterioration

Initiation Propagation
period period Life of structure

I II IV
III Deterioration period
Acceleration period

Performance degradation
“Standards for Maintenance” for Seven Deterioration Mechanisms
Maintenance Plan integrated to Design and Construction:
For proper maintenance of a newly constructed structure, the maintenance plan should be prepared at
the design stage. On the other hand, the proper maintenance plan for an existing structure should be
prepared before taking maintenance actions. The flowchart in Fig. 8 clarifies the meaning of maintenance
plan clearly.
Structural type, structural details, material used and construction method can be chosen to achieve the
maintainability of a structure for the planned maintenance category. For “Preventive Maintenance”
highly durable materials, such as non-corrosive FRP reinforcement, and/or structural details for
durability, such as thick concrete cover, are desirable. The plan for remedial actions to be taken as a part
of the maintenance plan also affects options at design and construction stages. The case, in which repair
works at every 15 years are planned, allows less concrete cover or higher water to cement ratio than the
case in which maintenance free is planned.
Application Example of “Maintenance” of the JSCE Standard Specifications:
The first practical example of a concrete structure with planned maintenance at the design stage is the access
highway concrete bridges to Shin-Kitakyushu Airport on a reclaimed island 2 km away from the sea coast.7
The maintenance guideline was specifically prepared for the concrete piers in which the preventive
maintenance is applied. Technical contents of the guideline are similar to those in the JSCE Standard
Specifications for “Maintenance”.
 Performance 1: Safety under self-weight and overburden loads during the design service life
 Performance 2: Safety under loads imposed by cargo handling vehicles and equipment
 Performance 3: Safety under loads imposed by berthing and mooring of vessels
 Performance 4: Safety under uplift pressure due to design wave height
 Performance 5: Serviceability with-out the necessity of repair under Level 1 seismic ground motion
and safety under Level 2 seismic ground motion.
 Performance 6: Serviceability under overburden loads
 Performance 7: Serviceability ensuring smooth traveling of cargo handling vehicles and equipment
 Performance 8: Serviceability ensuring smooth berthing and mooring of frequent vessels
 Performance 9: Safety against fatigue failure due to repeatedly traveling cargo handling vehicles
and equipment
 Performance 10: Performances 1 to 9 shall not be lost at any time during the design service life

Conclusion:
JSCE Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures – 2001 “Maintenance” is a model for code writers in
Japan. It is the first comprehensive code for maintenance and repair of concrete structures. In order to apply
this specification to the actual maintenance works, every organization that owns and/or is responsible for
maintenance of the structures should make its own maintenance guidelines, based on the technical contents
of this specification. It will take some years before the application of this specification is seen in actual
maintenance works Japan Civil Engineering Contractors’ Associate of widely-ranged concrete structures.

Reference:
 [1] Japan Federation of Construction Contractors, Japan Civil Engineering Contractors’
Association and Building Contractors Society, Kensetsugyo Handbook (Construction Industry
Handbook) 2006, Japan Federation of Construction Contractors (http://www.nikkenren.com/),