Capacity and Performance Analysis of Space Time Block Coded MIMO OFDM Systems Over Rician Fading Channel

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Vol:2, No:10, 2008
Capacity and performance analysis of space-time

block coded MIMO-OFDM systems over Rician
fading channel
Imran Khan, Shujaat Ali Khan Tanoli, and Nandana Rajatheva
Abstract—This paper presents an analysis on the capacity and distributed MIMO-OFDM sub-channel. So far, the capacity
performance of MIMO-OFDM systems. The work is focused on the of MIMO-OFDM systems in the case of the channel being
International Science Index, Electronics and Communication Engineering Vol:2, No:10, 2008 waset.org/Publication/13793
capacity of MIMO-OFDM systems over rician fading channel, in known at the transmitter and receiver (leading to a water-
the case of the channel being known at the receiver only, which is
more practical case of the channel. Simple expression for capacity filling solution) [4] and in the more practical case of the
is derived for the case of correlated rician fading. The performance channel known at the receiver only has been developed for
of some MIMO-OFDM implementations with rician fading model is Rayleigh fading channel. Now we have to think for the
presented using an Alamouti coding scheme and Simulation results capacity and performance analysis of MIMO-OFDM system
are obtained for both capacity and performance analysis. in Rician fading channel considering STBC.
Keywords—MIMO, OFDM, rician distribution, space time block
codes (STBC). II. S YSTEM M ODEL
The general system model that consists MT transmit and
I. I NTRODUCTION MR receive antennas is shown in Figure 1. Each channel is
modeled as a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter with L taps.
IMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) uses multiple
M antennas to transmit and receive multiple wireless
signals at the same time, causing better wireless system
For L = 1 the channel is flat fading, whereas for L > 1 the
channel is frequency selective. hi,j (τ, t) is the time-varying
channel response between j-th (j = 1, 2, ..., MT ) transmit
performance to improve all three parameters i.e. speed, range
antenna and the i-th (i = 1, 2, ..., MR ) receive antenna while
and reliability compare to other conventional systems. The
each antenna transmits N sub-carrier signals. In total there are
algorithms used most commonly in MIMO are Singular Value
MT × N subchannels.
Decomposition (SVD), Water filling and Space-Time Block
Coding. When the Channel State Information (CSI) is perfectly
known at the receiver and transmitter, SVD is used to convert Rx1
A/D FFT
IFFT D/A
the channel into a set of parallel subchannels, usually called Data
Input . Tx1 k . Data
Space Time exp(j2 fc t) Maximum
output
. .
Singular Value (SV) channels. Water filling improves the Encoder
k
. exp(j2 fc t) .
Likelihood
Decoder
system performance by allocating more power to those SV IFFT D/A A/D FFT
TxMT RxMR
channels that have better quality. However, it is not practical k k
exp(j2 fc t) exp(j2 fc t)
to assume the CSI is perfectly known at the transmitter side.
STBC only requires CSI at the receiver side [1]. It is well
Fig. 1. MIMO-OFDM System Model
known that the performance degradation take place due to
multi-path fading channels. Different equalization techniques
are used to combat effect of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI),
but this can be done at the cost of complexity. An alternative to A. Transmitter description
these equalizers is OFDM [2]. Orthogonal frequency division At the transmitter, the information sequence x =
multiplexing (OFDM), is a modulation technique to carry [x0 , x1 , ..., xN −1 ] is encoded by a space time block
a data on different frequency channels. OFDM can provide code (STBC) to produce the N sequences sk =
T
simplicity on both side i.e. transmitter and receiver, and also (0) (1)
sk , sk , ..., sk
(N −1) (i)
, where sk is the coded symbol trans-
improve the spectral efficiency of wireless system [3]. Existing mitted from the i-th antenna to the k-th OFDM subchan-
research is mainly focused on obtaining the capacity and nel.Transmission matrix for two transmit antenna using Alam-
performance analysis curves for various MIMO configurations, outi code [5] is given as
assuming Rayleigh fading and independent and identically
s1 s2
G= (1)
I. Khan is doctoral student at the School of Engineering and Technology, −s∗2 s∗1
Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, email: imran.khan@ait.ac.th
S. A. K. Tanoli is masters student at the School of Engineering and Technol- where the rows denote time instances and columns denote
ogy, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, email: shujaat.ali.khan@ait.ac.th transmit antennas. Thus, at time t = 1, s1 and s2 will be
N. Rajatheva is currently an Associate Professor of Telecommunications
in the School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, transmitted from antennas 1 and 2 respectively, and at time
Thailand., email:rajath@ait.ac.th t = 2, −s∗2 and s∗1 will be transmitted from antennas 1
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 2(10) 2008 2213 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/13793
Vol:2, No:10, 2008
and 2 respectively. Consider an OFDM-based multiplexing MR × MT is given by

system with MT transmitting and MR receiving antennas. ⎛
h0,0 (l) h0,1 (l) . . . h0,MT −1 (l)
⎞
The transmitter is formed by MT similar branches, each ⎜ h1,0 (l) h1,1 (l) . . . h1,MT −1 (l)
⎟
branch consisting of an OFDM modulator followed by digital ⎜
⎜ .. .. . . ..
⎟ −j2πlθ
⎟e
to analog converter. The OFDM transceiver is shown in the ⎝ . . .. ⎠
(i)
Figure. 2, where sk is the OFDM block to be transmitted on hMR −1,0 (l) hMR −1,1 (l) . . . hMR −1,MT −1 (l)
(i)
the i-th transmit antenna. sk is then processed by an inverse Where 0 ≤ θ < 1 and hi,j (l) is the l-th tap of the impulse
DFT matrix. AT the output of the IDFT, a guard interval of D response. which is assumed constant during one frame interval
samples is inserted at the beginning of each block. It consists and changes independently in subsequent frames (quasi-static
of a cyclic extension of the time domain OFDM symbol of assumption).
size larger than the channel impulse response, known as cyclic The MR × 1 discrete-time received signal vector y[n] can
prefix. Cyclic prefix (CP) is between each block in order be writen as [6]:
to transform the multi-path linear convolution into circular L−1
one. After parallel to serial (P/S) transformation and digital

y[n] = Hl x[n − l] (4)
to analog conversion (DAC), the signal is sent through a l=0
frequency-selective channel. The transmitted data symbols in
where x[n] is discrete-time MT × 1 transmitted signal vec-
frequency vectors are given as
tor.While Hl is lth tap of MR × MT complex-valued random
T channel impulse response matrix. It is assumed that the ele-
(0) (1) (M −1)
ck == ck ck ...ck T (2) ments of the individual Hl are correlated but different scatterer
clusters are uncorrelated, i.e.,
(i)
where ck denote the data symbol transmitted from the ith E vec{Hl }vecH {Hl } = 0MR MT for l = l

(5)
antenna on the kth tone. k = 0, 1, ..., N − 1, N is number of
OFDM subcarriers. where vec{Hl } = hTl,0 hTl,1 ...hTl,MT −1 , 0MR MT is MR MT ×
MR MT zero matrix, while hl,k is the k th column of the matrix
T
x
0 Hl and represented as hl,k = h0l,k h1l,k ...hN R −1
l,k .
N-D
Cyclic 0
Here the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) chan-
Prefix x
N-1 nel with Ricean fast fading is assumed, so there are L
Txi
x
0
0
LOS components and elements of hl,k are distributed as
μl 2
.
. Nc √ 2
(1 + j), 2σl , where Nc is circularly symmetric com-
Data . P/S DAC
.
Input
Space Time
. . 0
x (t)
plex Gaussian distribution.
The real and imaginary parts of Hl
. .
Encoder IDFT μl 2
.
.
. k
exp(j2pf c t ) each is distributed as N √ 2
, σ l and the distribution of the
0
. x N-D magnitudes of the elements of Hl have the following Ricean
x
0 probability density function (pdf).
N-1
2
fR (r) = 2(1 + K)re−(1+K)r −K I0 (2 K(1 + K)r) (6)
coding modulation guard parallel to digital to
interval serial analog
insertion conversion conversion where I0 is the zeroth order modified Bessel function. As Hl
is Ricean distribution can be written as:
Fig. 2. Transmitter architecture
¯l +H
Hl = H l , for l = 0, 1, ..., L − 1 (7)
Here Hl is decomposed into the sum of a fixed component H¯ l,
which is LOS (Ricean) component and a variable component
l [7].
H
B. Channel model
¯l = √μl
H (1 + j)IMR ×MT for l = 0, 1, ..., L − 1 (8)
The channel response from the i-th transmit antenna to the 2
j-th receive antenna can be given as K 1
where μ2l = K+1 and σl2 = K+1 , here K is rice factor. And
L−1 IMR ×MT is the identity matrix of order MR × MT . In case
hi,j (t) =

αi,j (l)δ(t − τl ) (3) of pure Rayleigh fading H¯ l = 0M M , whereas for Rician
R T
l=0
¯
fading Hl = 0MR MT .
l = R1/2 Hw,l for l = 0, 1, ..., L − 1
H (9)
where αi,j (l) is the multi-path gain coefficient, L denotes the l
number of resolvable paths, and τl represents the path delay The elements of H l are circularly symmetric complex
time of l-th multi-path component. Gaussian random variables1 and Rl is covariance matrices of
1 A circularly symmetric complex Gaussian random variable is a random variable
The channel response in frequency domain H ej2πθ for

z = (x+jy) ∼ CN (0, σ 2 ), where x and y are independent and identically distributed
each subcarrier consists of L channel-matrix taps of size (i.i.d.) N (0, σ 2 /2).
Vol:2, No:10, 2008
Hl . Whereas the elements of an uncorrelated MR ×MT matrix III. C APACITY OF MIMO-OFDM S YSTEM U NDER R ICIAN
Hw,l are i.i.d. complex random variables with zero mean and FADING
unit variance. It is assumed in [6] that the fading correlations A. Mutual information
are the same for all transmit antennas.
In this section the mutual information of an OFDM-based
[Rl ]m,n = 2σl2 ρl (n − m)Δ, θ̄l , δl for l = 0, 1, ..., L − 1
system is derived with CSI available at the receiver using
(10) the model discussed in section II. The received vector can
∗ be written as
where, ρl sΔ, θ̄l , δl = E hrl,k hr+s

is a fading cor-
l,k r = Hc + n (14)
relation between receiver antenna elements [8]. Also ρl is T T
where r = ĉ0 ĉ1 . . . ĉTN −1 , c = cT0 cT1 . . . cTN −1
T T
a function of the antenna spacing Δ, mean angle of arrival and
T
n = nT0 nT1 . . . nTN −1

θ̄l and the angular spread δl . For a small angular spread the and also the the block-diagonal
correlation can be written as [8]: matrix H of size N MR × N MT is given by
2
N −1
ρl sΔ, θ̄l , δl = e−j2πsΔcos(θ̄l ) e−0.5(2πsΔsin(θ̄l )σθ,l ) (11) H = diag H ej2π(k/N )

k=0
It is assumed that the channel will be remain constant for one
C. Receiver discription OFDM symbol, so the mutual information (in b/s/Hz) of the
OFDM-based spatial multiplexing system is given by [9]
The block diagram of receiver is shown in Figure. 3. 1

1

I= log det IN MR + 2 HΣH (15)
0 N σn
y N-D
Removing
Cyclic
.
.
where Σ is the N MT × N MT covariance block-diagonal
0
Prefix . y N-1 matrix of c.
Rxi N −1
y
0
0
Σ = diag {Σk }k=0
.
Data
.
.
. S/P ADC 0
Here Σk is the MT × MT covariance block-diagonal matrix
output
Space Time
.
. DFT
.
.
y (t)
of ck . N is the normalization factor, as N data symbols are
Decoder . k
.
. . exp(j2pf c t ) transmitted in one OFDM carrier. If CSI is available at receiver
. .
. then Equation 15 can be written as (shown in [6])
0
y N −1
N-1
1
I= log det IMR + ρH ej2π(k/N ) HH ej2π(k/N )
serial to analog to
N
decoding demodulation guard
parallel
k=0
interval digital
suppression conversion conversion
(16)
where ρ = P/ MT N σn2 and P is the total transmitter power.
Fig. 3. Receiver architecture If h(ej2π(k/N ) ) is the first column of H(ej2π(k/N ) ), then we
can show that,
The received signal is converted from analog to digital

E h ej2π(k/N ) hH ej2π(k/N ) =R (17)
(ADC) followed by serial to parallel (S/P) transformation.
Both guard interval and cyclic prefix are then suppressed. The Note that the correlation matrix is independent of k. We can
signal is processed by discrete Fourier transform (DFT). write
The reconstructed data vector for the kth tone can be written H ej2π(k/N ) ∼ R1/2 Hw + H ¯
as
where Hw is MR × MT uncorrelated complex L−1 Gaussian
matrix with zero mean and unit variance, R = l=0 Rl =

rk = Es H ej2π(k/N ) ck + nk , for k = 0, 1, ..., N − 1 L−1 1/2 1/2
and MR × MT matrix H. ¯
(12) l=0 Rl Rl
L−1
where H ej2π(k/N ) = l=0 Hl ej2πl(k/N ) for 0 ≤ θ < 1,
Hence Ik can be written as
while the constant Es is an energy normalization factor and Ik ∼ log det IMR + ρ RHw HH ¯ ¯H

w + HH (18)
nk is the white additive Gaussian noise satisfying
Using SVD, the equation can also be written as
E nk nH = σn2 IMR

(13) Ik ∼ log det IMR + ρ UΛUHw HH ¯ ¯H

l w + HH (19)
M −1
where IMR is MR × MR identity matrix. where U is a unitary matrix and Λ = diag {λi (R)}i=0 R
The maximum-likehood (ML) decoder computes the vector where λi (R) denotes the i-th eigenvalue of R.
sequence ĉk (k = 0, 1, ..., N − 1), given as Using UHw ∼ Hw and Multiply HH w by U
H
to obtain,
H H ¯ ¯H

N −1
Ik ∼ log det IMR + ρ UΛHw Hw U + HH (20)
2π
ˆ = arg min

C C rk − H(ej N k )ck 2 Now using the property det(I + XY) = det(I + YX),
k=0 UUH = I, equation 20 can be written as
Ik ∼ log det IMR + ρ ΛHw HH ¯ ¯H

ˆ = [ĉ0 ĉ1 ...ĉN −1 ]
where C w + HH (21)
Vol:2, No:10, 2008
16
B. Ergodic capacity nt = 1 , nr = 1
14 nt = 2 , nr = 2
nt = 2 , nr = 3
The ergodic capacity is defined as
12
N −1
Capacity bits/s/Hz
1 10
C = E {I} = E Ik (22)
N 8
k=0
6
From equations 22 and 21
4
N −1
1 H ¯H ¯ H
2
C=E log det IMR + ρ ΛHw Hw + H
N 0
k=0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
(23) SNR in dB
From equation 5 and (1/MT )Hw HH

w → IM R
for M T M R,
Fig. 5. Capacity versus SNR for spatially correlated selective-fading rician
C can be written as channel for ρ = 0.2, L = 4 and K = 3.
¯H ¯ H)

C = log det IMR + ρ̄(Λ + (1/MT )H (24) 15
i.i.d.
Correlated (rho = 0.2)
where ρ̄ = MT ρ = (P/(N σn2 ))..
10
Capacity bits/s/Hz
IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS
Computer simulation results are presented to evaluate the

capacities of MIMO-OFDM system under Rician fading. This 5
section is divided into two parts, i.e. capacity analysis and the
performance analysis of i.i.d. and spatially correlated MIMO-
OFDM space time coded rician channel. 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR in dB
A. Capacity Analysis Fig. 6. Capacity versus SNR for (2 × 2) MIMO-OFDM system for L = 4
and K = 3
The impact of the antenna number on the channel capacity
is examined first selective-fading i.i.d. rician channel and is
shown in figure 4. The capacity of the system increases with B. Performance Analysis
more antennas added to the system.
Now the performance of some MIMO-OFDM implemen-
25
tations with Rician fading model is presented with different
nt = 1 , nr = 1 antennas configurations. Here 16 tones used to transmit data.
nt = 2 , nr = 2
nt = 3 , nr = 2 The simulated system employs a 16-point FFT, with BPSK
20
modulation and an Alamoutis coding scheme with the trans-
mission bit rate of 1 bit/(sHz) using one and two transmit
Capacity bits/s/Hz
15
antennas. Data is grouped into blocks of 3500 information bits,
called words. Each word is coded into 16 symbols to form an
10
OFDM block. Figure 7 compares the average BER for different
number of transmit and receive antennas selective-fading i.i.d.
5
rician channel. We assume that the transmit antennas are
uncorrelated, that is, those antennas are separated far enough
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
from each other so that the fading processes affecting those
SNR in dB
antennas can be considered to be independent. The channel is
Fig. 4. Capacity versus SNR for selective-fading i.i.d. rician channel considered to be quasi-static so that the channel coefficients
for L = 4 and K = 3. are constant during each OFDM frame.
The performance of the Alamouti code over a Spatially
While the calculated channel capacity per unit bandwidth correlated selective-fading rician channel is provided in Figure
as a function of SNR for spatially correlated selective-fading 8. As can be seen, the performance with two transmit antennas
rician channel is shown in Figure 5. As expected, the capacity is much better than that of the system with one transmit
bounds increase monotonically as SNR increases. Only for antenna. At BER of 10−1 , the Alamouti code provides more
extremely low SNRs, correlations can slightly improve the than 8 dB gain. More importantly, due to the higher diversity
capacity. The comparison between correlated and uncorrelated gain of the Alamouti code, the gap increases for higher SNR
simulation results for capacity analysis has been shown in values.
Figure 6. It was also noticed in Figure 9 how the performance
Vol:2, No:10, 2008
0 −1
10 10
nt = 1 , nr = 1 K = 1 , L = 1
nt = 2 , nr = 1 K = 1 , L = 4
nt = 2 , nr = 2 K = 3 , L = 1
−1
10 K = 3 , L = 4
−2
10
−2
10
BER
BER
−3
10
−3
10
−4
10
−4
10
−5 −5
10 10
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
SNR in dB SNR in dB
Fig. 7. BER plotted against SNR for orthogonal STBCs of selective-fading Fig. 9. BER plotted against SNR for orthogonal STBCs of spatially correlated
i.i.d. Rician channel with K = 3 and L = 4. selective-fading rician channel with (2 × 2) MIMO-OFDM system and ρ =
0.2.
0
10
nt = 1 , nr = 1
nt = 2 , nr = 1 −1
10
nt = 2 , nr = 2
i.i.d.
Correlated (rho = 0.2)
−1
10
−2
10
BER
−2
10
BER
−3
10
−3
10
−4
10
−4
10
0 5 10 15
SNR in dB −5
10
0 5 10 15
SNR in dB
Fig. 8. BER plotted against SNR for orthogonal STBCs of spatially correlated
selective-fading rician channel with ρ = 0.2, K = 3 and L = 4 Fig. 10. BER versus SNR for (2 × 2) MIMO-OFDM system for L = 4 and
K=3
increased with increasing K , due to a reduced probability of

simultaneous fades. The channel thus becomes more robust ACKNOWLEDGMENT
for increasing K. However, often channels with high K The first and second authors would like to thank NWFP
correspond to channels with line of sight between transmitter University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
and receive antenna array, and in these cases it is expected and HEC Pakistan for providing funds for their higher studies.
that the spatial correlation increases.
While Figure 10 shows the comparison between the perfor- R EFERENCES
mance of correlated and uncorrelated cases. [1] H. Jafarkhani, Space-Time Coding : Theory and Practice. Cambridge
University Press, 2005.
V. C ONCLUSION [2] Cimini, “Analysis and simulation of a digital mobile channel using
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,”. IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.
An analytical expression for ergodic capacity of MIMO- 33, no. 7, pp. 665675, 1985.
OFDM system has been derived under (MR × MT ) rician [3] Nee, Prasad, OFDM For Wireless Multimedia Communications. Artech
House Publishers, 2000.
fading channel with single-sided spatial fading correlation for [4] Y. Chang, R. Zhang, and Cioffi, . “Transmit Optimization for MIMO-
the case where the channel is unknown at the transmitter and OFDM With Delay-Constrained and No-Delay-Constrained Traffic,” ,
perfectly known at receiver. Based on the analytical results, we IEEE Trans. on signal processing, vol. 54, no. 8, 2006.
[5] S. M. Alamouti, “A simple transmitter diversity scheme for wireless
investigated the ergodic capacity as a function of the antenna communications,” IEEE journal on selected areas in communications,
configuration, correlation level and Rician K-factor. 16(8), 1451-8.
A capacity and performance comparison of spatially cor- [6] H. Bolcskei, D. Gesbert, and A. J. Paulraj. “On the capacity of OFDM-
based spatial multiplexing systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no.
related and i.i.d channels are performed for selective fading 2, pp. 225234, 2002.
through simulation. The performance of Alamouti code over [7] L. S. Pillutla and S. K. Jayaweera. “MIMO Capacity of an OFDM-based
rician fading channels are also provided. It can be seen that system under Rician fading,”. in IEEE Vehicular Tech. (VTC04), Milan,
Italy, 2004.
by adding more antennas to the MIMO-OFDM system can [8] D. Asztely. On antenna arrays in mobile communication systems Fast
significantly increase the channel capacity of the system and fading and GSM base station receiver algorithms, Royal Institute of
reduce with the increase of multi-paths (L). For the MIMO- Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, IR-S3-SB-9611, 1996.
[9] T. M. Cover, J. A. Thomas, Elements of Information Theory. John Wiley,
OFDM systems with fixed antenna number and SNR value, 1991.
the increase of the subchannel number has no contribution to [10] G. Raleigh and J. M. Cioffi, “Spatio-temporal coding for wireless
the overall channel capacity. communication,”. IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 357366, 1998.
Vol:2, No:10, 2008
Imran Khan received the B.Sc. degree in electrical

engineering from N-W.F.P. University of Engineer-
ing and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan in 2003
and M.Sc. degrees in telecommunication engineer-
ing from the Asian Institute of Technology, Thai-
land, in 2007. He is currently working towards the
PhD. degree at the Telecommunications FOS, School
of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of
Technology, Thailand. Earlier he has been working
as Lecturer at N-W.F.P. University of Engineering
and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan since 2004.
His research interests include performance analysis of wireless communica-
tions systems, OFDM, OFDMA, MIMO, cooperative networks and Cognitive
Radio systems.
Shujaat Ali Khan Tanoli received the B.Sc. degree

in computer engineering from COMSATS Institute
of Technology, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan in
2006. He is currently doing his masters in Telecom-
munications at School of Engineering and Technol-
ogy, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand.
His research interests include performance analy-
sis of OFDM, OFDMA, MIMO, Bit-Interleaved
Coded Modulation, cooperative networks and Cog-
nitive Radio systems.
Nandana Rajatheva received the B.Sc. degree in

electronic and telecommunication engineering (with
first class honors) from the University of Moratuwa,
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D.
degrees from the University of Manitoba,Winnipeg,
MB, Canada, in 1987, 1991, and 1995, respectively.
Currently, he is anAssociate Professor of telecom-
munications in the School of Engineeing and Tech-
nology, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani,
Thailand. Earlier, he was with the University of
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, where he became a Professor
of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering in June 2003. From May
1996 to December 2001, he was with TC-SAT as an Associate Professor.
His research interests include mobile and wireless communications, coding
and modulation techniques, space time processing for multiple input-multiple
output (MIMO) systems, and communication theory.

Capacity and Performance Analysis of Space Time Block Coded MIMO OFDM Systems Over Rician Fading Channel

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Capacity and Performance Analysis of Space Time Block Coded MIMO OFDM Systems Over Rician Fading Channel

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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Capacity and performance analysis of space-time

and 2 respectively. Consider an OFDM-based multiplexing MR × MT is given by

From equation 5 and (1/MT )Hw HH

where ρ̄ = MT ρ = (P/(N σn2 ))..

Computer simulation results are presented to evaluate the

increased with increasing K , due to a reduced probability of

Imran Khan received the B.Sc. degree in electrical

Shujaat Ali Khan Tanoli received the B.Sc. degree

Nandana Rajatheva received the B.Sc. degree in

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