Abstract

Experimental investigations for anatomic variation in the magnitude and anisotropy of elastic constants
in human femoral cortical bone tissue have typically focused on a limited number of convenient sites
near the mid-diaphysis. However, the proximal and distal ends of the diaphysis are more clinically
relevant to common orthopedic procedures and interesting mechanobiology. Therefore, the objective of
this study was to measure anatomic variation in the elastic anisotropy and inhomogeneity of human
cortical bone tissue along the entire length (15-85% of the total femur length) and around the periphery
(anterior, medial, posterior and lateral quadrants) of the femoral diaphysis using ultrasonic wave
propagation in the three orthogonal specimen axes. The elastic symmetry of tissue in the distal and
extreme proximal portions of the diaphysis (15-45% and 75-85% of the total femur length, respectively)
was, at most, orthotropic. In contrast, the elastic symmetry of tissue near the mid- and proximal mid-
diaphysis (50-70% of the total femur length) was reasonably approximated as transversely isotropic. The
magnitudes of elastic constants generally reached maxima near the mid- and proximal mid-diaphysis in
the lateral and medial quadrants, and decreased toward the epiphyses, as well as the posterior and
anterior quadrants. The elastic anisotropy ratio in the longitudinal and radial anatomic axes showed the
opposite trends. These variations were significantly correlated with the apparent tissue density, as
expected. In summary, the human femur exhibited statistically significant anatomic variation in elastic
anisotropy, which may have important implications for whole bone numerical models and
mechanobiology.

Introduction
In summary, experimental investigations for anatomic variation in the magnitude and anisotropy of
elastic constants in cortical bone tissue have typically focused on a limited number of convenient sites
near the mid-diaphysis. However, the proximal and distal ends of the diaphysis are more clinically
relevant to common orthopedic procedures and interesting mechanobiology. Furthermore, recent
scientific interest has focused on the use of new techniques to measure at finer length scales, while
relatively little work has continued to consider anatomic variation of the apparent tissue properties
across whole bones. Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure anatomic variation in the
elastic anisotropy and inhomogeneity of human cortical bone tissue along the entire femoral diaphysis
with considerable spatial variation at the tissue level using MATLAB.

Here are the formulas used in this activity:

 Interpretation & Analysis
The new results for orthotropic symmetry are compared with previous calculations using the
transverse isotropic analysis on the same sets of anisotropic elastic constants for bone, determined
either by mechanical or by ultrasonic experiments. These constants are written in MATLAB to be
plugged in the formulas. In addition, the orthotropic calculation has been applied to full sets of
orthotropic elastic stiffness coefficients of a large variety of wood species. Although having some
resemblance to plexiform bone in microstructural organization, there is a noticeable difference in
both the shear and the compressive elastic anisotropy between the two materials.

Methodology
The main objective of this activity is to compare the isotropic compressive and shear elastic anisotropy
to the orthotropic compressive and shear elastic anisotropy of bovines. I started by listing the stiffness
coefficients of bovines.
Then, I wrote the necessary formulas form the appendix of chapter one in MATLAB code.

Lastly I copy and paste the code in the command window to get the results.

Conclusion
among these types of bones, and for Human bones the most isotropic one is (Human Mandible) and
most anisotropic is (Human Femur) and for and for Bovine bones the most isotropic one is (Bovine
Femur Haversian) and most anisotropic is (Bovine Femur), and by considering the value of we found that
the highest value is in the case of the bone (Bovine Femur) so we can say that the bone (Bovine Femur)
elastically is the strongest, and the lowest value of is in the case of the bone (Human Femur), so we can
say that this type of bone is elastically the least strong.