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Network Analysis
Objectives
The participant is able to
explain the meaning of busy hour traffic and traffic matrix
name the requirements for the trunk network planning
Contents
1 Traffic Demand 3
1.1 Mean Traffic 4
1.2 Busy Hour Traffic 6
1.3 The Traffic Matrix at Network Busy Hour 8
2 Existing Network 9
3 Grade of Service Requirements 11
3.1 Generalities 12
3.2 Normal and High Load Concept 12
3.3 Pre-selection Delay 16
3.4 Post-selection Delay 16
3.5 End-to-End Blocking 18
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1 Traffic Demand
Traffic Evolution
Fig. 1
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Poisson Distribution
4,00%
3,50%
3,00%
2,50%
Probability p
2,00%
1,50%
1,00%
0,50%
0,00%
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 0
Number of seized trunks
Fig. 2 Poisson distribution showing the probability of simultaneous seizures of trunks, N=120.
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Within the busy hour, traffic is considered to be stationary and thus the recorded
intensity is the mean value during the busy hour.
Another method of arriving at the representative average busy hour also involves
continuously measuring all quarter hours, but only the busiest hour of each day is
retained for averaging. This method is called the Average Daily Peak Hour (ADPH,
see ITU-T rec. E.500). ADPH can be applied on traffic intensities measured
continuously over a day in quarter hour periods (ADPQH) and in full-hour periods
(ADPFH). The comparative measurements have shown that the traffic intensity
values measured by the ADPFH-method are very consistent with the values
measured by the TCBH-method, whereas ADPQH-method yields slightly (a few
percent) higher values. ADPH has an advantage over TCBH when traffic profiles are
unstable.
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100
80
%Traffic
60
40
20
0
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96
BH is between intervalls 49 to 52, means 12:30 to13:30 *15min
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2 Existing Network
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When a network design must take into account an existing network the following
data about the existing configuration must be recorded:
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Fig. 4
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3.1 Generalities
Grade of Service or performance requirements are an essential point in trunk
network design and dimensioning. The grade of fulfilling these requirements decides
about the amount of equipment to be installed and the pertinent subscriber
satisfaction, i.e. on the long run about the economic success of the network
operator. Over provisioning surely fulfills the performance requirements, but
increases the investment costs and is unlikely to be appreciated and paid by the
customer. Under provisioning may save investment costs, but may lead to call
abandonment and create subsequent customer dissatisfaction which opens the field
for competitive encroachment. That’s why a correct and quick provisioning in
accordance with reasonable performance requirements is significant. This task is
becoming even more difficult as demand exhibits statistical fluctuations.
Dimensioning according to the maximum value is not economic, however, according
to the average value will mean a lot of lost calls and a poor service perception.
Appropriately averaged values - referred to as normal and high load - may help to fix
economically interesting demand references.
The following traffic GOS parameters are recommended according to ITU-T E.721:
Pre-selection delay
Post-selection delay
Answer signal delay
Call release delay
Probability of end-to-end blocking
The parameters can be partitioned into two categories. Parameters like pre-selection
delay and call release delay are essentially determined by the local exchange
performance, i.e. they are not network parameters, although they contribute to the
end-to-end performance of the connections. On the other hand post-selection delay,
answer signal delay and probability of end-to-end blocking are network parameters
indeed and depend or may have impact on the network architecture.
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Input Data:
A mean [Erl] = 100
Diviation + / - = 15%
Perc. Weekend = 100%
Groth Factor = 2,0%
Fig. 5 Excel calculation of the Normal and High load conditions acc. to ITU-T
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Normal load
High load
Normal traffic load can be considered the typical operating condition of a network for
which subscribers' service expectations should be met. Therefore normal load must
embrace up to a 90 to 95 percent of all load situations. High traffic load can be
considered a less frequently encountered operating condition of a network for which
normal subscriber expectations would not be met but for which a reduced level of
performance should be achieved to prevent excessive repeat calling and spread of
network congestion. High load summarizes the load situations above the
aforementioned value, thus representing exceptional cases happening only during a
5 to 10 percent of all considered traffic periods. However, high load is not the
highest value measured during the whole period, but rather an average of the
highest values.
The daily peak traffic intensity measurement is the basis for determining normal and
high loads. Normal and high load are defined over a monthly time interval. A set of
days is chosen out of the month which are approximately statistically homogeneous.
This set of days is typically the group of working days.
The normal load for a traffic systems is determined by the following steps (ITU-T
E.500):
Order the chosen days from lowest to highest daily peak traffic intensity
measurement.
Select the day having the fourth highest daily peak traffic intensity
measurement. This traffic intensity is defined as the normal load for the month
being considered.
The high load for the traffic system is determined by following step 1 above and then
selecting the day having the second highest daily peak traffic intensity measurement.
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Values of table1 are slightly enhanced for digital subscriber lines using en-bloc
sending. Reference load B defines a traffic increase over reference load A of +25%
in Erlangs, with +35% in BHCA
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Table 1: Target values for dial tone delay (acc. to ITU-T Q.543)
Table 2: Target values for post dialing delay (acc. to ITU-T E.721)
Fig. 6 Pre-selection and post selection delay target values acc. to ITU-T recommendations.
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There are several programs underway that are changing the average post-selection
delay. The most important one is the introduction of SS7 signaling that reduces
signaling time per trunk from a nominal of 3-4 seconds to approximately 0.5 seconds.
Furthermore the flattening of network architectures (less hierarchical levels) together
with switch consolidation (using remote switching units to replace nodes of older
technology), made possible by large capacity digital switches, contribute to a
reduction of the average number of interoffice links per call.
Fig. 7 End to End Blocking (EEB) target values acc. to ITU-Tshows the recommended
maximum values of links and nodes involved in different call types and the
international performance standards (ITU-T E.721) for a mean post-selection delay in
a full SS7/ISDN network. Assuming the above-mentioned value of signaling time per
trunk the PDD performance requirements can be easily fulfilled.
Standard target values of end-to-end call blocking probabilities are provided in the
ITU-T recommendation E.721 for local, national(toll) and international connections.
These values guarantee that under normal load virtually all calls are connected
through in the first call attempt. Under high load conditions the end-to-end target
values offer a sufficient grade of service so that all calls may be connected through in
a second or third call attempt.
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Table 3: End-to-end blocking target values for different connection types under normal load conditions (acc. to ITU-
T E.721)
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