Bullying in Elementary Schools : It’s Causes and Effect on Student

Introduction
Bullying is redundant, monotonous, and destructive, power based behavior of students.
Bullying among students not only decreases their academic performance but also causes mental
health problems and physical injury.

Literature Review
Whitney & Smith (1993) and Owens et al., (2000). The most common and frequent forms of
bullying according to these researchers are; insults, name-calling and nicknames, hitting, direct
aggression, theft, threats, and social exclusion or isolation.

Method
In this research, 10 teachers and 40 students were constituted as sample of the study. Simple
random sampling technique was used to select respondents. Restricted response questionnaire was
used as research tool for the collection of data about prejudice based bullying in schools. Collected
data were analyzed through SPSS by running frequencies, mean score, percentage and standard
deviation.

Result
From the table of data, the result is : The first cause of bullying was power fullness. The
second cause of bullying was ‘Revenge Seeking’, The third cause of bullying behavior was
‘Aggression’. The fourth cause of bullying behavior was ‘Jealousy. And the last cause is physical
weakness
Discussion
The most commonly mentioned cause of bullying behavior in this study was power fullness
(for example, I depend on myself rather than other.) and physical (for example, hitting and
punching) abuse.

Conclution
From above discussion it can be concluded that different causes of the bullying exist in
elementary schools of Mianwali.

Recommendation
We suggest to all school personnels for work together to manage “bully” behavior and
finding the solution to stop “bully”
Effects of Starting Stance on Base Running Sprint Speed in Softball
Players
Introduction
Stealing a base in the sport of softball is one way for the team to produce runs. However,
players are not allowed to lead off the base until the pitcher has released the ball. Therefore, the
starting position while attempting to steal has been debated regarding which is the most
advantageous start stance off the bag to maximize speed and beat the catcher’s throw.

Method
17 NCAA Division I women’s softball players volunteered to participate and were free from
lower body injuries for the past 6 months. Prior to testing, height was measured using an electronic
stadiometer (Seca, Ontario, CA, USA) and mass with an electronic scale (DHRWM; MFG. CO.,
Webb City, MO 64870). All sprint tests were performed on the dirt infield of a regulation softball
field utilizing a regulation first base. Testing was completed in one day lasting approximately 15
minutes per participant. The average of the three sprint times were used for all statistical analyses.
All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software.

Result
For total time, there was a main effect for condition where front foot on the base stance was
significantly less than back foot on the base and cross over step stances (Table 1). For split times,
front foot on the base stance was significantly less than back foot on the base and cross over step
stances across all three splits

Discussion
Sprint times with the front foot on the base were less than with the back foot on the base and
with the cross over stance. This time decrease occurred in all three splits and the total time and was
probably the result of a combination of leg momentum, the stretch shortening cycle (SSC) and
using the base like a sprinter’s block to produce greater horizontal force in order to accelerate faster
and reach a greater top speed.

Conclution
The findings of the present study demonstrate that using the front foot on the base stance
decreases sprint times for 45ft and each 15ft split in Division I female softball athletes, when
compared to the back foot on the base and the cross over stances. Therefore, softball coaches should
instruct their athletes to use this stance to maximize acceleration and top speed sprint time phases.
 Prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity: findings from a
cross-sectional community-based survey in Benin

Introduction
For instance, prevalence of overweight and obesity has been steadily increasing. Many
studies have shown the link between excess body weight and increased risk for cardiovascular
disorders, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, some cancers and gallbladder diseases. Prevalence of
obesity and overweight is gradually increasing in developing countries as people experience
changes in diet and physical activities patterns due to the influence of the western cultureAccording
to the World Health Organisation report, more than one third of women and a quarter of men in
Africa are overweight, and these proportions are expected to increase by 41% and 30% respectively
over the next ten years.

Method
The study consisted of a cross-sectional survey, using the World Health Organisation
(WHO)’s instrument for stepwise surveillance (STEPS) of non-communicable diseases risk factors.
A five stage random sample of 25 to 64 years old male and female adults living in Benin
participated in structured interviews and their size, weight and blood pressure were measured
according to standardized procedures. Prevalence and means were computed with their 95%
confidence interval and standard error respectively, taking into account the sampling design.
Prevalence was compared by Khi2 and means by Student’s t test. Univariate and stratified by
gender multivariate polytomous logistic regressions were performed to identify socio-demographic
and physical risk factors of overweight and obesity.

Result
The total of 6,773 adults participated in the study. About 50.50% of the participants were
male. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 19.20% and 7.25% respectively. The
prevalence of high risk abdominal obesity was 15.48%. The prevalence of overweight and obesity
was significantly higher in females than males. Likewise, the prevalence of abdominal obesity was
significantly higher in women (27.39%) than in men (2.73%). After controlling for confounding
factors, risk factors of overweight and obesity in both women and men were older age, primary and
high school/university education levels, occupation, dwelling and department.

Discussion
Increasing urbanization and production patterns in Africa in general, and in Benin in
particular are evolving towards the Western model. It involves a change in lifestyle with unbalanced
meals, stress, decreased physical activity due to more sedentary occupations and the increasing use
of motorized transport

Conclution
From the discussion, we can conclude that the Overweight and obesity are emerging in
Benin, and they are more common in women than men. The independent determinants of
overweight and obesity in men and women are aging, formal education, civil servant occupation,
and urban residence. Prevention programs are needed to curb the rise of overweight/obesity in
Benin.
 Sex and Age Differences in Trail Half Marathon Running

Introduction
There has been some debate surrounding athletic performance differences generally
observed between sexes. Physiological differences between men and women have been used to
support these contrasting viewpoints. Because of that reason, we need evaluate sex and age
differences in the running velocity of top finishers of a trail running half marathon.

Method
The institutional review board provided an exemption for the requirement for informed
consent for this study (protocol #967302-1) as it involved analysis of publicly available data.
Finishing times of the top 10 male and female finishers in 10 year age categories between 20 and 69
years were analyzed for the Moab Trail Half Marathon from 2012 – 2015. The race takes place in
the desert southwest region of the United States and has an overall elevation change of 1838 feet
Data are reported as mean ± standard deviations throughout the text and figures. Data were
analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 21, Chicago, IL).

Result
A significant difference for running velocity was present between sexes at each age
category. It can also be noted from this data that the fastest female trail running velocity (found in
the 20 - 29 year old age group) was statistically similar to males in the 40-49 year old age category.
Regardless of sex, velocity of the top ten half marathon trail runners was similar in younger age
groups (20 - 29 years, 30 - 39 years) but decreased with age beginning with the 40-49n year old
group.

Discussion
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate sex and age differences in the running
velocity of top finishers of a trail half marathon event carried out in the desert southwest. We
hypothesized that due to increasing female participation and depth in trail running races, any
observed sex differences in running velocity would be reduced to near physiological levels of
10.7%. Our hypothesis was correct for age groups with a significantly greater number of females
(20 – 49 years) but widened as the ratio was equal (50 - 59 years) or where a greater number of men
participated (60 - 69 years).

Conclution
From the analize of the data, sex differences between the fastest (i.e. top 10 finishers) men
and women are to be anticipated with an approximate difference of near 12%. According to our
results, female participation in a desert southwest trail half marathon is significantly greater than
their male counterparts. These data provide evidence that due to the magnitude of female
involvement, sex differences in trail running velocity is reduced to near physiological levels. Thus,
the widening gap observed in road races is ameliorated in a trail running environment that has a
larger number of female participants.
 The Influence of Lifestyle Risk Factors on the Occurrence of Gynecological
Cancers: A Review of the
Evidence and Opportunities for Prevention and Management

Introduntion
Gynecologic cancers are caused by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
originating in the female reproductive organs, including the cervix, ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes,
vagina and vulva. Over one million gynecologic cancers have been diagnosed in women worldwide
and almost half have resulted in death.

Method
This focus of this review was limited to the following modifiable lifestyle risk factors of
endometrial, ovarian and cervical cancer: obesity, physical activity, diet, and smoking. In order to
review the evidence on lifestyle factors and the risk of gynecological cancer, we conducted a search
of the Pubmed/Medline database, which comprises millions of citations from the biomedical
literature, life science journals, and online books. We attempted to restrict the basis of evidence for
associations to those not containing overlapping systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Result
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer and the fourth most common
cancer for women in developed countries, accounting for 6% of new cancer cases among women in
the United States. Lifestyle risk factors also play a prominent role in the etiology and development
of endometrial cancer, especially smoking, obesity, diet, and physical activity.

Discussion
The evidence cited in this review confirms that several modifiable lifestyle risk factors play
a prominent role in the development of endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancer. In particular, the
risk factors of obesity, physical activity, and tobacco smoking have been shown to affect each of
these cancers differentially.

Conclution
Lifestyle risk factors play a prominent role in the development of gynecological cancers and
may also impact disease progression and survival. Although smoking and obesity emerged as the
strongest risk factors, further research in the form of high quality prospective studies and
randomized trials is needed to confirm the results for several risk factors, especially diet and
physical activity, and for various populations and subgroups. Women should be educated on how
modifiable lifestyle factors and associated behaviors may reduce their risk of several gynecological
cancers. Clinicians should also be made aware of how they can assist patients in implementing risk-
reducing behaviors and help survivors better manage their diseases.