SECURITY COUNCIL

THE SITUATION OF ROHINGYA IN MYANMAR

MUNLawS, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 3
2. HISTORY ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1. EARLY HISTORY ...................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2. BRITISH COLONIAL RULE ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.3. WORLD WAR II ....................................................................................................................................... 4
2.4. POST-WAR INSURGENCY ......................................................................................................................... 5
2.5. BANGLADESH LIBERATION WAR .............................................................................................................. 6
2.6. THE NEW ROHINGYA MOVEMENT ........................................................................................................... 6
3. STATUS QUO ................................................................................................................................................ 7
3.1. THE 2012 RAKHINE STATE RIOTS ............................................................................................................. 7
3.2. THE 2015 ROHINGYA REFUGEE CRISIS ...................................................................................................... 8
3.3. THE LEGAL STATUS OF ROHINGYA ........................................................................................................... 8
4. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................. 11
5. FURTHER READING ..................................................................................................................................... 12
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................................ 13

2
1. INTRODUCTION
Rohingya are a group of people often referred to as the most persecuted people in the world.1 They are a Muslim
community in a predominantly Buddhist country of Myanmar. They live mainly in the northern part of Rakhine
state of Myanmar also known as Arakan. This study guide will provide an insight into the history of the people and
their status quo and serve as a basis for further research and study.

Picture 1: Map of Myanmar

1 Agence France-Presse, "Myanmar, Bangladesh leaders 'to discuss Rohingya'", 25 June 2012, retrieved 4 September 2016.

3
2. HISTORY
2.1. Early history
First mentions of Muslim settlements in Rakhine region date to 15th century in the time of Kingdom of Mrauk U.
After the ruler of the Kingdom, Min Saw Mon, was expelled to Bangladesh, he regained control of his throne with
the help of the Bengal Sultanate and became an Islamic vassal to the Sultanate. Because of that number of
Muslim settlers grew and they founded Muslim conclaves within the Arakan region.2

After the kingdom broke away from its vassalage to Bengal Sultanate its leaders kept the Islamic titles they held as
vassals. The mainly Buddhist rulers employed a number of Muslim community in high ranking positions and
allowed the community to grow.3 This community prospered until late 18th century and the Konbaung dynasty’s
conquest of Arakan region. At that time nearly entire population of the region was either deported to central
Burma, or fled to British Bengal to escape the persecution.4

2.2. British colonial rule

In the early 19th century Arakan region was conquered by the British. At that time the land was scarcely
populated, but fertile, therefore the British implemented a policy that encouraged the Bengali population living
nearby to move into the area and start cultivating the land.5 There was no natural barrier between the regions
and virtually no immigration restrictions were imposed, which is why the movement was very successful. The
British census of 1872 reported 58,255 Muslims in Akyab District. By 1911, the Muslim population had increased
to 178,647.6 The Burmese population felt helpless under the British rule that brought enormous amounts of
foreigners into their country and reacted with racism that was a combined feeling of superiority and fear. While
the immigration was not Arakam exclusive phenomena, it was more acutely felt there due to the scarce
population of the region before the policy was enacted.7 In 1939 the British established the Special Investigation
Commission in order to combat the long term animosity between the Muslim and Buddhist population in the
region. The commission came up with the solution of reinforcing the Bengal-Burma border and lessening the
number of fresh immigrants, however, the outburst of World War 2 stopped any further action in that direction,
as the British withdrew form Arakam region.8

2.3. World War II

When Japan invaded British controlled Burma in 1942 British forces mostly pulled out of Arakam region, back into
a better defended position in Bangladesh. That left a power void within the region and soon significant violence
between Muslim and Buddhist population erupted, without any power to keep their animosity in check. British
tried to create a buffer zone for the Japanese by arming the Muslim population9, however, instead of resisting the

2 Aye Chan, "The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar)" (PDF), SOAS 2005, Retrieved 15 A ugust
2016, p.398.
3 Yegar, Moshe (1972). Muslims of Burma. pp. 98–101., Between integration and secession: The Muslim communities of the Southern

Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma / Myanmar. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books 2002, p.24 .
4 Aye Chan (n 1) p. 398-9.
5 Ibid, p. 403.
6 Ibid, p. 401.
7 Myint-U, Thant, The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma, Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2006, p. 185-187.
8 Kyaw Zan Tha, "Background of Rohingya Problem", MA 2008, p. 1.
9 Field-Marshal Viscount William Slim, Defeat Into Victory: Battling Japan in Burma and India, 1942–1945, London: Pan 2009.

4
Japanese, Muslim population tried to demolish Arkanese mostly Buddhist villages.10 When the Japanese finally
pushed into the Arakan region, large numbers of Burmese fled to British Bengal in order to escape the atrocities
committed by Japanese military.11 To facilitate their repatriation after the war, the British established Volunteer
Forces with Rohingya, local Muslim minority.12 However, these soon turned on the Buddhist population instead of
the Japanese. In the resulting violence scores of Buddhist temples, pagodas, houses and even entire villages were
destroyed, with people either killed or forced from their homes.13

2.4. Post-war insurgency

Soon after World War II Muslim leaders of the region met up with founders of Pakistan and soon asked to be
annexed by the East Pakistan (modern day Bangladesh).14 However, the newly formed Burmese government
denied any autonomy to the region and refused to cede the territory to East Pakistan. As a result local
Mujahedeen declared jihad on the Burmese government and began targeting local authorities and military targets
within the area.15 The initial actions brought significant success and Muslim forces gained control over larger part
of northern Rakhine state. They forced out the Buddhist population which fled to Bangladesh or central
Myanmar. By 1949 Myanmar had control only over Ankyab (modern day Sittwe), a major city in the north. The
government claimed that while in control of the region, Muslims encouraged large numbers of immigrants to
cross the border form East Pakistan settling them in the northern regions. This claim has been highly disputed
over the history and brings into question the legitimacy of Rohingya people in Myanmar.16

As a response to ever increasing influence of Muslims over the state of Rakhine, Myanmar declared martial law in
the state in November 1948, which instituted a military government in the region. Large military force was
mobilised and after several weeks of intense fighting the Mujahedeen were driven back into the jungles of the
northern region. Myanmar military performed a number of successful military operations between 1950 and
1954, greatly reducing the militant’s numbers and convincing a large portion of them to put down their arms.17 As
a response Mujahedeen reinforced their activity in late 1954, launching a number of successful operations in the
region. The activity was met with a number of protests from the general Buddhist population, including hunger
strikes by Buddhist monks in Rangoon (present-day Yangon).18 In order to calm the population, the government
launched operation Monsoon in October 1954. Mission succeeded in capturing all of the major strongholds of
Mujahedeen, killing several of their leaders and most of all, obliterated their support from local population.19
After this operation few small insurgent elements still remained active and even their activity declined to the
point where they nearly ceased all operations.

10 The Economist, "The Rohingyas: The most persecuted people on Earth?", 13 June 2015, Retrieved 15 august 2016 .
11 Howard Adelman, Protracted displacement in Asia: no place to call home, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2008, p. 86.
12 Bayly & Harper, Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941-1945, Harvard University Press. pp. 2005, 383–384.
13 Aye Chan (n 1), p. 406-407.
14 Thit Maung, Yebaw, Civil Insurgency in Burma, Yangon: Ministry of Information, 1989, p. 30.
15 Muang, Yebaw (n 13), p. 28.
16 Yegar, Moshe, Muslims of Burma, 1972, p. 98–101.
17 Ibid, p. 44-45.
18 Yegar, Moshe (n 2), p. 98–101.
19 Ibid, p. 37,38,44.

5
2.5. BANGLADESH LIBERATION WAR
In the years 1971-1973 during Bangladesh liberation war a large amount of Bangladeshi fled the country to
escape the genocide. Large portion of the refugees ended up in Rakhine state.20 In 1975 the Bangladesh
Ambassador to Burma Khwaja Mohammed Kaiser, admitted that there were more than 500,000 trespassers in
Arakan. Population of Myanmar responded angrily to this new wave of foreigners and a number of protests and
hunger strikes were staged.21 Government of Myanmar again resorted to military action which drove off
approximately 200.000 Bangladeshi refugees. In 1978 government of Bangladesh protested against Myanmar
before the UN concerning ‘’the expulsion by force of thousands of Burmese Muslim citizens to Bangladesh’’.
Myanmar responded that these were Bangladeshi citizens living unlawfully on Myanmar soil. This was followed by
intense negotiations mediated by the UN that ended with an agreement on basis of which Myanmar accepted
200.000 refugees from Bangladesh who settled in Arakan.22 In 1982 the Myanmar government enacted the
citizenship law that declared the ‘’Bengali’’ are foreigners and were refused citizenship.23

2.6. THE NEW ROHINGYA MOVEMENT

In 1990s Rohingya created a new movement that focuses strongly on obtaining recognition and international
support by lobbying abroad by the diaspora as opposed to an armed conflict in the immediate area. Movement
focuses on proving the indigenous decent of Rohingya in the Rakhanite area and thus providing legitimacy to their
presence. They strongly deny the Bangladeshi decent.24 Their primary goal is to attain citizenship, however, the
rest of Myanmar population views them as "the vanguard of an unstoppable wave of people that will inevitably
engulf Rakhine."25

20 Network Myanmar, "Extract from record by UK Ambassador Terrence J O'Brien of his call in Rangoon on the Bangladesh Ambassador to
Burma Khwaja Mohammed Kaiser" (PDF), 23 December 1975, Retrieved 15 August 2016 .
21 Muang, Yebaw (n 13), p. 30.
22 Yegar, Moshe (n 2), p. 56.
23 Ibid, p. 59.
24 Leider, Jacques P., Network Myanmar, ""Rohingya": Rakhaing and Recent Outbreak of Violence: A Note" (PDF), Retrieved 15 Augus t

2016.
25 International Crisis Group, "Myanmar: The Politics of Rakhine State" (PDF), 22 October 201 4, Retrieved 15 August 2016.

6
3. STATUS QUO
3.1. THE 2012 RAKHINE STATE RIOTS
Occasional sectarian violence was present in the Rakhine state26, however, it reached a new dimension with the
2012 Rakhine state riots. The region is divided into Rohingya Muslim north and Rakhine Buddhist south. In the
Rakhine population, a fear that they will become a minority in their own state was present long before and deeply
rooted in the past events of mass immigration to their region.27 Due to the 1982 citizenship law, most of the
Rohingya population were denied citizenship and were subjected to forced labour under military supervision and
restrictions on government education. Because of that most of the Rakhine population viewed them as
immigrants in their country.28

The tensions culminated on 28 May 2012 when a group of Muslim men raped and killed a Rakhine woman on her
way home.29 Men were soon branded as Rohingya and three of them were arrested and sent to jail.30 On 3 June
2012 ten Muslims were killed in an attack on a bus.31 Attackers mistakenly believed that the ones responsible for
the rape were on board. This incident sparked further protests by the Muslim population 32, which led to
formation of special investigation committee by Myanmar government with mandate to investigate the
accident.33 Despite the efforts of the government and strict security measures violence started erupting all over
the Rakhine state. On 8 June 2012 a mob of Rohingya burned down a number of houses and sparked all out
rioting.34 By the evening that day 14 villages were burnt and government forces were authorized to use deadly
force to calm down the situation, however, local reports state that they mostly fired warning shots. Three more
villages were burnt and authorities subsequently declared a curfew. 5 people were reported killed on the first day
of the riots.35 The next day 5 army battalions were deployed to the region, however, this did not slow down the
riots. On 10 June 2012 a state of emergency was declared as rioters continued to torch buildings all over the
region. As the riots continued, increasing numbers of people tried to flee to Bangladesh, but many were denied
entrance by the local authorities.36 By 28 June 2012 the army finally managed to calm the situation.37 Rohingya
claimed discrimination from the army and police, but an in-depth analysis by an International Crisis Group
showed that both parts of the population were grateful for the protection provided by the military.38 Myanmar
government later proposed to resettle almost a million of the Rohingya into Bangladesh or other countries, but
the UN refused.39

26 BBC News, "Q&A: Unrest in Burma's Rakhine state", 11 June 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
27 Selth,Andrew, Burma’s Muslims: Terrorists or Terrorised?, Australia: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian Nation al
University 2003, p. 7.
28 Craggs, Ryan, Huffington Post, "Myanmar Conflict: Rohingya Muslims Persecuted In Myanmar And Bangladesh", 14 June 2012, Retrieved

16 August 2016.
29 Ma Thida, "Htwe remembered in Arakan", 15 July 2013, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
30 International Crisis Group (ICG), "Myanmar Conflict Alert: Preventing communal bloodshed and building better relations", 12 June 201 2,

Retrieved 16 August 2016.

31 Elevenmyanmar.com, "30 arrested for killing 10 aboard Toungup bus", 5 July 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
32 BBC News, "Burma police clash with Muslim protesters in Maung Daw", 9 June 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
33 Reuters, "Myanmar to probe Muslim deaths", 8 June 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
34 Eleven Media Group, "Curfew imposed in Rakhine township amidst Rohingya terrorist attacks", 8 June 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
35 Eleven Media Group, "Dozens killed, hundreds of buildings burnt down by Bengali Rohingya mobs in border town of Maungdaw", 9 June

2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016.

36 Voice of America, "Troops, Riot Police Patrol NW Burma after Deadly Rioting", 11 June 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
37 Hindstorm Hanna, Democratic Voice of Burma, "Burmese authorities targeting Rohingyas, UK parliament told", 28 June 2012, Retrieved

16 August 2016.
38 The International Crisis Group, "Myanmar's Military: Back to the Barracks?" (PDF), 22 April 2014, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
39 Gwen Robinson, Financial Times, UN aid workers face Myanmar riot charges, 15 July 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .

7
Further violence broke out in October and new riots raged for a while before the military once more wrestled
back the control over the region.40 According to the Myanmar government, over 160 people were killed, more
than 100,000 people were displaced and over 6,000 buildings were destroyed in the violence since June that
year.41 These events brought widespread international scrutiny. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon issued a
statement on 26 October 2012 saying that "the vigilante attacks, targeted threats and extremist rhetoric must be
stopped. If this is not done ... the reform and opening up process being currently pursued by the government is
likely to be jeopardised.’’40 The United Nations reported on 28 October that 3,200 more displaced people had fled
to refugee camps in Bangladesh, with an estimated additional 2,500 still in transit.42 In early November, Doctors
Without Borders reported that propaganda was being distributed in Rakhine State threatening aid workers who
treated Muslims, causing almost all of its local staff to quit.43

3.2. THE 2015 ROHINGYA REFUGEE CRISIS

Rohingya were prone to try and flee the persecution and impossible living conditions in Myanmar and as such
created a strong diaspora around the world. Large numbers of them are in refugee camps in Bangladesh, along its
border with Myanmar. But in 2015 the numbers of people fleeing surged dramatically, especially those fleeing by
boat to nearby south eastern Asian countries, such as Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.44 In March 2015 large
numbers of boats illegally took of Rakhine state shore and departed over strait of Malaaca, where they were
abandoned by the smugglers.45 The countries of destination at first refused to offer any kind of assistance to the
refugees. Only after substantial amount of international pressure, they reluctantly offered basic provisions to the
refugees stranded on boats.46 According to claims around 100 people died in Indonesia 47, 400 in Malaysia 48 and 10
in Thailand49 as a result of this crisis.

However, these numbers may be inaccurate. 32 shallow graves were found in Thai mountains, where refugees
were held in a ‘’waiting area’’.50 Another 139 graves were found by Malaysian police in the abandoned camps
used by human traffickers.51 Another 208 refugees were rescued by Myanmar authorities and confirmed them as
Bangladeshi immigrants.52 The international condemnation of Myanmar and its treatment of the Rohingya people
sparked nationalist protest in Myanmar capital calling for the international community to stop blaming Myanmar
for the Rohingya crisis.53

3.3. THE LEGAL STATUS OF ROHINGYA

While Rohingya have been permitted to reside within the Myanmar borders, they are considered ‘’resident
foreigners’’ and not Myanmar citizens.54 Myanmar government does not recognise the Rohingya as one of the

40 BBC News, "Burma: UN warning as death toll soars in Rakhine state", 26 October 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
41 BBC News, "Burma violence: 20,000 displaced in Rakhine state", 28 October 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
42 Al Jazeera, "Myanmar violence displacing thousands", 28 October 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
43 Thomas Fuller, The New York Times, "Charity Says Threats Foil Medical Aid in Myanmar", 6 November 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2 016.
44 The Guardian, "Malaysia tells thousands of Rohingya refugees to 'go back to your country'", 13 May 2015, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
45 Reuters, "Bay of Bengal people-smuggling doubles in 2015: UNHCR", 8 May 2015, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
46 Deutsche Welle, "Pushed back - Malaysia refuses safe haven to abandoned refugees", 13 May 2015, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
47 The Pakistan Today, "Rohingya migrants 'died in fight for food' on boat", 17 May 2015, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
48 the Guardian, "'They hit us, with hammers, by knife': Rohingya migrants tell of horror at sea", 17 May 2015, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
49 BBC News, "SE Asia migrants 'killed in fight for food' on boat", 17 May 2015, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
50 The Daily Star, "Bangladeshi migrants' mass grave in Thailand!", 2 May 2015, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
51 Al Jazeera, "Malaysia finds mass graves of suspected migrants", 24 May 2015, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
52 The Associated Press, "The Latest on Rohingya: US envoy says address root causes", 22 May 2015, Retrieved 16 A ugust 2016.
53 Radio Free Asia, "Monks, Activists Stage Protest Against Rohingya in Myanmar", 27 May 2015 Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
54 Sections 42 to 44 of the 1982 Burma Citizenship Law.

8
national races, which form the basis of attaining citizenship under 1982 citizenship law still in effect. Due to lack
of citizenship they are subject to restrictions of movement, limited access to education, arbitrary confiscation of
property and forced labour.

Since the Rohingya have a status of unlawful immigrants they are not subject to freedom of movement that is
widely accepted by the international community and enshrined in Article 13 of the UDHR55 and ICCPR56. The
Myanmar government uses Registration of Foreigners Act and Rules of 1940 in order to handle the matter. Under
this policy, any Rohingya that wishes to travel, be it interstate or abroad needs to acquire a permit, issued by the
local authorities. This issue if further exacerbated by corruption within the official ranks that provide an extra
strain of having to pay bribes in order to acquire the permits. This also limits their ability to perform the
traditional pilgrimage that is one of the tenets of Muslim religion.57

Myanmar reserves the right to secondary education for citizens only. That means that Rohingya have access only
to primary education provided by state. And even if their lack of education doesn’t immediately rule them out for
employment, similar conditions are required in civil service, not allowing non-citizen to become a teacher or a
medical worker. Similarly all public offices are closed to the Rohingya as a result of them not being citizens 58.

As is the case in many parts of Myanmar with a high military presence, soldiers have required villagers to provide
them with rice and livestock. With the central government unable to provide adequate food for its 450,000
members of the army, battalions have often turned to extortion and theft as well as forced labour. Extortion has
manifested itself in the confiscation of food and demands for bribes at checkpoints. The Rohingya regularly have
to pay higher fees for travel than other Myanmar residents. A Rohingya woman living in Bangladesh but outside
the refugee camps reported that before she came to Bangladesh, the Myanmar soldiers had taken chickens from
her on a regular basis.59 In another case reported to Human Rights Watch, members of Myanmar army demanded
and took a truckload of watermelons from a farmer's field.60

As a further extent of their exploitation local government authorities require the Rohingya minority to perform
forced labour. Human rights watch received reports that those who refuse to work are threatened, in extreme
cases even with death. Children as young as 7 years old have been spotted in these labour teams. They work in
government run profit making industries or build the so-called ‘’model villages,’’ made for non-Muslim migrants.61
Usually a government official comes to a village early in the morning and demands a set number of labourers.
Those with more means can pay somebody to go instead of them, however most have to send family members or
go themselves. According to the report submitted to the UN General Assembly this practice is maintained in most
of the states with an ethnic minority and widely supported by the central Myanmar government.62

The situation does not seem to be improving, despite Myanmar electing their first democratically elected
government after 50 years of military dictatorship.63 Many expected improved conditions for the minority,

55 UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights, 217 A (III), 10 December 1948, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
56 InternationalCovenant on Civil and Political Rights, 2200A (XXI), 23 March 1976, art. 12.
57 Human Rights Watch interview, 23 August 1999, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
58 Human Rights Watch, Report: Burma/Banglades Burmese refugees in Bangladesh: still no durable solution, May 2000, Chapter III,

Education and employment, Retrieved 16 August 2016.

59 Human Rights Watch interview with a Rohingya woman, 8 August 1999, Retrieved 16 August 2016 .
60 Human Rights Watch and Refugees International, "Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh: The Search for a Lasting Solution," August 1997, p.

13.
61 Human Rights Watch interview, August 23, 1999, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
62 Rajsoomer Lallah, Situation of human rights in Myanmar, 4 October 1999, Retrieved 30 August 2016
63 The Guardian, "Aung San Suu Kyi wins outright majority in Myanmar election ", 13 November 2015, Retrieved 30 August 2016 .

9
however, the response was quite the opposite. Myanmar government took a very firm stance that they do not
want the term Rohingya used in the international community. U.S. ambassador to Burma received criticism from
Myanmar foreign affairs minister Aung San Suu Kyi, where it was said that they ‘’do not object to the term
Rohingya, but request not to use it’’.64 The government seems reluctant to act, since it risks a massive rift
between the people, where a very strong anti-Muslim sentiment is deeply rooted.65

64 Time, "Why Burma Is Trying to Stop People From Using the Name of Its Persecuted Muslim Minority", 9 May 2016, Retrieved 30 August
2016.
65 Time, "Burma’s Hard-Line Buddhists Are Waging a Campaign of Hate That Nobody Can Stop", 15 December 2015, Retrieved 30 August

2016.

10
4. CONCLUSION
As we have seen Rohingya faces many difficulties within the country, even its country origin is highly disputed.
The problem has spilled over the countries’ borders and affects all the neighbouring countries, as well as those
immediately over the seas. Situation is highly volatile with Myanmar’s hard won democracy and violent riots at
stake.

11
5. FURTHER READING

1. Human Rights Watch, Report: Burma/Banglades Burmese refugees in Bangladesh: still no durable
solution, May 2000, https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/burma/index.htm.
2. Yegar, Moshe (2002). "Between integration and secession: The Muslim communities of the Southern
Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar". Lanham. Lexington Books.
3. Forbes, Do Myanmar's Rohingya Really Need Citizenship Now?, 4 July 2015, Retrieved 4 September 2015,
http://www.forbes.com/sites/susancunningham/2015/07/04/do-myanmars-rohingya-really-need-
citizenship-now/#1aabf79f681c.
4. Time, Burma’s Hard-Line Buddhists Are Waging a Campaign of Hate That Nobody Can Stop, 15 December
2015, Retrieved 30 August 2016, http://time.com/4147171/burma-buddhism-islam-interfaith-
intolerance-rohingya-myanmar/.
5. Al Jazeera, Myanmar bans officials from saying 'Rohingya', 22 June 2016, Retrieved 4 September 2016,
http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/myanmar-bans-officials-rohingya-160621131628167.html.

12
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Agence France-Presse, "Myanmar, Bangladesh leaders 'to discuss Rohingya'", 25 June 2012, Retrieved 4
September 2016.
2. Aye Chan, "The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar)" (PDF),
SOAS 2005, Retrieved 15 August 2016.
3. Yegar, Moshe (1972). Muslims of Burma. pp. 98–101., Between integration and secession: The Muslim
communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma / Myanmar. Lanham,
MD: Lexington Books 2002.
4. Myint-U, Thant, The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma, Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2006.
5. Kyaw Zan Tha, "Background of Rohingya Problem", MA 2008.
6. Field-Marshal Viscount William Slim, Defeat Into Victory: Battling Japan in Burma and India, 1942–1945,
London: Pan 2009.
7. Howard Adelman, Protracted displacement in Asia: no place to call home, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2008.
8. Bayly & Harper, Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941-1945, Harvard University Press. pp. 2005.
9. Thit Maung, Yebaw, Civil Insurgency in Burma, Yangon: Ministry of Information, 1989
10. Yegar, Moshe, Muslims of Burma, 1972.
11. Network Myanmar, "Extract from record by UK Ambassador Terrence J O'Brien of his call in Rangoon on
the Bangladesh Ambassador to Burma Khwaja Mohammed Kaiser" (PDF), 23 December 1975, Retrieved
15 August 2016.
12. Leider, Jacques P., Network Myanmar, ""Rohingya": Rakhaing and Recent Outbreak of Violence: A Note"
(PDF), Retrieved 15 August 2016.
13. International Crisis Group, "Myanmar: The Politics of Rakhine State" (PDF), 22 October 2014, Retrieved 15
August 2016.
14. BBC News, "Q&A: Unrest in Burma's Rakhine state", 11 June 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016
15. Selth, Andrew, Burma’s Muslims: Terrorists or Terrorised?, Australia: Strategic and Defence Studies
Centre, Australian National University 2003.
16. Craggs, Ryan, Huffington Post, "Myanmar Conflict: Rohingya Muslims Persecuted In Myanmar And
Bangladesh", 14 June 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
17. Ma Thida, "Htwe remembered in Arakan", 15 July 2013, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
18. International Crisis Group (ICG), "Myanmar Conflict Alert: Preventing communal bloodshed and building
better relations", 12 June 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
19. Elevenmyanmar.com, "30 arrested for killing 10 aboard Toungup bus", 5 July 2012, Retrieved 16 August
2016.
20. BBC News, "Burma police clash with Muslim protesters in Maung Daw", 9 June 2012, Retrieved 16 August
2016.
21. Reuters, "Myanmar to probe Muslim deaths", 8 June 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
22. Eleven Media Group, "Curfew imposed in Rakhine township amidst Rohingya terrorist attacks", 8 June
2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
23. Eleven Media Group, "Dozens killed, hundreds of buildings burnt down by Bengali Rohingya mobs in
border town of Maungdaw", 9 June 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
24. Voice of America, "Troops, Riot Police Patrol NW Burma after Deadly Rioting", 11 June 2012, Retrieved 16
August 2016.
25. Hindstorm Hanna, Democratic Voice of Burma, "Burmese authorities targeting Rohingyas, UK parliament
told", 28 June 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016.

13
26. The International Crisis Group, "Myanmar's Military: Back to the Barracks?" (PDF), 22 April 2014,
Retrieved 16 August 2016.
27. Gwen Robinson, Financial Times, UN aid workers face Myanmar riot charges, 15 July 2012, Retrieved 16
August 2016.
28. BBC News, "Burma: UN warning as death toll soars in Rakhine state", 26 October 2012, Retrieved 16
August 2016.
29. BBC News, "Burma violence: 20,000 displaced in Rakhine state", 28 October 2012, Retrieved 16 August
2016.
30. Al Jazeera, "Myanmar violence displacing thousands", 28 October 2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
31. Thomas Fuller, The New York Times, "Charity Says Threats Foil Medical Aid in Myanmar", 6 November
2012, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
32. The Guardian, "Malaysia tells thousands of Rohingya refugees to 'go back to your country'", 13 May 2015,
Retrieved 16 August 2016.
33. Reuters, "Bay of Bengal people-smuggling doubles in 2015: UNHCR", 8 May 2015, Retrieved 16 August
2016.
34. Deutsche Welle, "Pushed back - Malaysia refuses safe haven to abandoned refugees", 13 May 2015,
Retrieved 16 August 2016.
35. The Pakistan Today, "Rohingya migrants 'died in fight for food' on boat", 17 May 2015, Retrieved 16
August 2016.
36. the Guardian, "'They hit us, with hammers, by knife': Rohingya migrants tell of horror at sea", 17 May
2015, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
37. BBC News, "SE Asia migrants 'killed in fight for food' on boat", 17 May 2015, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
38. The Daily Star, "Bangladeshi migrants' mass grave in Thailand!", 2 May 2015, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
39. Al Jazeera, "Malaysia finds mass graves of suspected migrants", 24 May 2015, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
40. The Associated Press, "The Latest on Rohingya: US envoy says address root causes", 22 May 2015,
Retrieved 16 August 2016.
41. Radio Free Asia, "Monks, Activists Stage Protest Against Rohingya in Myanmar", 27 May 2015 Retrieved
16 August 2016.
42. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 217 A (III), 10 December 1948, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
43. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 2200A (XXI), 23 March 1976, art. 12.
44. Human Rights Watch interview, 23 August 1999, Retrieved 16 August 2016.
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