Outline

4.1 Work
4.2 Potential energy & Kinetic energy
Chapter 4
4.3 Power
Work, energy, and power

By
Liew Sau Poh

1 2

Objectives:
(a) define the work done by a force dW = F·ds
(b) calculate the work done using a force
displacement graph
(c) calculate the work done in certain situations,
including the work done in a spring
(d) derive and use the formula:
potential energy change = mgh near the
surface of the Earth
(e) derive and use the formula:
kinetic energy = ½ mv2
Objectives:
(f) state and use the work-energy theorem;
(g) apply the principle of conservation of energy
in situations involving kinetic energy and
potential energy;
(h) derive and use the formula P = Fv
(i) use the concept of efficiency to solve
problems.

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4.1 Work
Work is done when a force moves an object
to a new place
4.1 Work Work is done on an object when a force
causes a displacement of the object.
Work is done only when components of a
force are parallel to a displacement.
The result of force moving an object. Work
is therefore done on the object.

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3.1 Work 4.1 Work F

If the object does not move, than no work
has been done.
You can try and push the wall for 2 hours,
use all that energy, and still not have
done any work!
Work is a transfer of energy.
7 W = (N)(m) = Joule
d
The image shows a box being pulled by a
constant force along a horizontal surface
and moved a displacement d.
The force is applied parallel to the
surface.
The amount of word done is given by W =
Fd, where W is the work,
F is the force acting in the direction of
the displacement, d
8
 F
4.1 Work Fx =F cos
d Here is an example of a situation where a
The image shows a box being pulled by a
constant force along a horizontal surface
and moved a displacement d.
The force is applied at an angle to the
surface.
Only the component of the force (F cos )
parallel to the displacement does work in
the direction of the displacement.
The amount of work done is given by
W = F d cos
Here is an example of a situation where
there is a force applied and there is
displacement and no work is done against
the object's weight:
A man walks around the room holding a
50 N weight. The object's weight acts
down.
For work to be done against the weight
there has to be displacement in the
direction of the weight (either up or
down).
There is none so no work is done against
the weight. There is work done against
friction as the man walks around the
room.
Conservative forces: Forces such as
gravity, for which the work done does not
depend upon the path taken are called
conservative forces.
Nonconservative forces: Forces such as
friction, for which the work done does
depend upon the path taken are called
nonconservative forces.
Net work:
The net work done on an object determines
its motion.
If the net work is zero, the object moves at
constant speed or is at rest.
The object accelerates if the net work has a
value other than zero.
4.1 Work
force is applied and no work is done:
A man holds a 50 N weight.
No work is done (even though he must
exert a force to hold the weight) because
there is no displacement parallel to the
direction of the weight.
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It is important to specify whether you
are talking about work done by an
object or work done on an object.
For example, work done by gravity
depends upon the vertical height. You
can push an object up an incline and
the amount of work done by gravity is
the same for all angles of the incline.
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Since work is scalar, a sign convention
must be established for work.
Positive work -the displacement and
the force are in the same direction.
Positive work the work done by a
system is positive.
Negative work - displacement and the
force are in opposite directions. Friction
does negative work (the frictional force
acts in the direction opposite the motion).
Negative work the work done on a
system is negative
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Orbiting Moon
The moon orbiting the earth is an example
of when a force is applied and there is no
work done.
Velocity vector
Gravitational force
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Orbiting Moon Orbiting Moon
In the figure, the gravitational force acts The moon's displacement is in the
inward (it is the source of the centripetal direction of the velocity vector,
force) and the velocity of the moon is
perpendicular to the gravitational force (or
perpendicular to the gravitational force.
in a direction tangent to the circle or orbit). Thus, there is no component of the
gravitational force parallel to the
Velocity vector displacement and the work done by the
Gravitational force gravitational force is zero.
Since the net work done by gravity is
zero, the moon moves at constant
speed.
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Force-displacement (F-s) graph Force-displacement (F-s) graph

F F/N

Area, A
= total work

0 s 0 s/m
a b x

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Work done in a spring Example 1:

Extension, x
Smooth Burt has a mass of 125 kg and stands on
F surface a pogo stick. When Burt stands on a
pogo stick, the spring compresses 0.050
Equilibrium position, x0 = 0 F = -kx m. How much work is performed on the
spring?
Work done, W = Fds = dK = -dU; w = Fd
F = - dU / ds w = mgd
For a spring with extension, x, due to force, F; w = (125 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(0.050 m)
-kx = - dU / dx ; k = spring (elastic) constant w = 61.3 J
Elastic Potential energy, U = 0x kx dx = ½ kx2 21
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Examples 2: Examples 3:
Sandy has a mass of 50.0 kg and climbs 2.0 A block is pushed 2.5 m by a net force of 50.0
m. How much work was done during the N in the direction of motion. How much work
climb? What was the change in potential was done?
energy? W = Fd
w=Fd (the force Sandy must supply is to overcome her weight) W = (50.0 N)(2.5 m)
w=mgd W = 125 J
w = (50.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(2.0 m)
w = 981 J

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 4.2 Potential Energy & Kinetic Energy
Three Forms
Gravitational Energy
4.2 Potential Energy &
Elastic Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy Chemical Potential Energy

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4.2 Potential Energy & Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy is the energy associated
with an object because of the position,
shape, or condition of the object.
Gravitational potential energy is the
potential energy stored in the gravitational
fields of interacting bodies.
Gravitational potential energy depends
on height from a zero level.
4.2 Potential Energy & Kinetic Energy
Work must be done on an object to raise it
to a higher level above the ground. So the
object was given energy.
W = PE = mgh
gravitational PE = mass free-fall
acceleration height

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4.2 Potential Energy & Kinetic Energy

Example 1:
W = PE = mgh Work = change in Ep
W = PE2 PE1
its Gravitational Potential Energy.
For the same object
at two heights
the Gravitational Potential Energy.
W = mgh2 mgh1
doubling of the PE. Tripling the Height will W = mg(h2 h1)
increase PE by a factor of 3 W = mg( h)

NOTE: It is the difference in energy that is

important.
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Example 2: Example 2:
A 0.20 kg apple hangs 7.0 m above the f PEo PEf = mghf
ground from a tree. PEf = 0.20kg(9.80ms-2)(2.0m)
1. Calculate the potential energy of the apple.
PEf = 3.920 J
- 13.72 J
2. What will be the change in potential energy if
10. J
the apple falls and lands on a table located PEo
f
2.0 m above the ground? mgho
f
Answer: f ho)
PE = mgh 2) (2.0 m 7.0 m)
2) ( 5.0 m)
PE = (0.20 kg)(9.81 m/s2) (7.0 m)
PE = 13.7J == 14 J -9.8 J
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4.2 Potential Energy & Kinetic Energy 4.2 Potential Energy & Kinetic Energy
The energy of an object that is due to the Kinetic energy depends on speed and
is called kinetic energy. mass.
Forms of Kinetic Energy KE = ½ mv2
Vibrational Due to vibrating Kinetic Energy = ½ mass x velocity2
Rotational Due to rotation
1 Joule = 1 kg x (m/s)2
Translational Motion from one place to
another KE is Measured in Joules
Note: When using KE, we are referring to
Trans. KE

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Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

The net work done by all the forces acting
on an object is equal to the change in the
kinetic energy.
The net work done on a body equals its
change in kinetic energy.
Wnet KE Worknet = Change in Kinetic Energy
net work = change in kinetic energy Wnet = ½ mhammer (vf2 vi2)
Since vf2 = 0 when the hammer stops,
Wnet = ½ mhammer vi2
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Example 1: Example 2:
Calculate the KE of: If a 50. kg cart traveling along a horizontal
a. A 10.0 kg ball traveling 5.00 m/s surface 10.0 m/s slides to a halt:
KE = ½ mv2 a. What is the change in kinetic energy of
the cart?
KE = ½ (10.0 kg)(5.00 m/s)2
f - KEo
KE = 125 J
- ½ mvo2
b. a 5.00 kg ball traveling 10.0 m/s
- ½ (50. kg)(10.0 m/s)2
KE = ½ mv2
-2500 J
KE = ½ (5.00 kg)(10.0 m/s)2
KE = 250. J
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Example 2: Conservation of energy

b. How much work is performed on the cart by Total amount of energy in a closed
the horizontal surface?
-2500 J system in constant.
c. If the cart is brought to a halt over a distance Initial energy = Final energy
of 5.00m, what is the frictional force acting on
the cart? (½ mv2 + mgh)I = (½ mv2 + mgh)f
F = w/d
F = -2500 J / 5.00 m
F = -5.0 X102 N
The negative sign indicates that the force
opposes the motion of the object
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 KE=½ mv2; PE= mgh
Determine
When an object falls
it is converting 1) Position(s) of
potential energy into instantaneous rest?
kinetic energy. 2) Position(s) of max
At the bottom of the A E
velocity?
fall all the potential
energy has been 3) Position(s) of max KE? B D
C
changed into kinetic 4) Position(s) of max PE?
energy. 5) Position(s) of min KE?
6) Position(s) of min PE?
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KE=½ mv2; PE= mgh KE=½ mv2; PE= mgh

Determine Determine
7) Position(s) after which 1) Position(s) of instantaneous
KE increases? rest?
8) Position(s) after which 2) Position(s) of maximum
A E
PE increases? velocity?
B h
9) Position(s) after which B D 3) Position(s) of maximum KE?
C E
KE decreases? 4) Position(s) of maximum PE? A O
10) Position(s) after which 5) Position(s) of minimum KE? D
PE decreases?
C h
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Example:
KE=½ mv2; PE= mgh
Determine 200. kg rock is pushed off of a 200. m cliff. What
will be the height of the rock when it falls at a
6) Position(s) of minimum PE? rate of 10.0 m/s?
7) Position(s) after which KE TEo = TEf (Method 1)
increases? KEo + PEo = KEf + PEf
8) Position(s) after which PE PEf = PEo KEf
increases? mghf = mgho ½ mvf2
B h
9) Position(s) after which KE E hf = (gho ½ vf2 )
decreases? g
A O
10) Position(s) after which PE hf = (9.80 m/s2(200. m)) ½ (10.0 m/s)2
D
decreases? 9.80 m/s2
C h
45 hf = 195 m 46

(Method 2)
PEo = mgho
PEo = 200. kg(9.80 m/s2)(200. m)
PEo= 392000 J
KEf = ½ mvf2 4.3 Power
KEf = ½ (200. kg)(10.0 m/s)2
KEf = 10000 J
PEf = PEo KEf
PEf = 392000 J 10000 J
mghf = 382000 J
hf = 382000 J / mg
hf = 382000 J / (200.kg(9.80 m/s2))
hf = 195 m 47 48
4.3 Power Power Sources
Power is the rate at which energy is used.
Power = work / time
P = W / t = Fd/t
P = Joules / sec = Watt
P = ft-lbs / sec = horse power
1kW = 1000W
1 horsepower = 0.75 kW
So an engine rated at 134 hp = 100kW

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Example Solution:
An elevator whose mass is 1,195 kg can carry a) The free body diagram indicates the engine
passengers with up to 935 kg mass. A 4,255 N must develop a force T to rise the elevator. f
constant friction force is opposite to the upward represents the constant friction force and mg,
movement. the elevator weight.
a) What is the minimum power required by the
engine elevator to make sure to lift the elevator Constant speed means zero acceleration, a
at a constant speed of 4.5 m/s? = 0.
b) What is the required power when the Second Newton' Law states:
elevator is designed to develop an upward Fy = T - f - mg = ma = 0
acceleration of 1.75 m/s2 and the speed is 4.5
m/s?
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b) Now the engine must do additional work for

Where m is the total mass equal to 2,130 kg accelerating the elevator. The only change
(elevator plus passengers). in the setting of the problem is that a 0
Then Fy = T - f - mg = ma
T = f + mg
T = m(a + g) + f
T = 4.255x103 N + (2.13x103kg)(9.8m/s2)
= (2.13x103kg)(1.75 + 9.8)m/s2 + 4,255 N
T = 2.51x104N
= 2.89x104 N
The power P is:
P = Tv = (2.51x104 N)(4.5 m/s) = 11.3x104 W The necessary power P is:
P = (2.89x104 N)(4.5 m/s) = 13.0x104 Watts
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Efficiency Example:
Compares work output to work input 1. A box is slid up an incline with a force of
Work output / Work input 50N. The length of the incline is 7 meters,
and its height is 5 meters. The box weighs
Can never be greater than 100%
70N. What is the efficiency?
Machines can never give out more work
than is put in
Friction reduces efficiency
Expressed as a percent

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Solution Example:
Work output = FR x dR 2. A box is slid up an incline with a force of
Work input FE x dE 100N. The length of the incline is 7 meters,
= 70N x 5m and its height is 5 meters. The box weighs
50N x 7m 70N. What is the efficiency?
= 350
350
= 1 FR = 70N
dR = 5m
= 100% (FRICTIONLESS)

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Solution Summary
Work output = FR x dR Work, Energy & Power
Work input FE x dE
Conservation of Energy /
= 70N x 5m
Transformation of Energy
100N x 7m
= 350 Work Kinetic Energy
700 W = Fs K=1/2 mv2
= 0.5 Energy
= 50% Potential Energy
Power
Efficiency U= mgh
P = Fv
59
P = W/t 60