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•Transmitter •Topologies
•Analog and Digital •System Classification
•Channel •Encoding
•Wired and Wireless
•Allocation
•Receiver
Introduction
Examples
•Audio Signals
•Video Signals
•Computer Data
Part 2. The Transmitter
The transmitter bridges the source and transmission
media, source signals must be converted into a form that
can be transmitted over some specific physical medium
•Information type
•Channel type
•Modulation type
Modulation: Modulation is a operation that uses the source
information to modify a signal so that it is more suited for
transmission over a given channel.
On any given channel that is shared by several entities, there is a need for
each of these entities to use the channel without causing problems for the
others. Without modulation, only one radio station could broadcast information
at a time.
λ=
c λ
h=
f 4
Calculate the antenna lengths required for the following signal frequencies
10,000 Hz 1 GHz
3x10 8 3x10 8
λ= = 30,000 meters λ= = 0.3 meters
10,000 1x10 9
30,000 0.3
h= = 7,500 meters ≈ 4.66 Miles h= = 0.075 meters = 7.5 cm or 2.95 Inches
4 4
Modulation Types: there are many types, or techniques, of modulation,
and simple modulation can be divided into two groups, analog and digital.
Analog Modulation
1 .6
1 .4
1 .2
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0
0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3
Modulated Signal
m(t)
m(t) 2
1 .5
0 .5
X 0
-0 . 5
-1
-1 . 5
Carrier Signal -2
0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3
1
m(t)cos( ω0t)
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
-0 . 2
-0 . 4
-0 . 6
-0 . 8
-1
cos(ω0t)
0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3
cos(ω
FM Frequency Modulation uses the message signal to change the
frequency of the carrier signal
Message Signal
Frequency
Modulator
Modulated Signal
Carrier Signal
PM Phase Modulation uses the message signal to change the
phase of the carrier signal
Message Signal
Phase
Modulator
Modulated Signal
Carrier Signal
Digital Modulation
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying sets the amplitudes for highs and
lows at different levels for different signals
0 1 0 1 1 0
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 0
Communication Systems
Analog Digital
Communication Systems
Analog Digital
•The act of sending multiple data streams over the same channel is a
concept known as multiplexing
Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is achieved by dividing up the
available frequencies and allowing different data streams to use a subset of
the overall frequency space.
Multiplexing De-
De-Multiplexing
Hardware Hardware
Transmission Channel
(Each signal is on its own frequency)
Transmission Channel
(Each signal is in its own time slot)
•Dedicated channel is setup between the transmitter and receiver only when
needed
•Channel remove after communication has ended and made available for
others
•As they arrive at each node, they are routed down different paths based on
network congestion and a number of other factors
Part 4. The Receiver
The task of the receiver is to convert the delivered message into a
useful form for the end user
Amplitude Modulation
m2 (t ) = C + Am sin(ωmt )
Step 2: Multiply the new message signal by the carrier signal. That’s it.
AM (t ) = [C + Am sin(ωmt )] Ac sin(ωc t )
AM (t ) = [C + Am sin(ωmt )] Ac sin(ωc t )
1 1
sin(θ )sin(φ ) = cos(θ − φ ) − cos(θ + φ )
2 2
Am Ac
AM (t ) = CAc sin(ωct ) + [cos((ωc − ωm )t ) − cos((ωc + ωm )t )]
2
AM (t ) = [4 + 4sin(2π t )]sin(20π t )
AM Example
Computer Networks
Definition: A network can be defined as two or more devices
sharing a common connection for the purpose of communicating
information and/or device sharing.
Application Telnet/FTP
Transport TCP/UDP
Internet IP
Physical Ethernet
Devices
Network Interface Card: provides the link, interface, for the computer to
send or receive information on the network, it handles the details of
transmission and receiving in compliance with the channel specifications
Switch: is basically a smart hub, that uses information from the signals it
receives to direct the communications to the appropriate computer on its
network.
WAN (wide area network): large scale network, can connect multiple
networks together to form a single network, span a building or the globe…..
LAN Topologies
` `
100BaseT Ethernet
•Baseband Signal
•PAM
•Digital Wired System
•Packet switching
Wireless Networks
Wireless transmissions
•Electromagnetic waves, informally radio frequency transmissions
•Star or point-to-point topology
Large network
•Microwave (line of site transmissions)
•Satellite/ground Station (home or Business access)
Wireless Network (Communication System 3)
•802.11g
`
•Max 54 Mbits/s
•Orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM) modulation
•Hybrid system
Ethernet Passive Optical Networks
Goals:
1. Maximize channel Bandwidth
2. Maximize Signal levels.
3. Maximize Signal power while reducing channel Noise.
Shannon Capacity
Gives the theoretical maximum data rate (upper limit)
for a “Real Channel”
B = Bandwidth in Hz
Note:
Zero noise >> SNR = infinity >> Ideal channel
Nyquist Bit Rate
Gives the theoretical maximum data rate for a “Ideal Channel”
Bitrate = 2 B log 2 ( S )
B = Bandwidth in Hz
1 1 11 11
10 10
(s) (s)
1 1
01 01
0 0 00 00
ln( x)
Recall log 2 ( x) =
ln 2
ln(11)
Capacity = 10 ×106
ln 2
≅ 34 Mbps
b. What is the number of levels needed to fully utilize the channel?
Bitrate = 2 B log 2 ( S )
34 = 20 ×106 log 2 ( S )
34 ln( S )
= log ( S ) =
20 ×106
2
ln 2
1.18 = ln( S )
e1.18 = S = 3.24
•Keyboard
•COM ports
•Parallel ports
Decimal Binary Symbol Decimal Binary Symbol Decimal Binary Symbol
000 0000000 (Null) 043 0101011 + 086 1010110 V
001 0000001 SOH 044 0101100 , 087 1010111 W
002 0000010 STX 045 0101101 - 088 1011000 X
003 0000011 ETX 046 0101110 . 089 1011001 Y
004 0000100 EOT 047 0101111 / 090 1011010 Z
005 0000101 ENQ 048 0110000 0 091 1011011 [
006 0000110 ACK 049 0110001 1 092 1011100 \
007 0000111 BEL 050 0110010 2 093 1011101 ]
008 0001000 BS 051 0110011 3 094 1011110 ^
009 0001001 HT 052 0110100 4 095 1011111 _
010 0001010 LF 053 0110101 5 096 1100000 `
011 0001011 VT 054 0110110 6 097 1100001 a
012 0001100 FF 055 0110111 7 098 1100010 b
013 0001101 CR 056 0111000 8 099 1100011 c
014 0001110 SO 057 0111001 9 100 1100100 d
015 0001111 SI 058 0111010 : 101 1100101 e
016 0010000 DLE 059 0111011 ; 102 1100110 f
017 0010001 DC1 060 0111100 < 103 1100111 g
018 0010010 DC2 061 0111101 = 104 1101000 h
019 0010011 DC3 062 0111110 > 105 1101001 i
020 0010100 DC4 063 0111111 ? 106 1101010 j
021 0010101 NAK 064 1000000 @ 107 1101011 k
022 0010110 SYN 065 1000001 A 108 1101100 l
023 0010111 ETB 066 1000010 B 109 1101101 m
024 0011000 CAN 067 1000011 C 110 1101110 n
025 0011001 EM 068 1000100 D 111 1101111 o
026 0011010 SUB 069 1000101 E 112 1110000 p
027 0011011 ESC 070 1000110 F 113 1110001 q
028 0011100 FS 071 1000111 G 114 1110010 r
029 0011101 GS 072 1001000 H 115 1110011 s
030 0011110 RS 073 1001001 I 116 1110100 t
031 0011111 US 074 1001010 J 117 1110101 u
032 0100000 (Space) 075 1001011 K 118 1110110 v
033 0100001 ! 076 1001100 L 119 1110111 w
034 0100010 " 077 1001101 M 120 1111000 x
035 0100011 # 078 1001110 N 121 1111001 y
036 0100100 $ 079 1001111 O 122 1111010 z
037 0100101 % 080 1010000 P 123 1111011 {
038 0100110 & 081 1010001 Q 124 1111100 |
039 0100111 ' 082 1010010 R 125 1111101 }
040 0101000 ( 083 1010011 S 126 1111110 ~
041 0101001 ) 084 1010100 T 127 1111111 DEL
042 0101010 * 085 1010101 U
EXAMPLE 12.2