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Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive mathematical model for the thermal expansion of
pipe-in-pipe and bundle systems that are used in the offshore oil and gas industry. The inner
pipe and the outer pipes are assumed to have structural connections through bulkheads at
extremities and spacers or centralisers to prevent contact of the inner and the outer pipes. The
aim is to calculate the displacement and forces on the bulkheads and axial force in the inner
pipe.
In addition to protective pipe-in-pipes, short and long pipe-in-pipes are defined and the
limits between the two are clearly delineated. Analytical methods are extended to study the
effects of exponential temperature gradients along both the inner and the outer pipes, the pipe-
in-pipe length, tie-in spoolpieces, inner pipe weight, seabed and spacer friction and relative
axial stiffness of the inner and the outer pipes on the thermal expansion characteristics. The
iterative approach to solve thermal expansion characteristics proposed can be replaced by
analytical calculation in most practical situations. Simple analytical formulae are suggested
when the outer pipe temperature is constant. Analytical solutions indicate good agreement
with finite element numerical results.
r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Pipe-in-pipe; Bundle; Thermal expansion; Carrier pipe; Jacket pipe; Inner pipe; Outer pipe
0951-8339/$ - see front matter r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.marstruc.2004.12.002
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476 A. Bokaian / Marine Structures 17 (2004) 475–500
Nomenclature
1. Introduction
2. Theory
in which, N T;p is the thermal force in inner pipe, N n;p the force due to Poisson’s effect
in inner pipe, N E the end cap force on bulkhead, F s the tie-in spool frictional
resistance, N d; the force in inner pipe due to displacement of bulkheads, and N c the
tension force in outer pipe.
Throughout this paper, suffices p and c denote inner pipe and the outer pipe,
respectively.
The thermal force in the inner pipe is calculated as [30,31]:
where, E p is the inner pipe Young’s modulus of elasticity, Ap the inner pipe steel
cross-sectional area, a the coefficient of thermal expansion of steel pipeline, T d;p the
strain
tot
T,c
c
v,c z
net distance along pipe-in-pipe
f
x (anchor length) pote
ntial
inner pipe
FS (tie-in spool seabed friction force) Anchor region x (anchor length) (expansion)
seabed friction force on outer pipe
L/2
Fig. 1. Thermal expansion of symmetric pipe-in-pipe system. (a) Strain in outer pipe. (b) Forces on
bulkhead, inner and outer pipes.
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480 A. Bokaian / Marine Structures 17 (2004) 475–500
inner pipe design temperature, and T a the ambient temperature which is assumed to
be equal to installation temperature.
The force in the inner pipe due to Poisson’s effect is evaluated from [30,31]:
N n;p ¼ sh;p Ap n, (2.3)
where, n is the Poisson’s ratio, and sh;p the hoop stress in inner pipe which is
calculated from [32]:
Dp tp
sh;p ¼ ðpd;p pans Þ (2.4)
2tp
in which, Dp is the inner pipe nominal outer diameter, tp the inner pipe wall
thickness, pd;p the inner pipe internal design pressure, and pans the annulus design
pressure.
The end cap force on the bulkhead is evaluated from the following relationship:
N E ¼ pd;p inner area of inner pipe
þ pans annular area between inner and outer pipes
pamb outer area of bulkhead; ð2:5Þ
where, pamb is the outer pipe external hydrostatic pressure.
The end cap force N E is shared by both the inner and the outer pipes in proportion
to the axial stiffness as:
E p Ap
N E;p ¼ NE, (2.6)
E p Ap þ E c Ac
where, N E;p is the end cap force on inner pipe, E c the outer pipe Young’s modulus of
elasticity, and Ac the outer pipe steel cross-sectional area.
The end cap strain is:
NE
E ¼ . (2.7)
E p Ap þ E c Ac
The tie-in spoolpiece frictional resistance F s is obtained by multiplying its
submerged weight by the seabed longitudinal friction coefficient.
The tensile force in the inner pipe can be evaluated from:
N d ¼ 2E p Ap d=L (2.8)
where d is the bulkhead displacement (see Fig. 1b), and L the pipe-in-pipe length.
If the outer pipe suffers an increased temperature because of heat convection from
the inner pipe, the thermal strain in the outer pipe may similarly be written as:
T;c ¼ aðT d;c T a Þ, (2.9)
where T d;c is the outer pipe design temperature.
The hoop stress in the outer pipe is similarly calculated as:
D c tc
sh;c ¼ ðpans pamb Þ , (2.10)
2tc
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where Dc is the outer pipe nominal diameter, tc the outer pipe wall thickness, and
pamb the outer pipe external hydrostatic pressure.
The total strain acting along the outer pipe is defined as (tensile strain positive
otherwise compressive):
tot ¼ T;c þ n;c þ c , (2.11)
where, T;c is the thermal strain in outer pipe, n;c the outer pipe strain due to
Poisson’s effect ¼ nsh;c =E c ; and c the tensile strain in outer pipe as a result of
bulkhead displacement ¼ N c =E c Ac :
As shown in Fig. 1a, the strain in the outer pipe as a result of soil friction f [30,31]
and the net strain net are:
mW pip
f ¼ z,
E c Ac
(Ti,p – Ta)
(Ti,p – Ta)e–pz
(To,p – Ta)
displaced
bulkhead spacer outer pipe bulkhead
L1 L2
x1 x2
(Td,p – Ta)
inner pipe
Fig. 2. Inner pipe temperature variation and spacer friction force. (a) Variable temperature. (b) Constant
temperature.
Its effect can be incorporated in the above formulae by using the reduced seabed
friction coefficient defined as:
ms W p
m0 ¼ m 1 . (2.18)
m W pip
Eq. (2.17) may be rewritten as:
E c Ac L E c Ac
x2 þ L xþ ðSN T þ ms W p L=2 þ SN n N E þ F s Þ ¼ 0
E p Ap mo W pip E p Ap
(2.19)
in which
SN T ¼ N T;p þ N T;c ¼ sum of thermal forces on bulkhead
strain
tot
net
anchor
upstream point downstream
bulkhead f bulkhead
L /2 L /2
tot
εnet
anchor
point
x1 L-x1
net
tot
anchor
point
x1 L-x1
Fig. 3. Thermal expansion of short pipe-in-pipes. (a) Uniform temperature. (b) Temperature gradient in
inner pipe. (c) Inner and outer pipe temperature variation.
Nc
ðE c Ac Þ=ðE p Ap ÞðN T;p ms W p L=2 N n;p þ N E F s Þ ðN T;c þ N n;c Þ þ ðm0 W pip L=4Þ
¼ .
1 þ ðE c Ac Þ=ðE p Ap Þ
ð2:28Þ
SN T ms W p L=2 SN n þ N E F s
x . (2.29)
m0 W pip
The flow through a pipe-in-pipe system causes a temperature gradient along the
length of the system, as shown in Figs. 2a. The exponential distribution represents a
realistic simulation of the temperature variation in the inner pipe due to heat loss and
may be written as [34,35]:
where, z is the distance measured from inner pipe inlet (upstream end), T i;p the inlet
temperature (at hot end of inner pipe), T z;p the temperature at distance z from inlet,
and bp the heat loss coefficient (decay constant) for inner pipe. bp is a function of the
pipeline and coating conductivity properties, internal fluid properties and external
convection and may be written as:
1 T i;p T a
bp ¼ ln , (2.31)
L T o;p T a
where, To,p is the outlet temperature (at cold end of inner pipe).
The thermal force in the inner pipe varies from a maximum of N T;p1 ¼
E p Ap aðT i;p T a Þ at the inlet to a minimum of N T;p2 ¼ E p Ap aðT o;p T a Þ at the
outlet. The difference is balanced by the frictional forces generated by the spacers on
the inner pipe, as shown in Fig. 2a, according to which:
where, L1 ; L2 is the upstream and downstream length, respectively, over which two
opposing spacer friction forces act (see Fig. 2a).
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486 A. Bokaian / Marine Structures 17 (2004) 475–500
E p Ap a
L1 ¼ L ðT i;p T o;p Þ 2,
ms W p
E p Ap a
L2 ¼ L þ ðT i;p T o;p Þ 2,
ms W p
L2 4L1 . ð2:33Þ
Throughout this paper, suffixes 1 and 2 refer to the upstream and the downstream
end of the pipe-in-pipe system, respectively.
The equilibrium of forces on the bulkheads results in:
N T;p1 þ ms W p L1 þ N n;p N E þ F s1 þ N d þ N c1 ¼ 0,
m0 W pip x21
d1 ¼ . (2.37)
2E c Ac
The anchor point and the bulkhead displacement at the downstream end may
similarly be written as:
m0 W pip
net2 ¼ T;c þ n;c þ c2 x2 ¼ 0,
E c Ac
Z x2
m0 W pip 2
d2 ¼ net2 dz ¼ x . (2.38)
0 2E c Ac 2
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A. Bokaian / Marine Structures 17 (2004) 475–500 487
where SN T1 ¼ N T;p1 þ N T;c is the sum of thermal forces on the upstream
bulkhead.
For a uniform temperature pipe-in-pipe system but with different tie-in spool
weights, L1 ¼ L2 ¼ L=2 and the above relationships are simplified as:
F s1 F s2
x2 ¼ x1 þ ,
m0 W pip
E c Ac F s1 F s2 L E c Ac
x21 þ L þ x1 þ
E p Ap m0 W pip m0 W pip E p Ap
ðSN T1 þ SN n N E þ F s1 þ ms W p L=2Þ
1 F s1 F s2 2
þ ¼ 0. ð2:43Þ
2 m0 W pip
The above solution is valid when x1 oL1 and x1 þ x2 pL:
Case 2 : x1 4L1 With reference to Fig. 2a, the net strain at the upstream end is:
m0 W pip
net1a ¼ T;c þ n;c þ c1 z; 0ozoL1 ,
E c Ac
ð2:48Þ
where A refers to the second term on right-hand side of Eq. (2.48).
Using Eq. (2.48), the inner pipe force becomes:
E p Ap W pip mm1 2 1 m A2
Nd ¼ x1 þ m1 ðL1 þ AÞx1 þ ðm0 3m1 ÞL21 þ 0 . (2.49)
E c Ac L m0 2 2
By substituting N d; from the above and N c1 from Eq. (2.47) into the balance of
forces on the upstream bulkhead of Eq. (2.34), the following equation is obtained for
the calculation of x1 :
mm0 2 E c Ac
x1 þ m 1 L 1 þ A þ L x1
m E p Ap
E c Ac L
þ ½SN T1 þ SN n N E þ F s1 þ ms W p L1
E p Ap W pip
1
þðm0 m1 ÞW pip L1 þ ½ðm0 3m1 ÞL21 þ m0 A2 ¼ 0. ð2:50Þ
2
The solution is valid when x1 4L1 and x1 þ x2 pL: Note that m0 þ m1 ¼ 2m and
m1 m0 ¼ 2ms ðW p =W pip Þ:
(b) Short pipe-in-pipe
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In cases where x1 þ x2 4L (see Fig. 3b), by equating the anchor point strain at the
downstream end from Eq. (2.38) to that at the upstream end from Eq. (2.44) and by
substituting x2 ¼ L x1 ; the following relationship is obtained:
N c1 N c2 ¼ W pip ðm0 þ m1 Þx1 þ m0 ðL1 LÞ m1 L1 . (2.51)
By equating the above relationship with that of 2.36, the following expression is
obtained for x1 :
ðN T;p1 N T;p2 Þ ms W p ðL1 L2 Þ ðF s1 F s2 Þ mo L2 þ m1 L1
x1 ¼ þ .
2mW pip 2m
(2.52)
The bulkheads’ displacements become:
Z x1 Z L1 Z x1
d1 ¼ net1 dz ¼ net1a dz þ net1b dz
0 0 L1
2
ðm0 m1 ÞW pip L1 ðm m1 ÞW pip L1 m W pip 2
¼ þ T;c þ n;c þ c1 0 x1 1 x,
2E c Ac E c Ac 2E c Ac 1
Z Lx1 Z Lx1
m W pip
d2 ¼ T;c þ n;c þ c2 0
net2 dz ¼ z dz
0 0 E c Ac
2
m0 W pip L m0 W pip L
¼ ðT;c þ n;c þ c2 ÞL þ ðT;c þ n;c þ c2 Þ þ
2E c Ac E c Ac
m W pip 2
x1 0 x . ð2:53Þ
2E c Ac 1
Thus the inner pipe force may be written in terms of x1 and Nc2 as:
E p Ap
Nd ¼ ðd1 þ d2 Þ
L
E p Ap W pip ðm0 m1 ÞL21 m0 L2 2
¼ þ mx1 þ ðN T;c þ N n;c þ N c2 Þ .
E c Ac L 2
ð2:54Þ
Substitution of N d; in the balance of forces on the downstream bulkhead of Eq.
(2.34) and the subsequent use of Eq. (2.51) result in the following expressions for
N c1 and N c2 :
E c Ac
E p Ap ½N T;p2 ms W p L2 N n;p þ N E F s2 þ W pip ð2mx1 m0 L2 m1 L1 Þ
ðN T;c þ N n;c Þ
N c1 ¼
1 þ EEpc A
Ap
c
n h 2 2
i o
1 m0 L þðm1 m0 ÞL1
W pip L 2 mx21 þ 2mx1 m0 L2 m1 L1
þ ,
1 þ EEpc A
Ap
c
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490 A. Bokaian / Marine Structures 17 (2004) 475–500
E c Ac
E p Ap ðN T;p2 ms W p L2 N n;p þ N E F s2 Þ ðN T;c þ N n;c Þ
þðW pip =LÞ½ðm0 L2 þ ðm1 m0 ÞL21 =2Þ mx21
N c2 ¼ . (2.55)
1 þ EEpc A
Ap
c
where T i;c is the inlet temperature (at hot end of outer pipe), T z;c the temperature
at distance z from inlet, and bc the heat loss coefficient for outer pipe similarly
strain
tot1
strain
T,c–1 tot2
c-1 T,c–1
v,c c–2
v,c
net1 net2
f
f
pote
ntial
l
ntia
pote
(a) Strain in outer pipe
1 x1 x2 2
anchor region
L
(c) Thermal expansion
Fig. 4. Pipe-in-pipe expansion under temperature variation. (a) Strain in outer pipe. (b) Outer pipe
temperature profile. (c) Thermal expansion.
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defined as:
1 T i;c T a
bc ¼ ln . (2.58)
L T o;c T a
(a) Long pipe-in-pipe
Case 1 : x1 oL1
With reference to Fig. 4(a), the upstream anchor point and bulkhead displacement
are obtained from:
net1 ¼ tot1 f ¼ T;c þ n;c þ c1 f 1 ¼ aðT i;c T a Þebc x1
m W pip
þ n;c þ c1 0 x1 ¼ 0,
E c Ac
Z x1
1 1 m W pip 2
d1 ¼ net1 dz ¼ aðT i;c T a Þ þ x1 e bc x1
þ 0 x , (2.59)
0 bc bc 2E c Ac 1
where tot1 is the total strain at upstream end, defined similar to Eq. (2.11).
The first equation may be rewritten as:
N c1 ¼ m0 W pip x1 aðT i;c T a Þebc x1 E c Ac N n;c . (2.60)
With the above relationship, Eq. (2.34) for the equilibrium of forces on the
upstream bulkhead is reduced to:
ðd1 þ d2 Þ
aðT i;c T a Þebc x1 E c Ac N T;p1 þ m0 W pip x1 þ E p Ap
L
þ SN n N E þ F s1 þ ms W p L1 ¼ 0. ð2:61Þ
where z is the distance from inner pipe outlet and T z;c the temperature at distance z
from outlet.
The anchor point and the bulkhead displacement at the downstream end may
similarly be calculated from:
m0 W pip
net2 ¼ tot2 f ¼ aðT o;c T a Þebc x2 þ n;c þ c2 x2 ¼ 0,
E c Ac
Z x2
1 1 m W pip 2
d2 ¼ net2 dz ¼ aðT o;c T a Þ þ x2 e bc x2
þ 0 x ,
0 bc bc 2E c Ac 2
(2.63)
where tot2 is the total strain at downstream end.
From Eq. (2.63), the outer pipe force at the downstream end becomes:
N c2 ¼ m0 W pip x2 aðT o;c T a Þebc x2 E c Ac N n;c . (2.64)
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492 A. Bokaian / Marine Structures 17 (2004) 475–500
Z x1 Z L1 Z x1
d1 ¼ net1 dz ¼ net1a dz þ net1b dz
0 0 L1
1 1 W pip
¼ aðT i;c T a Þ þ x1 ebc x1 þ ½ðm m1 ÞL21 þ m1 x21 . ð2:71Þ
bc bc 2E c Ac 0
Eq. (2.70) may be rewritten as:
N c1 ¼ m1 W pip x1 aðT i;c T a Þebc x1 E c Ac N n;c þ ðm0 m1 ÞW pip L1 . (2.72)
With the above, Eq. (2.34) is reduced to:
ðd1 þ d2 Þ
aðT i;c T a Þebc x1 E c Ac N T;p1 þ m1 W pip x1 þ E p Ap
L
þ SN n N E þ F s1 þ ms W p L1 þ ðm0 m1 ÞW pip L1 ¼ 0. ð2:73Þ
Eqs. (2.63) and (2.65) remain valid for the downstream bulkhead displacement
and balance of forces.
Substitution of d1 from Eq. (2.71) and d2 from Eq. (2.63) into Eq. (2.73) results in
the following expression in terms of x1 and x2 :
bc x1 E c Ac m1 W pip 1 x1 bc x1
aðT i;c T a Þe þ x1 aðT i;c T a Þ þ e
E p Ap E p Ap bc L L
1 x2 bc x2 W pip
aðT o;c T a Þ þ e þ ½m x2 þ m0 x22 þ ðm0 m1 ÞL21
bc L L 2E c Ac L 1 1
aðT i;c T o;c Þ
þ
bc L
N T;p1 þ SN n N E þ F s1 þ ms W p L1 þ ðm0 m1 ÞW pip L1
þ ¼ 0. ð2:74Þ
E p Ap
Eqs. (2.66b) and (2.74) can similarly be solved in terms of x1 and x2 : The solution
is valid when x1 4L1 and x1 þ x2 pL:
(b) Short pipe-in-pipe
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494 A. Bokaian / Marine Structures 17 (2004) 475–500
With reference to Fig 3c, by equating the anchor point strain at the upstream end
from Eq. (2.70) to that at the downstream end from Eq. (2.63), and by substituting
x2 ¼ L x1 ; the following relationship is obtained:
N c1 ðm0 m1 ÞW pip L1 m1 W pip
aðT i;c T a Þebc x1 þ n;c þ x1
E c Ac E c Ac E c Ac
N c2 m0 W pip
¼ aðT o;c T a Þebc ðLx1 Þ þ n;c þ ðL x1 Þ. ð2:75Þ
E c Ac E c Ac
which is identical to Eq. (2.51) for uniform temperature. Equating the above
relationship with Eq. (2.36) results in the following equation for x1 :
Z x2 Z ðLx1 Þ
m0 W pip
d2 ¼ net2 dz ¼ aðT o;c T a Þebc z þ n;c þ c2 z dz
0 0 E c Ac
ðT i;c T a Þ bc ðLx1 Þ
¼ aebc L ½e 1 þ ðn;c þ c2 ÞðL x1 Þ
bc
m W pip
0 ðL x1 Þ2 . ð2:78Þ
2E c Ac
E p Ap
Nd ¼ ðd1 þ d2 Þ
L
aðT i;c T o;c Þ E p Ap W pip ðm0 m1 ÞL21 m0 L2
¼ E p Ap þ þ mx21
Lbc E c Ac L 2
þ N n;c þ N c2 . ð2:79Þ
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Substitution of N d in Eq. (2.34) and the subsequent use of Eq. (2.76) result in the
following relationships for N c1 and N c2 :
ðE c Ac Þ=ðE p Ap ÞðN T;p2 ms W p L2 N n;p þ N E F s2 Þ ½ðE c Ac aðT i;c T o;cÞ =Lbc Þ þ N n;c
þðW pip =LÞ½ðm0 L2 þ ðm1 m0 ÞL21 =2Þ mx21
N c2 ¼ .
1 þ ðE c Ac Þ=ðE p Ap Þ
(2.80)
It should be noted that the first quotient in the numerator represents the average
temperature in the outer pipe.
3. Application
The above mathematical model was applied to two pipe-in-pipe systems whose
characteristics are summarised in Table 1. A long pipe-in-pipe of length 11,000 m
and short one of 6000 m are considered. All thermal expansion cases discussed in this
paper are considered. The findings are tabulated in Tables 2 and 3 along with
corresponding finite element analysis results.
4. Conclusions
Based on simple columb friction between the inner pipe and the spacers, analytical
formulas were developed for thermal expansion of non-compliant pipe-in-pipe
systems. It was concluded that the anchor length ratio increases with both a decrease
in pipe-in-pipe length and an increase in the square root of the resultant force that
tends to displace the bulkhead whereas for a long protective pipe-in-pipe with thin
outer pipe wall thickness, the anchor length is directly proportional to this force.
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496 A. Bokaian / Marine Structures 17 (2004) 475–500
Table 1
Pipe-in-pipe data
Table 2
Hoop stress
For short pipe-in-pipe systems, the effect of outer pipe temperature variation on
the inner pipe axial force and outer pipe tension can be replaced by its average over
the pipe-in-pipe length. The inner pipe axial force increases with increase in the
resultant force on the bulkhead.
For the case of exponentially varying outer pipe temperature, iterative methods
should be employed to calculate the thermal expansion characteristics. The iteration
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Table 3
Pipe-in-pipe thermal expansion characteristics
Temperature data
(a) Uniform temperature
Inner pipe design temperature Td,p 1C 95
Outer pipe design temperature Td,c 1C 15
Long pipe-in-pipe
Pipe-in-pipe length L m 11,000
Anchor length x m 4110
Limit between short and long pipe-in-pipe Lo m 8491oL
Short pipe-in-pipe
Pipe-in-pipe length L km 6000oLo
Temperature data
(b) Inner pipe non-uniform temperature– outer pipe uniform temperature
Inner pipe inlet temperature Ti,p 1C 95
Inner pipe outlet temperature To,p 1C 85
Outer pipe design temperature Td,c 1C 15
Long pipe-in-pipe
Pipe-in-pipe length L km 11,000
Heat loss coefficient bp 1/m 1.071 105
Limit between short and long pipe-in-pipe(1) Lo m 7760oL
Upstream length over which spacers friction acts L1 M 4803
Reduced friction coefficient mo dimensionless 0.4
Results — dimensionless Analytical Finite element
Table 3 (continued)
Short pipe-in-pipe
Pipe-in-pipe length L km 6000oLo
Heat loss coefficient bp 1/m 1.963 105
Upstream length over which spacers friction acts L1 m 2303
Results — dimensionless Analytical Finite element
Temperature data
(c) Inner pipe non-uniform temperature– outer pipe non-uniform temperature
Inner pipe inlet temperature Ti,p 1C 95
Inner pipe outlet temperature To,p 1C 85
Outer pipe inlet temperature Ti,c 1C 15
Outer pipe outlet temperature To,c 1C 10
Long pipe-in-pipe
Pipe-in-pipe length L m 11,000
Inner pipe heat loss coefficient bp 1/m 1.071 105
Outer pipe heat loss coefficient bc 1/m 6.301 105
Limit between short and long pipe-in-pipe(1) Lo m 6331oL
Upstream length over which spacers friction acts L1 m 4803
Results — dimensionless Analytical Finite element
Note: (1) Based on inner and outer pipe minimum uniform temperature of 85 and 10 1C, respectively.
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