Chapter 3 Matter

3.1 Matter
1. Matter is anything has mass and occupies spaces.
2. Matter has weight because its mass is acted upon by the earth’s gravity
3. Matter has volume as ti occupies space
4. All living thing and non-living thing are matter.
a) Human beings,animals,and plants are examples of living matter
b) Air,water and soil are examples of non living-matter
5. Heat,light,vacuum and sound are not matter because they do not have mass and occupies spaces

3.2 States of matter

1. Mattter is made up of very small and discrete particles called atoms and molecules.
2. Accordings to the theory of the basic built-up of matter,matter is made up of tiny particles (atom and
particles) which are discrete (separate)
3. An atom is the smallest particle of matter and cannot be futher divided.
4. A molecules is made up of two or more atoms.
a) A molecules is bigger than an atom.
b) A molecules can be built from atoms of the same kind or of different kinds.
5. Proofs that matter is made up of fine and discrete particles.
a) Dissolving copper (II) sulphate crystals in water
b) Seepeage of gas
6. Matter may exist in solid form,like gold,iron or soil;in liquid,like oil or water,or it may be in the form
of gas,like air or steam.These forms of matter i.e. solid,liquid,and gas,are known the three states of
matter.
Three states of matter
1. Matter can exist in three states depending on how the particles are arranged.The three states of matter
are solid,liquid and gas.
2. Water is an example of matter that exist in all the three states.
a) Water is a liquid at room temperature
b) Steam and water vapour are water in the gasous state.
c) Ice is water in the solid state.

The physical feature of the three states of matter

State Physical features
Solid  Definite shape
 Fixed volume
 Cannot flow
 Cannot be compressed
Liquid  No definite shape (take shape of the container)
 Fixed volume
 Flows,difficult to compressed
Gas  No definite shape and volume (takes shape of container)
 Flow and compressed easily

Arrangement and movements of particles in the three states of matter

Matter Arrangement of Spaces Movement of particles Kinetic Energy
particles between
particles
Solid Very close together Very small Vibrates in their fixed Little kinetic
Fixed,in a regular pattern Position Energy
Liqiud Close together Small Move randomly,passing Considerable
Not arranged in regular and coilliding into each kinetic energy
pattern other
Gas Very far apart Very big Moverandomly, A lot of kinetic
Not arranged at all coilliding into each energy
other in high speed

Brownian movement
1. The random movement of particles of matter is known as the Brownian movement.
2. The Brownian movement takes places in gases and liquid because gas particles and liquid particles can
move randomly.
3. Brownian movement does not take places in solids because solid cannot move freely.That explains why
solids cannot flow.
4. A smoke cell can used to show Brownian movement.
a) A smoke cell contains smoke particles and air particles.
b) The smoke particles look like tiny light dots moving randomly in a zig-zag manner,
c) Inferences:

Smoke particles show Brownian movement because they

cnstantly collide with the air particles which also move
randomly.

3.3 Density
1. Density is a measure of how compact an object is,that is,how much matter is contained in one unit of
volume.
2. Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of an object.
3. Density is measured in gram per cubic cintimetre(g cm-3) or kilogram per cubic metre (kg m-3).
4. We can easily find the density of an object if we know the mass and the volume of the object.
a) The mass of an object can easily be determined using a lever balance or a beam balance.
b) The volume of an object can be determined using the water displacement method.
c) Then,the density of the object can be calculated using the following formula..

5. The density of a substances can tell us whether the substances is pure or not.This is because the
densities of pure substances are fixed.
6. The density formulae
a) The density equations can be written as follows:

7. Each substances has a different density.Table 3.1 shows the densities of several substances.
Matter Object Density
Solid Cork 0.25
Wood 0.9
Ice 0.92
Glass 2.5
Aluminium 2.7
Zinc 7.1
Iron 7.9
Copper 8.9
Silver 10.5
Lead 11.3
Gold 19.3
Platinum 21.5
Liquid Sea 0.03
Kerosence 0.7
Petrol 0.75
Alcohol 0.79
Turpentine 0.87
Benzene 0.88
Water 1
Fresh Milk 1.03
Tetrachloromethane 1.59
Glycerine 1.3
Chloroform 2.9
Mercury 13.6
Gas Hrdrogen 0.0001
Air 0.0013
Oxygen 0.0014

Relationship between Buoyancy(the ability to float) and Density

1. The buoyancy of an object in a liquid is determined by its density.
a) An object will sink in a liquid if the density of the object is greater than the density of the liquid.
b) Objects that are less dense will float in a liquid that is denser..
2. The density of certain objects can be compared by investigating the buogancy of these objects in
different liquids.
3. The density of an objects can be changed by changing its volume.
4. The density of an object can be decreased by increasing its volume without changing its mass.
5. For example,an objects that sinks can be converted into an objects that floats.
6. This principal is used in the building of ships.A ship is designed to have a big space filled with air.This
causes the ship to have a total density that is less than that of sea water.Therefore,a ship can float on sea
water.
7. Eventhough a log is very heavy,its large mass is distributed over a very big volume.This causes its
density to be less than that of water.This explains why a big log floats on water.

3.4 Properties of matter and their application in everyday life

Applying the properties of matter.
States of matter Applying of properties in daily life
Solid  Steel and wood are used to construct buildings,to manufacture vechicles,to
build bridges and to make furniture.
 Ruuber is flexible,It is used to make tyres,hoses,gloves and wire insulators.
 Plastic is an man-made matter.Its is used to make toys,pails,bags and food
containers.
Liquid  Water is important to domestic used.Since its can flow easily,we use pipes to
transport water to our home.
 Liquid take place of the container.Therefore,we store liquids such as cooking
oil,medicine,detergents,paints and drinks in bottles and tin cans of various
shapes and sizes.
Gas  Petroluem and natural gas are uses as fuel in homes,factories and power
stations.
 Oxygen gas is use for respiration,combustion,rusting
 As storing gases need a lot of spaces, people compressing gases under high
pressure.By doing so,the particles of a gas are forced to move closer
together,causing the gas turn into liquid.
 Storing gas in aliquid form allows us to save spaces.This is because a large
volume of gas can be compressed into a small volume of liquid.The liquefield
gas will become gaseous again when the pressure is released.
 Petroluem gas is stored as liquefield petroleum gas(LPG)in cylinders and used
for cooking.
 An aqualung consists of a cylinder of liquefield oxygen.Divers use aqualungs
to enable them stay underwater for a long time.
 Perfumes,insecticides,paint and natural gas are stored in aerosol cans.
 Gases lik oxygen,carbon dioxide,nitrogen and hydrogen are also stored in
cylinders.This cylinders can be easily transport to hospital,schools and
 factories.
 Pipes are used to transport matter in gaseous or liquid states.Natural gas from
gas fields is piped to a refinery.
.
Applying the concept of density
1. Transporting logs a) Although log are heavy,but they are less dense than water,so they float
on water.They are transported by rivers to factories built on riverbanks.

2. Floats a) The air in the floats makes them less dense than water.

b) Specials floats called buoys are fixed to the bottom of sea to mark places
that are dangerous for ships,or to show where ships may or may not go
c) Plastic balls are tied to fishing nets as floats.These help the nets to floats
in the sea.
3. Making raftfs a) A rafts is able to stay afloat because bamboos and logs are less dense
than water.
4. Ship and speed boat a) A ship which weighs thousands of tones can float in the sea because the
air space in the ship enables it to float
b) The body of speed boat is made of strong fiber glass which has lower
density than steel.
5. Building submarines a) A submarine has several ballast tanks.These tanks enable a submarine to
rise or dive in sea water.

b) To rise,air is pumped into the ballast tanks.As a result,sea water is blown

out of the tanks.This causes the submarine to become less dense than sea
water.

c) To dive,the ballast tanks are filled with sea water.This increase the mass
 of the submarine and the submarine becomes denser than sea water.
d) By varying the number of ballast tanks filled with sea water,a submarine
can run at different underwater depths.
6. Hot air balloon a) A hot air balloon has a burner that heats up the air in the balloon.
b) When the burner is turned on,the air in the balloon becomes hot and
expands.The hot air is less denses than the cold air around the
balloon.This enables the hot air balloon to rise into the sky.
c) When the burner is turned off,the air in the balloon cools down and the
balloon sinks to the ground.