PAST
(+) S + have / has + Participle
Past Perfect Simple
(+) S + had + Participle
(-) S + hadn’t + Participle
(?) Had + S + Participle?
Uses:
 A completed action before
another activity in the past.
When I arrived (2) the plane had left (1)
 To form the 3rd Conditional
If you had studied, you would have
passed the exam
Common words:
already, just, , before, as soon as,
until, by the time that, yet, never,
after.
Past Perfect Continuous*
(+) S + had + been + V-ing
(-)
(?)
S + hadn’t + been + V-ing
Had + S + been + V-ing?
Uses
 An action in progress before
another activity in the past.
At last the train came, I had been waiting
for two hours.
 We focus on the duration of the
activity not the result.
I had been running for an hour.
Common words:
How long, since, for.
Present Simple
See (PRESENT)
Uses
 Timetables and schedules.
The train leaves at 4 this afternoon
Present Perfect Simple PRESENT
Past Continuous* Past Simple (-) S + haven’t / hasn’t + Part. Present Simple Present Continuous*
(?) Have / Has + S + Participle?
(+) S + was/were + V-ing (+) S + Verb Past (+) S + Infinitive *(-s) (+) S + am / is / are + V-ing
(-) S + wasn’t/weren’t + V-ing (-) S + didn’t + Infinitive Uses: (-) S + don’t / doesn’t + Infinitive (-) S + am not / isn’t / aren’t + V-ing
(?) was/were + S + V-ing? (?) Did + S + Infinitive?  Experiences in life (?) Do / Does + S + Infinitive? (?) am / is / are + S + V-ing?
I’ve never been to Germany.
Uses: Uses: Uses: Uses:
 Past actions in progress.  Finished actions in the past.  Actions in the past which have a  Habits and Routines  Actions happening at the moment.
When I went out, it was raining Last week, I didn’t go to the cinema with result in the present Jane always studies in the library John is eating now
my sister. Someone has stolen my bike.
 Interrupted actions in progress  To talk about true facts  Temporary actions.
I was having a shower when the phone  To talk about something that  Actions that began in the past Water boils at 100¨C They are living in Madrid this year
rang happened regularly in the past and continue in the present.
When I was a teenager I went to English She has lived in this house since she  Permanent situations  Plans (SEE FUTURE)
 Actions in progress at the same classes twice a week. was born. They don’t live in London any more.
time in the past. Common words:
While I was watching TV my brother was  A series of actions in the past.  Actions that happened at an  With State Verbs* At the moment, now, at present, these
reading a book. He entered a room, lit a cigarette and unknown time. I don’t understand the text days, currently, today
smiled at everyone. I have already had breakfast
Common words:  To form the 0 and 1st Conditionals
when, while  To form the 2nd Conditional Common words: If she doesn’t come, we won’t go out.
If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that car for, since, still, already, just, yet, ever,
never, so far, lately, recently  Timetables (SEE FUTURE)
Common words:
Yesterday, the other day, last…, ago, Present Perfect Cont* Common words:
* STATE VERBS
in (year), when… FREQUENCY ADVERBS: always,
(+) S + have / has + been + V-ing usually, normally, often, sometimes, They aren’t normally used in
(-) S + haven’t / hasn’t + been + V-ing occasionally, rarely, seldom, hardly
continuous. So, we have to
(?) Have / Has + S + been + V-ing? ever, never
use them in the simple form.
Uses: TIME EXPRESSIONS: nowadays,
every day, once a week, from time to Belong, believe, think, want,
 Similar as the Present Perfect time, in summer, on Mondays, etc
understand, remember, like,
Simple but it focuses on the
duration love, know, feel…
She has been painting for 4 hours.
Common words:
for, since, how long.
FUTURE
. Present Continuous* Future “WILL” Future “BE GOING TO” Future Continuous* Future Perfect
See (PRESENT) (+) S + will + Infinitive (+) S + be going to + Infinitive (+) S + will be + V-ing (+) S + will have + Participle
(-) S + won’t + Infinitive (-) S + be (not) going to + Infinitive (-) S + won’t be + V-ing (-) S + won’t have + Participle
Uses (?) Will + S + Infinitive? (?) Be + S + going to + Infinitive? (?) Will + S + be + V-ing? (?) Will + S + have + Participle?
 Plans and arrangements.
What are you doing next week? Uses Uses Uses Uses
 Instant decisions  Plans and intentions.  An action that will be in progress  An action that will be finished in
Common words: I will open the door. I’m going to buy a house next summer in the future the past
This afternoon, tonight, tomorrow,  Offers and promises  Evidences Tomorrow at 7.00, we’ll be flying to Paris By the end of this month I will have
next weekend… I won’t tell anyone. Look at those clouds! It’s going to rain. finished the project
 Predictions which are not sure
I think I won’t pass the exam.