WIRELESS ELECTRICITY (WITRICITY)

CONTENTS:
TITLE Page NO

1) Introduction. 2

2) What is wireless electricity ? 3

3) Need of WiTricity. 4

4) History. 6

5) Type of method used in WiTricity. 9

6) Advantages. 16

7) Disadvantages. 17

8) Applications. 17

9) Future scope of WItricity. 18

10) Conclusion. 19

11) Reference. 20

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1.INTRODUCTION

We cannot imagine the world without electric power. Generally

the power is transmitted through wires. This topic describes an

original idea to eradicate the hazardous usage of electrical wires

which involve lot of confusion in particularly organizing them.

Imagine a future in which wireless power transfer is feasible: cell

phones, household robots, mp3 players, laptop computers and

other portable electronics capable of charging themselves without

ever being plugged in, freeing us from that final, ubiquitous

power wire. Some of these devices might not even need their

bulky batteries to operate. This topic includes the techniques of

transmitting power without using wires with an efficiency of about

95% with non-radiative methods. Due to which it does not effect

the environment surrounding. These techniques Includes

resonating inductive coupling in sustainable moderate range. The

coupling consists of an inductor along with a capacitor with its

own resonating frequency. In any system of coupled resonators

there often exists a so-called “strongly coupled” regime of

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operation. If one ensures to operate in that regime in a given

system, the energy transfer can be very efficient. Another

technique includes transfer of power through microwaves using

rectennas. This is particularly suitable for long range distances

ranging kilometers. With this we can avoid the confusion and

danger of having long, hazardous and tangled wiring. This topic

as a whole gives an effective, high performance techniques which

can efficiently transmit the power to the required area varying in

distances, for the power transmission through induction.

2. WHAT IS WITRICITY?

WiTricity is nothing but wireless electricity. Transmission of

electrical energy from one object to another without the use of

wires is called as WiTricity. WiTricity will ensure that the cell

phones, laptops, iPods and other power hungry devices get

charged on their own, eliminating the need of plugging them in.

WiTricity technology is transferring electric energy or power over

distance without wires.

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3.NEED OF WIRELESS ELECTRICITY (WITRICITY)

Now a days there is a Rapid development of autonomous

electronics like Laptops, Cell phones, House hold robots and all

those devices typically relay on chemical energy storage(Battery)

As they are becoming daily needs to present generation, Wireless

energy transfer would be useful for many applications as above

and they need midrange energy. One of the major issues in

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power system is losses occurring during transmission and

distribution of electric power using wires. The average

transmission and distribution loss is about 30% using wires.

According to World’s Resources Institute (WRI), Indian electricity

grid has highest transmission and distribution losses of about

30% to 40%. This losses is due to resistance of wire.

To eliminate the wires and cables and to reduce

transmission and distribution losses Wireless electricity is used. It

is more efficient and reliable.

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4.HISTORY

Wireless power isn’t a new concept. Nickolas Tesla explained

transmission of energy without wires in early nineteenth century.

He performed many experiments on wireless electricity by using

“resonance coupling”. He enlighted 200 lamps at a distance of

40Km wirelessly. Tesla began construction of a large high voltage

coil facility. The Wardenclyffe tower, which was 187 feet tall to

broad cast energy.

It is a prototype transmitter for a “World Wireless System” to

transmit power world wide. This facility was never completed due

to lack of funding.

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MIT EXPERIMENT:

The idea of Tesla is taken into research after 100 years by a team

led by Marin Solijacic from MIT group. The project name was

WiTricity. In 2007 Marin Solijacic successfully transmitted current

wirelessly from an AC source to a 60W bulb which is more than 7

feet away at 45% efficiency using 10MHz frequency. He was able

to glow 60W bulb even when an obstacle place in between two

coils.

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4. METHODOLOGY
Wireless Electricity comes under “Non Radiative or near field

technique”.

 Inductive coupling.

 Resonance inductive coupling.

It works mainly on induction principle but at resonance

frequency, maximum of power is transferred.

 Inductive coupling:

In inductive coupling power is transferred between coils by a

magnetic fields. The transmitter and receiver coils together

forms a transformer. An alternating ccurrent (AC) through

the transmitter coil (L1) creates an oscillating magnetic

field. The magnetic field passes through the receiving coil

(L2), where it induces an emf (voltages) which inturn

creates an alternating current in the receiver. This

alternating current may either drive the load directly or

rectified to direct current by a rectifier in the receiver, which

drives the load.

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The main drawback of this method is short range, that is, it

can transfer the power to a very distance of less than 1m. or

efficient working of a system using this method the receiver

must be very close proximity to the transmitter.

In this method efficiency can be achieved upto 90%, if the

distance between the transmitter coil and receiver coil are

very close enough.

 Resonance Inductive coupling:

Resonant coupling is a form of inductive coupling, in which

power is transferred by magnetic fields between resonant

circuits, one is connected to transmitter and other is

connected to receiver. Each resonant circuit consists of a

coil connected to a capacitor oor self resonant coil. Two coils

are tuned to resonance at same resonant frequency.

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Consider one copper coil is connected to power source while

other copper coil is connected to device. Electric power from

the power source cause the copper connected to it to start

oscillating at a particular frequency which creates an

magnetic field around copper coil. This generated magnetic

field further transfer power to other copper coil connected to

device which is having same resonant frequency as that of

first one and it start to oscillate at this resonant frequency.

The resonance between the coils can greatly increases

coupling and power transfer takes place.

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EXAMPLE FOR WiTricity:

Wireless charging Pad

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Proposed System

Block Diagram

Block Diagram Description

 Working of transmitter:

The transmitter module of our project is made up of a D.C. power

source, an oscillator circuit(commonly known as an inverter) and

a transmitter coil. The D.C. power source provides a constant

D.C. voltage to the input of the oscillator circuit. There, this D.C.

power is converted to a high frequency A.C. power and is

supplied to the transmitter coil.The transmitter coil, energized by

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the high frequency A.C. current, produces an alternating

magneticfield

DC supply:

The D.C. Power Source consists of a simple step down

transformer and a rectifier circuit. Thetransformer steps down the

voltage to a desired level and the rectifier circuit convert the A.C.

voltageto D.C.

Oscillator circuit:

The prototype oscillator Circuit designed for the project is a

modified Royer oscillator. This oscillator circuit is incredibly

simple yet a very powerful design. Very high oscillating current

can be achieved with this circuit depending on the semiconductor

used. Here high current is necessary to increase the strength of

the magnetic field.

 Working of Receiver:

The receiver module of our project is made up of a receiver coil,

a rectifier circuit and a voltageregulator IC. And additional buck

converter to get more current by decreasing output voltage to 5

volt. An A.C. voltage is induced in the receiver coil. The rectifier

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circuit converts it to D.C. and the voltageregulator IC helps to

maintain a constant limited voltage at the load.

Receiver coil:

Receiver coil for our project is designed same as transmitter coil

with same value.

Rectifier:

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a

bridge circuit configuration thatprovides the same polarity of

output for either polarity of input. When used in its most common

application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input

into direct current a (DC) output, it isknown as a bridge rectifier.

The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the

output is the same regardless of thepolarity at the input.

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6.ADVANTAGES:

 Efficient Energy transfer using resonant coupling

 Reliable

 Harmless to human body.

 Maintenance cost is low.

 Eliminates wires and cables.

 Does not interfere with radio waves.

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7.DISADVANTAGES:

 Distance constraints.

 High frequency signals must be supplied.

 In resonant coupling, tuning is difficult.

8.APPLICATIONS:

 Electric automobile charging

 Industrial purposes

 Wireless parking charger

 Wireless electronic charger

 Wireless charging of medical devices ( pacemakers and

defibrilators )

 Wireless charging pad.

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9.FUTURE SCOPE OF WITRICITY:

MIT's WiTricity is only 40 to 45% efficient and according to

Soljacic, they have to be twice as efficient to compete with the

traditional chemical batteries. The team's next aim is to get a

robotic vacuum or a laptop working, charging devices placed

anywhere in the room and even robots on factory floors. The

researchers are also currently working on the health issues

related to this concept and have said that in another three to five

years’ time, they will come up with a WiTricity system for

commercial use.

Witricity, if successful will definitely change the way we live.

Imagine cell phones, laptops, digital camera's getting self-

charged! Wow! Let's hope the researchers will be able to come up

with the commercial system soon. Till then, we wait in

anticipation! Human beings or other objects placed between the

transmitter and receiver do not hinder the transmission of power.

However, does magnetic coupling or resonance coupling have any

harmful effects on humans? MIT's researchers are quite confident

that WiTricity's 'coupling resonance' is safe for humans. They say

that the magnetic fields tend to interact very weakly with the
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biological tissues of the body, and so are not prone to cause any

damage to any living beings.

10.CONCLUSION:

 The transmission of power without wires is not a theory or a

mere possibility, it is now a reality.

 Non – radiative mode of energy transfer.

 WiTricity is based on resonant coupling.

 Magnetic fields interacts very weakly with biological

organism. Hence it is scientifically proved as safe.

 It is Economical ,reliable and low loss.

 Better than conventional wired transfer

 It has a tremendous economic impact to human society.

 In Near Future, The World Will Be Completely Powered With

Wireless Technology.

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11.REFERANCE:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_power_transfer

2. https://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/technology/h

ow-it-works.html

3. https://maker.pro/education/wireless-power-

transmission-how-to-make-a-tesla-coil

4. https://energypedia.info/wiki/Wireless_Power_Transmissi

on

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