Lab Report

Electrical Circuit

Accelerated Physics 11

Group 4

1.Phatsakorn Rodphol 5961175

2.Achitphol Poollarp 5961164

3. Watcharit Polsen 5961154

Introduction:

Ohm’s Law describe the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in any the
D.C. electrical circuit was firstly discovered by the German physicist Georg Ohm. At the
constant temperature, the electrical current flowing through the fixed linear resistance is directly
proportional to the resistance. The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance is called
by the Ohm’s Law ( V= IR). The voltage is defined as the amount of potential energy between
two point. In addition, the voltage be the difference in charge between two point. One point have
more charge than another point. It is measured in volts (V). Current is the amount of charge flow
in the circuit over a period of time. Current (I) is measured in Amperes (A) or coulombs per
second. The resistor is used to control the current flow in the various branches of a circuit.
Furthermore, it is the rate by how much they can resist the flow of current. Resistors is measured
in the units of Ohms. The electrical circuit have been separated into two types. The first one was
the series circuit and the parallel circuit. The series circuit have only one path ways that allow the
current to flow. In the series circuit, the current is the same throughout the circuit, but the voltage
are difference depend on the resistor. The parallel circuit has a multiple pathways that allow the
current to flows. The voltage is the same, but the current is difference depend on the pathways.
The tool that use to measure the difference of electrical potential between two point in electric
circuit is called the voltmeter. In order to use the voltmeter to measured the electrical potential,
the voltmeter have to be connected parallel to the device (voltage source or the resistor). The
ideal voltmeter is the tool that have the infinity resistance because they are not allow the current
to flow pass through them. So, it can measure the correct voltage. The ammeters is the tool that
use to measure the electric current in the circuit. In order to measured the current in the circuit,
the ammeters have to be connected in series with the device. The ideal ammeters have the zero
resistance. So, it can measured all of the current flow in the circuit. The energy supply is the tool
that use to create the potential difference (voltage) to run the circuit.

In the experiment, we create the series circuit. In addition, we using the ammeters and the
voltmeters to measured the amount of current and the electrical potential with the difference
amount of resistance. First, we use the 100 ohms resistors and connect it with the power supply
in orders to measures difference current flows through the difference voltage. Second, we change
the resistor to be 1000 ohms resistance. Then we apply difference volt to measure the current.
Objective:
Determine the mathematical relationship between current (I), potential difference (V),
and resistance amplifier (V) and accessories.

Materials:
1. 100 ohm resistor
2. 1000 ohm resistor
3. Energy source supply (power amplifier)
4. Ammeters
5. Voltmeters
6. Wire
7. Lab Quest
Procedure:
1) With the power amplifier turned off, connect the circuit as shown in figure. Then set
current range and voltage range as instructed in the table below Note: Attach the red
connectors electrically closer to the positive side of the power supply.
2) Have Lab technicians check the arrangement of the wires before proceeding.
3) Turn on the switch. Adjust / increase the output voltage of the power amplifier from 2.0V
to 10.0V in steps of 2.0V as indicated in Table 1. Record the corresponding reading of
the voltmeter and ammeter on 2nd and 3rd column respectively.
4) Repeat the process until you finished all 5 runs.
5) Compute for value of the resistance with the true value of the resistor used in the circuit.
6) Compare this compound value of the resistance with the true value if the resistor used in
the circuit.
7) Turn the power amplifier off then replace the first resistor with the second resistor.
8) Ask the Lab technicians to check your circuit before proceed.
9) Turn on the power amplifier again and repeat steps 1-6 using the second resistor.
CAUTION: Change the ammeter’s current range accordingly.

Data Table:

Table 1: The first resistor 100Ω.

Output voltage Voltage Ammeter Computed % error

from power reading(V) reading* (A) resistance (V/A) (Computed vs
supply Actual resistor)

2.0V 2.08 20.0 104 4%

4.0V 5.09 39.8 127.89 27.89%

6.0V 7.6 60.0 126.67% 26.67%

8.0V 9.75 79.9 122.18% 22.18%

10.0V 11.9 100.2 118.76 18.76%

* 1000 mA = 1 A
Table 2: The second resistor 1000Ω.

Output voltage Voltage Ammeter Computed % error

from power reading(V) reading* (A) resistance (V/A) (Computed vs
supply Actual resistor)

2.0V 1.99 2.04 975.49 2.45%

4.0V 3.92 4.05 967.9 3.21%

6.0V 5.85 6.04 968.54 3.15%

8.0V 7.8 8.05 968.94 3.11%

10.0V 9.73 10.05 968.16 3.18%

* 1000 mA = 1 A

Analysis:

1. Graph: Voltage vs. Current, using the data in Table 1 and Table 2. Are those results are
what you expect? Does it follow Ohm’s Law? If so, state Ohm’s Law?
Ans.​ Results in Table 1 and 2 went as we expect for it still show that the resistor can be found by
Voltage over Current as stated in the Ohm’s Law definition as V/I = R. The percentage error in
Table 1, however, is too high than in Table 2 may come from the errors we may caused during
the experiment.

2. What do you think are possible causes of error in this experiment? What are ways to
minimize the errors?

Ans.​ Ways that can make errors in our experiments are many from loosely attached
wires, errors in the reading meter to the resistor itself is not have that much resistance. We can
improve this by thoroughly check on the materials and the reading meters before the experiment
to prevent unnecessary mistakes and miscalculation that may follow.
Analysis:
The circuit is connected in a series connection in which theoretically current runs in one
direction. Also a power amplifier is plugged into the source. Measuring instruments, voltmeter
and ammeter, are attached to the circuit. Voltmeter is wired in parallel position because it has
high resistance to receive the least amount of current and to prevent the current to flow into the
meter. Ammeter has to connect in series to be able to measure the actual value of current. The
value measured from both meters show that the current runs more when the system is connected
with lower resistance, and oppositely the higher the resistance is, the lower the current. In
addition, having a very high resistance value could stop the flow of the electric current as
voltmeter does. As mentioned, the current is discovered to be inversely proportional to the
resistance of the series, and with a constant voltage or potential difference, a formula of Ohm’s
law is designed as it is V=IR.

Conclusion:
Ohm’s law states that V=IR in which the current is inversely proportional to the resistance of
resistors connecting in the circuit according from this experiment of connecting a simple series
circuit, measuring the current passing through the ammeter, and collecting data from voltmeter.
It can be concluded that Ohm’s law correctly describes the relationship between voltage, current,
and resistance. It is unarguably said to be mistaken.

Recommendation:
In orders to measure the current and the voltage between the resistance correctly, the wire
that connect with the the voltmeters and ammeters have to be grip to the the resistance properly.
So that, the ammeters and voltmeters can read the current and voltage correctly.
 
 
Questions:
1. Differentiate the devices in each group by giving their specific uses in an electric circuit.
-Ammeter, galvanometer, voltmeter
-Rheostat, resistor, switch
-Cell battery
Ans:
Ammeter is the tool that use to measure the electric current in the circuit. It need to be
series with the circuit and have zero resistance.

Galvanometer is the old version of the Ammeter.

Rheostat is resistor that use to control the current. It is almost use as power control
devices such as control the light intensity, speed of motors, heaters, and ovens.

A switch is invented to close or open a path of the circuit as to let currents pass or not. It
is necessary to have switches because the system would be easier and safer if electricity can be
controlled.

Resistor is the tool that can resist the current flow in the circuit. Every electronic device
has their own resistance.

Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure the amount of electric potential that any point
in the circuit has. It has high resistance to prevent the current from flowing, and it needs to be
connected parallelly to the series to be able to read the number.

A battery is a DC current producer which gives out electric field by having some
electrochemical reactions inside, and it is the power supply of the circuit. Additionally, it transfer
its energy to resistors to change the form of energy e.g. electric to heat.
2. A 14 Ohm coffee maker and a 16 Ohm frying pan are connected in series across a 120 V
source of voltage. A 23 Ohm bread toaster is also connected across the 120V source and is in
parallel with the series combination.
Draw a circuit diagram

Find the total current applied by the source of voltage

(R​p​)​-1​ = (1/R​1​ + 1/R​2​ + 1/R​3​)​-1

R​p =
​ 5.64 Ω

1 1
​Ans.​ I​1​ = V( R1 ) = 120 ( 23 ) = 5.22 Ω

1 1
I​2​ = V( R2 ) = 120 ( 14 ) = 8.57Ω

1 1
I​3​ = V( R3 ) = 120 ( 16 ) = 7.5 Ω
Work log
Name Work

Phatsakorn Rodphol - Introduction, Material,

Recommendation

Watcharit Polsen - Question, Data Table, Procedure

Achitphol Poollarp - Conclusion, Analysis