Works Cited

Primary Sources

Chavan's Diary. PDF ed., os, 9 Sept. 1965.

This image is a diary entry from a soldier on the battlefield. It shows the ferocity of the

fight on the Khem Karan front. In the September 9 entry, Charan says that fierce counter

attacks forced them to withdraw. Below the entry there is a side-note saying that those

"counter-attacks" related to a tank battle and that the situation was causing plenty of

anxiety. This source assisted us in understanding what the soldiers on the battlefield were

going through during the wars.

Dugger, Celia W., and Barry Bearak. "Kashmir Thwarts India-Pakistan Attempt at Trust." The

New York Times, 4 July 1999, www.nytimes.com/1999/07/04/world/kashmir-thwarts-

india-pakistan-attempt-at-trust.html. Accessed 21 Nov. 2017.

This source says that Kashmir is the reason that India and Pakistan don't cooperate. The

article says that there is a very large military presence in the area and some Muslim

militants are invading India without the knowledge of the Pakistani government. India

and Pakistani relations are getting even more tense and officials are hoping that it doesn't

come down to nuclear warfare. This source helps us with our topic because the article

shows how the Kashmir Conflict is getting in between India-Pakistan relationships and

the reason they are always at war is because of the territorial disputes caused by

Kashmir.

Ghandi, Indira, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. "Simla Agreement." PDF file, 2 July 1972.

This document is the Simla Agreement signed by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Indira Gandhi

to undo the effects of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and hope for better relationships
 between the countries. This source helped us understand how the two countries, India and

Pakistan, tried to work together and figure out a compromise. This source is important

because it shows an important compromise and helped better the relations between the

two warring countries.

Hiro, Dilip, editor. The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry between India and Pakistan.

PDF ed., New York City, Nation Books.

This book talked about the Kashmir Conflict and the relationship of India and Pakistan

and their dispute over Kashmir. This novel also talks about how their relationships with

other countries are affected by this conflict. The Partition of India started this conflict

when Pakistan and India separated and tensions just skyrocketed from there. This source

helped us understand the roots of this conflict and how people are affected by it.

"The India-Pakistan War of 1965." U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov/milestones/1961-

1968/india-pakistan-war. Accessed 19 Dec. 2017.

This source helped us understand what happened during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.

This War was an unofficial and inconclusive war. During this war, Pakistani soldiers

crossed the Line of Control. In order to prevent the attack, Indian forces crossed the Line

and without an official declaration of war, this battle commenced.

"Kahmir Access to India." The Hindustan Times [New Delhi], Delhi ed., 26 Oct. 1942.

This image shows a newspaper from when Kashmir acceded to India. Union troops also

went to Jammu and Kashmir to help protect them from Pakistan as they are now part of

India and India has a duty to protect them. This talks about Maharaja Hari Singh's
 decision to accede to India and his thoughts on the matter. This source helped us know

what happened during the Accession of Jammu and Kashmir.

Nehru, Jawaharlal. Telegram to Liaqat Ali Khan.

This telegram to Liaqat Ali Khan of Pakistan sent by Jawaharlal Nehru explains to him

that India assisting Kashmir in an emergency where the Indian army had to officially

intervene in Kashmir is not in any way supposed to influence the State of Jammu and

Kashmir to accede to India. The officials in India believe that Jammu and Kashmir

should accede to which ever country they see fit to join as per the wishes of their people.

This telegram helped us learn that when India needed to assist Kashmir, the act was not

done in order to persuade Kashmir to accede to their country.

Nehru, Jawaharlal, PM. "Bandung Speech." Bandung Conference Political Committe, Apr. 1955,

Bandung, Indonesia. Speech.

This speech by Jawaharlal Nehru outlines India's desire to avoid a war and that they are

deeply against communism and will reject any advances from Communist countries

regarding communist ideas. He believes that even the greatest forces cannot conquer

India and if they seek aid, then they will appear as weak. This source helped us

understand Nehru's standing in the war and what he believes will happen.

Singh, Hari. "Instrument of Accession." PDF file, 26 Oct. 1947.

This document is the Instrument of Accession signed by Maharaja Hari Singh and Count

Mountbatten. This document gave the region of Jammu and Kashmir over to the country

of India. Although the people of the region were mainly Muslim, the Hindu ruler decided

to sign over to India and since the area was under the control of a certain country, the

conflict was partially resolved but tensions are still high. This source helped us
 understand our topic better because we were able to see how this document was a partial

resolution to the conflict and the effects of this.

Secondary Sources

Banerjee, Shashanka S. "The Untold Story of India’s Decision to Release 93,000 Pakistani

POWs After 1971 War." Indian Defence Update, 26 Mar. 2017, defenceupdate.in/untold-

story-indias-decision-release-93000-pakistani-pows-1971-war/. Accessed 13 Jan. 2018.

This web page explains how and when India released 93.000 Pakistani Prison Of War

after 1971 Indo Pakistani war. We have learned how the birth of Bangladesh helped India

and Pakistan continue to be hostile to each other.

Chopra, Anil. "How the Air Force tilted the Kargil War in India's favour." DNA, Diligent Media,

26 July 2015, www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-how-the-air-force-tilted-the-kargil-

war-in-india-s-favour-2108237. Accessed 9 Nov. 2017. This web page alalyzes how

India's superior air force tilted the Kargil war in favor of India in 1999. We have learned

that without air force help, India had to work really hard to win the Kargil war.

Dogra ruler Hari Singh. Kashmir Life, Git Society, kashmirlife.net/hari-singh-despot-not-hero-

131216/. Accessed 19 Dec. 2017.

This photograph gave us an idea of what the appearance of Hari Singh was like. Hari

Singh was the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir and signed the Instrument of Accession,

giving the province to India. This signing partially resolving the Kashmir Conflict

because now the region was officially under control of one of the conflicting countries.

By using this illustration, we were able to depict how Maharaja Hari Singh looked. Hari
 Singh played an important role in the Kashmir Conflict and this picture gave us an idea

of what the Hindu ruler looked like.

"The First Proposed Map of Pakistan & the Partition of India." Brilliant Maps, 12 Jan. 2016,

brilliantmaps.com/first-pakistan/. Accessed 29 Jan. 2018. This web page shows the map

of Pakistan created by Choudhry Rahmat Ali just before the partition of India. We have

learned how Pakistani nationalists liked to see India partitioned based on the

concentration of Muslim population.

Hunt, Katie. "India and Pakistan's Kashmir dispute: What you need to know." CNN World, Cable

News Netword, 27 Sept. 2017, www.cnn.com/2016/09/30/asia/kashmir-

explainer/index.html. Accessed 13 Jan. 2018.

This site gives an overview of the entire Conflict. The conflict was started at the birth of

the two countries and has been continued ever since. It demonstrates the rise of tensions

and the large costs of this conflict, more than 47000 people have been killed since 1989.

This source helped us with understanding the entire conflict and the costs that it has

brought.

"Indira Gandhi 100th Birth Anniversary: Top Quotes of the Former Indian Prime Minister."

India, India WebPortal, www.india.com/buzz/indira-gandhi-100th-birth-anniversary-top-

quotes-of-the-former-indian-prime-minister-2649196/. This web page describes Indira

Gandhi, the first and only woman Prime Minister of India. The web page lists famous

quotes of Indira Gandhi publisged on her 100th birth anniversary. We have learned about

her famous quotes which help us personally understand her decisions.

"Indo-Pakistan Wars - 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999." WorldAtlas, 25 Apr. 2017,

www.worldatlas.com/articles/indo-pakistan-wars-1947-1965-1971-1999.html. This site

 also includes information about who was involved in the wars and critical persons who

helped each side of the war. It thoroughly explains the relationship between India and

Pakistan. It explains exactly what caused each war to begin.

"Jawaharlal Nehru." Biography, A&E Networks Television,

www.biography.com/people/jawaharlal-nehru-9421253. Accessed 19 Dec. 2017.

This source helped us appreciate Jawaharlal Nehru's life. Nehru was the first Prime

Minister of India and accomplished many things during his time in office. He was also

the father of Indira Gandhi, the third Prime Minister of India. Nehru was the Prime

Minister when the Instrument of Accession was signed in 1947, giving Jammu and

Kashmir to India.

"Kargil War: How Events Unfolded." Defense Aviation Post, defenceaviationpost.com/kargil-

war-events-unfolded/. This website focuses on the Kargil War and its effects on Kashmir

after the war ended. Going into depth out the Kargil War helped us add information to the

one separate page that we added just on the Kargil War. The source included dates in

which important events happened which was very useful not only on the Kargil War but

the website as a whole.

"Kashmir Conflict Infographic." Visualistan, 16 Mar. 2014,

www.visualistan.com/2013/11/kashmir-conflict-infographic.html. Accessed 11 Dec.

2017. This web page shows the statistics of human casualties, missing persons, custodial

killings and number of orphanes created as a result of the Kashmir conflict. It also shows

the geographical areas of Kashmir. We have learned the statistical effects of Kashmir

conflict on the Kashmir population.

"Kashmir Conflict: Tension on the India Pakistan Border." BBC, edited by Amol Rajan, 1 Oct.

2016, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37531900. Accessed 21 Dec. 2017.

This article is written from the Pakistani standpoint and they claim that a few things India

has announced are false. According to them, India was trying to feed its media an

"illusion" by flying local and foreign media to reiterate the point of hitting a surgical

strike. The recent fights escalated fears between the countries, especially with large

military build-up and village evacuation on the Indian side. Pakistan does not want to

invade but will if they have to. This source helped us understand the rising tensions

between India and Pakistan because of the Kashmir Conflict.

Khan, Nasir. "Resolving the Kashmir Conflict." Foreign Policy Journal, Elite CafeMedia, 13

Jan. 2011, www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/13/resolving-the-kashmir-conflict/.

This website is a summary of the Kashmir Conflict and depicts the contributions of the

UN and other countries as a response to the problems going on. The article also shows

how social class and religion both factor into this conflict. The conflict has forced many

Kashmiris to evacuate the area and find refuge elsewhere and many people, not

necessarily Kashmiris are being heavily affected by this. This website helped us

understand the effects of this Conflict.

N, Deepika. "5 Wars Within 69 Years - Indian Won 4 and Lost 1." Viralistic, 2016,

viralastic.com/list/5-wars-within-69-years-indian-won-4-and-lost-1. Accessed 28 Dec.

2017. This source provided us with additional information about the number of casualties

within all of the Indo Pakistan wars. It had information about where each war was located

and exactly how long each war lasted. The source benefited us with fact checking each of

our dates.
Pike, John. "Indo-Pakistan War of 1965." Reliable Security Information, 7 Nov. 2011,

www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm. Accessed 19 Dec. 2017.

This site assisted us in knowing what had occurred during the Indo-Pakistani War of

1965. We understood how Pakistani soldiers dressed as locals and crossed the Line of

Control, an area of ceasefire between India and Pakistan. Indian forces were given

information by the residents of the area and they were able to counter Pakistani attacks.

---. "1999 Kargil Conflict." Global Security Military,

www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm. Accessed 19 Dec. 2017.

This website helped us by telling us what happened during the Kargil War in 1999. This

war had heavy casualties on both sides. Operation Vijay was India's plan to offensively

deal with the intrusions into their territory. There were several invasions into the territory

that India detected and the war was the result of these intrusions.

Rasool, Mir Suhail. Conflict over Kashmir. Digital file, 15 June 2017.

This is an image of two arms wrestling, one being India and the other being Pakistan.

They are both in the midst of fighting and are deadlocked. We used this image to

represent our topic because it shows the two conflicted countries sparring with each other

and we thought that it was a good visual representation of the countries at war.

Schmitt, Caroline. "Corruption, Nepotism, Kashmir: Democracy Indian Style?" Deutsche Welle,

29 Mar. 2017, www.dw.com/en/corruption-nepotism-kashmir-democracy-indian-style/a-

38194900. Accessed 3 Jan. 2018.

This source talks about the corruption surrounding Kashmir. The author of this article
 shows how the practice of nepotism has affected the goings-on in the Kashmir region.

The government in Kashmir is heavily corrupted and nepotism has made the people not

work for the benefit of the locality. but for the benefit of their own families. One of the

people in charge, Shashi Tharoor, has said that this needs to change but also says that

everyone is doing it. This source helped us understand the government of Kashmir better

and the corruption involved in it.

"70 years of Jammu and Kashmir's accession to India: Here's what happened this day in 1947."

Hindustan Times, 27 Oct. 2017, www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jammu-and-

kashmir-s-accession-to-india-in-1947-here-s-what-happened/story-

9RDwftb7ghqM8JZYbGO42N.html. Accessed 27 Dec. 2017.

This site tells us about the history of the Jammu/Kashmir accession to India. The

Pakistanis tried to use force to make the Kashmiris submit but the Governor-General

believed that Kashmir should submit to India. Jammu and Kashmir sent a representative

to Delhi to ask for India's help and later signed the Instrument of Accession. This source

assisted us in knowing and comprehending the history of the Jammu and Kashmir

Accession to India.

Statistics of Kashmir Conflict. PDF file.

This image shows statistics from the Kashmir Conflict and the Jammu and Kashmir

Region. It shows things like death count and population. This source helped us

demonstrate many important facts from the conflict.

Why Are Pakistan and India Fighting Over Kashmir? NowThis World, 2015. This video

explains the first Indo Pakistani war of 1947. It helped us in collecting information about
 the number of causalties and people involved within the war. This source was very useful

in giving graphical information.

"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Biography." The Famous People, Famous People, 4 Oct. 2017,

www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/zulfikar-ali-bhutto-3788.php. Accessed 1 Feb. 2018.

This web page explains Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who had served as both the President and

Prime Minister of Pakistan. We have learned how Mr. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto helped

Pakistan transform in to a democratic nation from military dictatorship.

Tertiary Sources

"All You Need to Know about Kargil War - How, When and Where." The Economic Times, 26

July 2017. Economic Times, economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/all-you-need-

to-know-about-kargil-war/vijay-diwas/slideshow/59772215.cms. Accessed 14 Nov.

2017. This website provides additional information about minor details of the Kashmir

Conflict. The article also provides primary source images of Indian troops after winning

the Kargil War in 1999. The source helped us have visual information to support all of

the information that we have found in other sources.

Uncategorized Sources

This photograph depicts Maharaja Hari Singh on the day of his coronation in 1926. Chronicling

America, chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1926-05-02/ed-1/seq-

116/#date1=1789&index=0&rows=20&words=Kashmir&searchType=basic&sequence=

0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Kashmir&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&pag

e=1. Accessed 16 May 2018. This photograph helped us understand Hari Singh's role
during the Kashmir Conflict. For us, this image helped us symbolize, with his reign, the

commencement of the future events such as the beginning of the Kashmir Conflict and

the signing of the Instrument of Accession which gave Jammu and Kashmir over to India.

This picture gave us the information we needed to understand the true importance of

Maharaja Hari Singh and his involvement in the Kashmir Conflict.