1 Resumo do plano inicial e etapas do projeto

1.1 Resumo do projeto

Nos últimos 15 anos, foi desenvolvida pelo supervisor uma nova formulação envolvendo spinores
puros onde todas as simetrias de espaço-tempo são manifestas [1]. Spinores puros em dez dimen-
sões podem ser interpretados como twistors [2], e esta interpretação permite um entendimento
geometrico do formalismo de spinores puros onde o vínculo de Virasoro é substituído por um
vínculo twistorial [3]. Ambos a teoria de twistors e a teoria de supercordas foram desenvolvidas
nos anos 1970s como possíveis alternativas a teoria quântica de campos. Na teoria de twistors,
o papel fundamental de pontos de espaço-tempo é substituído por trajetórias tipo-luz. E na teo-
ria de supercordas, os pontos de espaço-tempo são substituídos por cordas unidimensionais. Dez
anos atras, estas duas teorias foram unidas para descrever N=4 d=4 Yang-Mills supersimétrica
em uma maneira que produziu métodos mais eficientes para calcular o espectro e as amplitudes de
espalhamento [4]. Embora N=4 d=4 Yang-Mills supersimétrica é equivalente via a correspondên-
cia AdS-CFT com a teoria de supercordas num background AdS5 × S5 , twistors ainda não foram
incorporados na teoria completa de supercordas em d=10.

1.2 Objetivos
O projeto de doutorado do aluno vai ser entender o papel dos twistors no formalismo da
supercorda d=10 com spinores puros e usar esta interpretação twistorial para simplificar o cálculo
de amplitudes de super-Yang-Mills d=10 e supergravidade d=10 na supercorda. No limite de tensão
infinita, estes amplitudes foram calculadas recentemente usando uma corda "ambitwistor" [5-6],
mas a geralização para a supercorda usual com tensão finita ainda não foi feita. Esta geralização
seria muito importante porque daria um novo método para calcular amplitudes da supercorda na
qual poderia simplificar as expressões de amplitudes.

2 Resumo do que foi realizado no período

2.1 Disciplinas cursadas
Não foram cursadas disciplinas neste período. Note que o aluno já cursou 6 das 7 disciplinas
exigidas para o curso de dourado.

2.2 Participação em eventos

Escolas:

Spring School on Superstring Theory and Related Topics - 16 à 24 de março -ICTP - Trieste
Italy.

LACES 2017 - 27 de novembro à 15 de dezembro de 2017- Galileo Galilei Institute for theoretical
physics, Arcetri - Italy.

1
2.3 Estudos Realizados
Durante este período foram realizados três principais tópicos de estudo.

• Twistors in ten dimensions:

– N.Berkovits, "Ten-Dimensional Super-Twistors and Super-Yang-Mills" , JHEP 04 (2010) 067

– N.Berkovits, 1991, "A supertwistor description of the massless superparticle in ten-dimensional
superspace", Nuclear Physics B 350 193B

• Pure Spinor string:

– N. Berkovits, "ICTP Lectures on Covariant Quantization of the Superstring", hep- th/0209059

– C.Mafra, "Superstring Scattering Amplitudes with the Pure Spinor Formalism", arXiv:0902.1552v2
[hep-th]

• Ambitwistor String:

– L. Mason and D. Skinner, "Ambitwistor strings and the scattering equations", JHEP 1407
(2014) 048
– N. Berkovits, "Infinite tension limit of the pure spinor superstring", JHEP 1403 (2014) 017
– T. Azevedo and O. Engelund, "Ambitwistor formulations of R2 gravity and (DF )2 gauge
theories" , JHEP 11 (2017) 052
– R. Jusinskas, "Notes on the ambitwistor pure spinor string" , arXiv:1604.02915 [hep-th]
– T.Azevedo and R.Jusinskas, "Connecting the ambitwistor and the sectorized heterotic strings",
JHEP 10 (2017) 216

3 Detalhamento dos progressos realizados, resultados parci-

ais
In this section I decided switch language because most of work is written in english.

3.1 An Mathematica program to calculate OPE’s

The method of Operator Product Expansions (OPEs) gives us a very useful algebraic tool to
study a conformal field theory. The concept of wick contraction become quite cumbersome when
large expression are taken in to account. The main motivation to implement an Mathematica
program to calculate OPEs was to do calculations for my project in a more efficiently way. Because
OPEs are in the center of string theory this program can help other Phd students in their own
projects. There are some programs that do OPEs calculation, but as part of the motivation to
create this program, it was to become more familiar to symbolic language (Mathematica) such
that, in the future I could simplify the calculation work required to do research in theoretical
physics.
OPE’s provide an algebraic way of computing correlation functions.
The program can deal with any number of fields in both statistics and do OPE’s between two
exponentials. The exponentials usually shows up in the bosonization of the βγ system in RNS
string.The simplicity of the program has the advantage, of being easy enough to learn all the
functions and also modify them.

2
 This program calculate the O.P.E of free fields in two dimensions. Let us now present some
functions and the syntax used on the program.
Normal order operators:

: O1 (z)O2 (z)O3 (z) : ↔ hO1 (z), O2 (z), O3 (z)i (1)

The two point function:

1 1
: O1 (z)O2 (w) :∼ ↔ propagator[O1 [z], O2 [w]] := (2)
z−w z−w
The OPE between two operators

: O1 (z)O2 (z) :: O3 (w)O4 (w) : ↔ OP E[hO1 (z), O2 (z)i, hO3 (w), O4 (w)i] (3)
Composed operators:

T (z) =: ∂bc : −λ : ∂bc : −λ : b∂c : ↔ T [z− ] = hD[b[z], z], c[z]i−λhD[b[z], z], c[z]i−λhb[z], D[c[z], z]i
(4)
Operator with indices:

: Amn (z), Bm (z), C n (z) : ↔ hA[m][n][z], B[m][ ][z], C[ ][n][z]i (5)

Exponentials and derivatives:

: eaφ(z) ebφ(w) :∼ (z − w)−ab : eaφ(z) ebφ(w) : ↔ propagator[eaφ[z] , ebφ[w] ] := (z − w)−ab (6)

: O(z)∂eaφ(z) : ↔ hO(z), dd[z]eaφ[z] i (7)

The function T aylorExpand[something, z, w] take the final result of the function OP E[A[z], B[w]]
and do the Taylor expansion around the w on the fields A[z], and keep only the singular terms.
All the fields are bosonic by default. The function F ermion[A[z]] = 1 indicate that the field
A[z] is fermionic. In order to simplify expressions the program has two function. To put the
expression in a canonical order, in this case is alphabetic order, you use CanonicalOrder. For
expression with indices to simplify them you can use IndicesRules.
The program is very simply but can handle almost all the calculations involving OPE’s. In
the future I would like to improve some functions and transform the program to a Mathematica
package.

3.2 Ambitwistor
The motivation of this work is the papers [7] where they demonstrated that the amplitude for
the RNS heterotic ambitwistor can be written as CHY type formula in any dimension. With this
formula they were able to calculate some MHV amplitudes in d = 4 and those amplitudes match
the amplitudes found in [8] for conformal supergravity. In this paper Berkovits and Witten shows
that the spectrum for the twistor string in d = 4 is N = 4 super Yang-Mills and N = 4 Conformal
superGravity. It is possible that the ambitwistor string done by Mason, Skinner and Berkovits
describes conformal super gravity and not supergravity.

3
 The ambitwistor has some issues with the heterotic and bosonic string versions. In the bosonic
case, the vertex operator has a two indices symmetry traceless (Gmn ) field with the equation of
motion and gauge invariance identical to a graviton field. But the three level amplitude for N
point

A(1, 2, . . . , N ) ∝ (k)6 (8)

a hint that the equation of motion should be 3 Gmn = 0 and not Gmn = 0 as found. The same
problem happen in the heterotic version, where the equation of motion found for the graviton is
Gmn = 0 but the amplitude is proportional to k 4 , the same as conformal gravity. In the pure
spinor heterotic version there is an addition apparently issue [9-10] with the gauge transformation,
where the gauge transformation for the unintegrated vertex operator for the graviton can not be
written as QBRST of something. One problem with this is that, the we do not know if the gauge
transformation will produce states that are not in the spectrum. We show that the amplitude is
gauge invariante despite the fact the vertex operator is not gauge invariant.
With the aim to solve the problem between the amplitude and equation of motion we examined
the spectrum for the bosonic and heterotic ambitwistor strings. In both cases we wrote the most
general vertex operator and solved the equation of motions. For tho bosonic case we found the
equation of motion for the graviton is indeed 3 Gmn = 0. For the heterotic version, the equation
of motion is as well, the expected one 2 Gmn = 0. In the case of the heterotic, the calculations
has to be reviewed, but it seams that this is the right result.

3.2.1 Heterotic Pure spinor Ambitwistor

The action for Berkovits’ Heterotic Ambitwistor is given by
Z
S = d2 z(Pm ∂X ¯ m + pα ∂θ
¯ α + wα ∂λ
¯ α + b∂c)
¯ + SC (9)

and the BRST operator is given by

Z
Q = dz(λα dα + bc∂c + c(−Pm ∂X m − pα ∂θα − wα ∂λα + Tc )) (10)

Basic OPE’s

ηmn ∂m F (X)
Pm (z)Xn (y) ∼ − ; Pm (z)F (X(y)) ∼ − (11a)
(z − y) (z − y)
δαβ δαβ
wα (z)λβ (y) ∼ − ; pα (z)θβ (y) ∼ − (11b)
(z − y) (z − y)
m
Pm γαβ Dα F (X, θ; y)
dα (z)dβ (y) ∼ − ; dα (z)F (X, θ; y) ∼ (11c)
(z − y) (z − y)
ηmn
Pm (z)Πn (y) ∼ − (11d)
(z − y)2
1 (λγ mn )α
N mn (z)λα (y) ∼ − (11e)
2 (z − y)
Where

4
 1
Dα = ∂α + (γ m θ)α ∂m (12)
2
1
N mn = (λγ mn w) (13)
2
1 1
dα = pα − (γ m θ)α Pm ; Πm = ∂Xm + (θγ m ∂θ) (14)
2 2
The spectrum of the heterotic includes Super Yang Mills and N = 1 supergravity. As we will
see, the amplitudes for 3 and 4 point, does not correspond with supergravity. The unintegrated
vertex operator of supergravity is given by

USG = cλα Am
α (X, θ)Pm (15)
The integrated vertex operator is
Z
1
VSG = d2 z δ̄(k · P )(P n Anm + dα Em
α
+ N rs Ωrsm )P m (16)
2

The gauge transformation:

The BRST-closedness of USG implies

αβ
γmnpqr Dα Asβ = 0 ; km Am
β (θ) = 0. (17)

if Am m
β (x, θ) = Aβ (θ)e
ik·x
. As Renann point out in his paper the expected gauge transformation

δAm m m α
α = Dα Λ + k Λ (18)

the k m Λα does not come from a BRST-exact state.

δUSG = cλα (Dα Λm + k m Λα )Pm eik·x = Q(cΛm Pm eik·x ) + k m Λα Pm eik·x (19)

One problem with this is that, the we do not know if the gauge transformation will produce
states that are not in the spectrum of supergravity. But we will see is that, the amplitude is gauge
invariant, at least three and four point.
The integrated vertex operator does not have this problem because all the terms will be pro-
portional to k m Pm δ̄(k · P ) that is zero. The only piece of information to show that the amplitude
α
is gauge invariant, is that the gauge transformation for Anm , Em , Ωrsm is proportional to k m . One
can see that from the equation of motion for supergravity:

1 β 1 n αβ 1
Anm = (Dγn Am ) , Em =− (γ ) (Dα Anm − ∂n Aαm ) , Ωrsm = (Dγrs Em ) = ∂[r As]m
8 10 8
(20)
m
In the end to test the gauge invariance we just replace any field by it’s momentum k .

Three Point Amplitude :

5
 P
A3 = hU1 U2 U3 i = hc1 c2 c3 ihP1m P2n P3l ei k·X
ihλA1m (θ)λA2n (θ)λA3l (θ)i (21)
Let us consider the XP system first. At three point we can calculate all OPE’s between Pi Xj
without much work
P (−i)3
hP1m P2n P3l ei k·X
i= (k2m k3n k1l − k2l k3m k1n ) (22)
z12 z23 z31
The correlation for the c ghosts are the usual one

hc1 c2 c3 i = z12 z23 z31 (23)

The kinematics for three particles are very special. From the conservation of momentum and
massless particles we have ki · kj = 0 for all i, j. Using the fact that

QUSG = 0 ⇒ k m Aαm = 0 (24)

we can write λA1m k2m = −A1m k3m . The three point function up to numerical constants is given
by

hU1 U2 U3 i = h(λA1 · k2 )(λA2 · k3 )(λA3 · k1 )i (25)

• The gauge invariance is trivial because δAiα · kj = ki · kj = 0 for i, j = 1 to 3.

For general n number of Vertex operators it’s easy if we evaluate the path integral by including
the plane waves eik·X into the action
Z n
1 2 ¯ m+i
X
S[X, P ] = d z(Pm ∂X ki · Xδ 2 (z − zi )) (26)
2π i=1

Integrating out the X in the path integral, the zero modes does not contributePfor the kinetic
¯ m , thus the integration gives the usual conservation of momentum δ( ki ). The non
term Pm ∂X
zero modes acts as Lagrangian multiplier constraining
n
X
¯ m = 2πi
∂P kim δ 2 (z − zi ) (27)
i=1

This equation has the unique solution at genus zero

n
X kim
Pm (z) = (28)
i=1
z − zi

Gauge invariance of N Point Amplitude:

The gauge invariance of the integrated vertex operator are trivial because

δVSG (zi ) ∝ ki · P (zi )δ̄(ki · P (zi )) = 0, (29)

but for the unintegrated vertex we have

δUSG (zi ) ∝ ki · P (zi ). (30)

6
 The N point amplitude is given by N − 3 integrated vertex operators and 3 unintegrated
N
Y
AN = hU (z1 )U (z2 )U (z3 ) V (zr )i (31)
r=4

The solution (28) for P m (z) with the delta function implies N − 3 independent equations
N
X ki · kj
=0 j ∈ {4, . . . , N } (32)
i=4,i6=j
zi − zj
they are the scattering equations. To prove that the full amplitude is gauge invariant we have
to show that under the scattering equations we also have

k1 · P (z1 ) = k2 · P (z2 ) = k3 · P (z3 ) = 0. (33)

If(33) is true, them the scattering equations becomes

N
X ki · kj
=0 j ∈ {1, . . . , N } (34)
zi − zj
i=1,i6=j

The scattering equations are SL(2, C) invariant using conservation of momentum and on-shell
conditions (k 2 = 0). From this N equation only N − 3 are linear independent. The following
identities are true
N N
X X ki · kj
(zj )m = 0 m = 0, 1, 2. (35)
j=1 i=1,i6=j
zi − z j

for any value of zj . Thus the physics contend in the N − 3 equations (32) is the same as the
N scattering equations (34). So imposing (33) does not change the solutions of the scattering
equations.
Using the solution for genus zero (28) we can write the equation (35) as
N
X
m m m
(z1 ) k1 · P (z1 ) + (z2 ) k2 · P (z2 ) + (z3 ) k3 · P (z3 ) + (zj )m kj · P (zj ) = 0 (36)
j=4

N
P
The delta functions for the N − 3 integrated vertex operators implies kj · P (zj ) = 0. Thus
j=4
we get three independent equations

k1 · P (z1 ) + k2 · P (z2 ) + k3 · P (z3 ) =0

(z1 )k1 · P (z1 ) + (z2 )k2 · P (z2 ) + (z3 )k3 · P (z3 ) =0 (37)
(z1 )2 k1 · P (z1 ) + (z2 )2 k2 · P (z2 ) + (z3 )2 k3 · P (z3 ) =0
One can solve k1 · P (z1 ) in terms of the k2 · P (z2 ) and k3 · P (z3 ) in the first equation. And do
the same for k2 · P (z2 ) in the second equation.
We get

k1 · P (z1 ) = −k2 · P (z2 ) − k3 · P (z3 )

z1 − z3 (38)
k2 · P (z2 ) = k3 · P (z3 )
z2 − z1

7
 The last equation become

k3 · P (z3 )(z1 − z3 )(z2 − z3 ) = 0 (39)

The points z1 = z3 and z2 = z3 are singular. So the only solution is k3 · P (z3 ) = 0, implying
that k2 · P (z2 ) = k1 · P (z1 ) = 0. We prove that the N − 3 delta functions are enough to garante
the gauge invariance of the N point amplitude at tree level.

Four Point Amplitude :

The amplitude for four massless supergravity particles is given by

1
A4 = hU1 U2 U3 V4 i =hc1 c2 c3 iP lnqm hλA1l (θ)λA2n (θ)λA3q (θ)(dα Em
α
+ N rs Ωrsm )i
2 (40)
lnqrm 1 2 3 4
+hc1 c2 c3 iP hλAl (θ)λAn (θ)λAq (θ)Arm (θ)i
Where Z
P lnqm
= dz4 δ̄(k4 · P (z4 ))P1l P2n P3q P4m (41)

Let us calculate separately the correlation functions.

• P lnqm and P lnqrm

We can use conservation of momentum and k1m λA1m = 0 to write

4
X kil k l z23 z14 + k4l z13 z24
P1l = =− 3 (42)
z
i=2 1i
z12 z13 z14
with zij = zi − zj . Doing the same simplification for the others P 0 s the equation for P lnqm
becomes proportional to

(k3l z23 z14 + k4l z13 z24 )(k4n z23 z14 + k3n z13 z24 )(k4q z23 z14 − k2q z12 z34 )(k3m z13 z24 + k2m z12 z34 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
(43)
(z12 z13 z14 z23 z24 z34 )
We can fix three positions on the Amplitude due to the SL(2, C) invariance. Fixing z1 =
0, z2 = 1, z3 = ∞ the (41) with hc1 c2 c3 i = |z12 ||z23 ||z31 | take the form

(k2l z4 + k4l )(k1n z4 + k3n )(k4q z4 + k2q )(k1m + k3m z4 )

Z
lnqm
hc1 c2 c3 iP = dz4 δ̄(k4 · P (z4 )) (44)
(z4 − 1)2 (z4 )2
For P lnqrm the procedure is very similar, one just add P4r and after fixing z1 , z2 , z3

(k2l z4 + k4l )(k1n z4 + k3n )(k4q z4 + k2q )(k1m + k3m z4 )(k1r + k3r z4 )
Z
lnqrm
hc1 c2 c3 iP = dz4 δ̄(k4 ·P (z4 )) (45)
(z4 − 1)3 (z4 )3
The integral (45) can be done using the property of delta functions δ(f (x)) = δ(x − xi )/(f 0 (xi ))
where xi is the root of f (x). Using ki · kj = kij the argument of the delta function
k34 z13 z24 + k24 z12 z34
k 4 · P4 = − (46)
z12 z13 z14

8
 fixing z1 = 0, z2 = 1, z3 = ∞ becomes

k24 − k34 (−1 + z4 ) k14 + k34 z4

k4 · P4 = =− (47)
z4 (−1 + z4 ) z4 (−1 + z4 )
The root is z4 = − kk14
34
. The results become more clean if one uses the Mandelstan variables :

2s = (k1 + k2 )2 = (k3 + k4 )2 ⇒ s = k12 = k34

2t = (k1 + k3 )2 = (k2 + k4 )2 ⇒ t = k13 = k24
(48)
2u = (k1 + k4 )2 = (k2 + k3 )2 ⇒ u = k14 = k23
s+u+t=0
Taking the derivative of k4 · P4 and applying z4 on it, the delta function take the form
ut u
δ̄(k4 · P4 ) = 3
δ(z4 + ) (49)
s s
• hc1 c2 c3 iP lnqrm hλA1l λA2n λA3q A4rm i

The last term in (40) is simple because hλA1l λA2n λA3q A4rm i does not have any poles, thus we can
integrate hc1 c2 c3 iP lnqrm using the delta function :

(k4l k34 − k2l k14 )(−k14 k1n + k3n k34 )(k4q k14 − k34 k2q )(−k34 k1m + k3m k14 )
hλA1l λA2n λA3q A4rm i 2 2
(50)
k14 k34 (k14 + k34 )2

equivalent

(k4l s − k2l u)(−uk1n + k3n s)(k4q u − sk2q )(−sk1m + k3m u)(−sk1r + k3r u)
hλA1l λA2n λA3q A4rm i (51)
s2 t2 u2
α
• hc1 c2 c3 iP lnqm hλA1l λA2n λA3q (dα Em + 21 N rs Ωrsm )i

The first term in (40) can be written as

1 1
hλA1l λA2n λA3q (dα Em
α
+ N rs Ωrsm )i = − hA1 λA2 (θ)λA3q (θ)(λγ s Em )i
2 z1 − z4 sl n
1
+ hλA1l A2sn (θ)λA3q (θ)(λγ s Em )i (52)
z2 − z4
1
− hλA1l λA2n (θ)A3sq (θ)(λγ s Em )i
z3 − z4
The last term does not contribute after z1 = 0, z2 = 1, z3 → ∞. The final answer we add z14 in
1
the integral (44) for the first term and 1−z 4
for the second term. Then use the delta function to
integrate (44). The equation (52) becomes:

− k2l u)(−uk1n + k3n s)(k4q u − sk2q )(−sk1m + k3m u)

(k l s
hA1sl λA2n λA3q (λγ s Em )i 4
s2 tu2 (53)
(k s − k2 u)(−uk1 + k3 s)(k4q u − sk2q )(−sk1m + k3m u)
l l n n
+hλA1l A2sn λA3q (λγ s Em )i 4
s2 t2 u

9
 Let us check the gauge invariance of the four point amplitude. The check can be done by
Ail → kli , for i = 1 to 4.

δA1sl (k4l s − k2l u) = (k14 s − k12 u) = (us − su) = 0

δA2n (−k1n u + k3n s) = (−k12 u + k23 s) = (−su + us) = 0 (54)
4
δEm (−k1m s + k3m u) = (k14 s − k34 u) = (us − su) = 0

similar for the others fields. Them the complete amplitude is gauge invariant.
To show (52) let us recall some basic OPE’s:

1 1 (λγ rs A1l ) Dα (λA1l )

(λγ rs w)(z4 )λAl (z1 ) ∼ − ; dα (z4 )λAl (z1 ) ∼ (55)
4 4 (z4 − z1 ) z4 − z1

To prove this let us consider the first term

1
h(λA1l )(λA2n )(λA3q )dα Em
α
i=− hDα (λA1l )(λA2n )(λA3q )Em
α
i − (1l ↔ 2n) + (1l ↔ 3q) (56)
z4 − z1
Using

s
Dα Aβl + Dβ Aαl = γαβ Asl (57)
The numerator of the first term in (56) can be written as

hDα (λA1l )(λA2n )(λA3q )Em

α
i = −h(λD)(A1αl )(λA2n )(λA3q )Em
α
i + hA1sl (λA2n )(λA3q )(λγ s Em )i (58)

If we consider just the first part of the BRST operator

Z
Q1 = dzλβ dβ (59)

We can see that Q1 A1αl = (λD)(A1αl ) and Q1 (λA2n ) = 0. The equation (58) become

hDα (λA1l )(λA2n )(λA3q )Em

α
i = −h(A1αl )(λA2n )(λA3q )(λD)Em
α
i + hA1sl (λA2n )(λA3q )(λγ s Em )i (60)

Q1 VSG = 0 implies
α 1
Dβ Em = + (γ rs )βα Ωrsm (61)
4
Then the equation becomes

−1 1 1 1
hDα (λA1l )(λA2n )(λA3q )Em
α
i= h(λγ rs A1l )(λA2n )(λA3q )Ωrsm i− hA1 (λA2n )(λA3q )(λγ s Em )i
z4 − z1 4 z4 − z1 z4 − z1 sl
(62)
The first term of (62) cancels out the contribution from

1 1 1
h(λA1l )(λA2n )(λA3q )(λγ rs w)i = − h(λγ rs A1l )(λA2n )(λA3q )Ωrsm i − (1l ↔ 2n) + (1l ↔ 3q)
4 4 z4 − z1
(63)

10
3.2.2 Bosonic Ambitwistor
The BRST operator is given by:
Z
1
Q= dz(cT + c̃P 2 ) (64)
2
Where

cT = −cP · ∂X + bc∂c + cc̃∂ b̃ − 2cb̃∂c̃ (65)

Vertex Operator :

The Most general Vertex operator with ghost number two:

V =cc̃Φ2 + ∂cc̃Φ1 + c∂c̃Ψ1 + ∂c∂c̃S (1) + ∂ 2 cc̃S (4) + c∂ 2 c̃S (5)

∂ccΘ1 + ∂ 2 ccS (2) + ∂c̃c̃Γ1 + ∂ 2 c̃c̃S (3) (66)
bc∂cc̃S (6) + b̃c̃c∂c̃S (7) + b̃c̃∂ccS (8) + bc∂c̃c̃S (9)
Where

Φ2 = P m P n G(1) m n (2) m n (3) 2 m (1) m (2)

mn + ∂X ∂X Gmn + ∂X P Gmn + ∂ X Am + ∂P Am

Φ1 = P m A(3) m (4)
m + ∂X Am

Ψ1 = P m A(5) m (6)
m + ∂X Am (67)
Θ1 = P m A(10) m (7)
m + ∂X Am

Γ1 = P m A(8) m (9)
m + ∂X Am

Gauge Parameter:

The Most general gauge parameter with ghost number one:

Λ =cP m Λ(1) m (2)

m + c∂X Λm + ∂cΛ
(3)
+ c̃P m Λ(4) m (5)
m + c̃∂X Λm + ∂c̃Λ
(6)
(68)
bcc̃Λ(7) + cb̃c̃Λ(8)
Let us calculate QΛ:
1 2 m (1) 1
QcP m Λ(1) m n (1) m (1)
m = c∂ c∂ Λm + cc̃P P ∂n Λm − c∂c̃P Λm (69)
2 2

1 2 m (2) 1
Qc∂X m Λ(2) m (2) m (2) m n (2) m (2)
m = cc̃∂P Λm + c∂c̃P Λm + cc̃∂X P ∂n Λm − c∂ c̃∂ Λm − c∂c̃∂X Λm (70)
2 2

1
Q∂cΛ(3) = c∂ 2 cΛ(3) + c∂c∂X m ∂m Λ(3) + ∂cc̃P m ∂m Λ(3) − ∂c∂c̃Λ(3) (71)
2

1 2 m (4) 1
Qc̃P m Λ(4) m (4) m (4) m n (4) m (4)
m = +c∂c̃P Λm + cc̃∂P Λm + cc̃P ∂X ∂n Λm + c̃∂ c∂ Λm − c̃∂c̃P Λm (72)
2 2

11
 m (5) 1 m (5) 1
Qc̃∂X m Λ(5) m (5) 2 m (5) m n (5) 2 m (5)
m = c∂c̃∂X Λm +cc̃∂ X Λm +cc̃∂X ∂X ∂n Λm −∂c̃c̃P Λm − c̃∂ c̃∂ Λm − c̃∂c̃∂X Λm
2 2
(73)

Q∂c̃Λ(6) = c∂ 2 c̃Λ(6) + c∂c̃∂X m ∂m Λ(6) − c̃∂c̃P m ∂m Λ(6) + c̃∂ 2 cΛ(6) (74)

3 3 1
Qbcc̃Λ(7) = + c∂ 2 c̃Λ(7) + ∂ 2 cc̃Λ(7) −cc̃∂X m P n ηmn Λ(7) +2cb̃c̃∂c̃Λ(7) +cc̃∂ 2 X m ∂m Λ(7) − bcc̃∂c̃Λ(7)
2 2 2
(75)
3 1 1
Qcb̃c̃Λ(8) = ∂ 2 ccΛ(8) − cc̃P m P n ηmn Λ(8) + cc̃∂P m ∂m Λ(8) − cb̃c̃∂c̃Λ(8) (76)
2 2 2
The gauge transformation for the fields are given by δV = QΛ:

12
 1
δG(1) (1)
mn = ∂n Λm − ηmn Λ
(8)
2
δG(2) (5)
mn = ∂n Λm

δG(3) (2) (7) (4)

mn = ∂n Λm − ηmn Λ ∂m Λn

δA(1)
m = ∂m Λ
(7)
+ Λ(5)
m

δA(2) (2) (8) (4)

m = Λm + ∂m Λ Λm

δA(3)
m = ∂m Λ
(3)

δA(4)
m = 0
1
δA(5) (1)
m = − Λm + Λm + Λm
(2) (4)
2
1
δAm = − Λ(2)
(6) (5)
m + Λ m + ∂m Λ
(6)
2
δA(7)
m = −∂ mΛ
(3)

1
δA(8) (4)
m = + Λm + ∂m Λ
(6)
− Λ(5)m
2
1
δA(9)
m = Λm
(5)
(77)
2
δA(10)
m = 0
1
δS (1) = − Λ(3)
2
1 3 (8)
δS (2) = − ∂ m Λ(1)m + Λ − Λ(3)
2 2
1
δS (3) = + ∂ m Λ(5)m
2
1 3
δS (4) = − ∂ m Λ(4)m −Λ
(6)
+ Λ(7)
2 2
3 1
δS (5) = Λ(7) − ∂ m Λ(2) m +Λ
(6)
2 2
δS (6) = 0
1
δS (7) = +2Λ(7) − Λ(8)
2
(8)
δS = 0
1
δS (9) = + Λ(7)
2

Solving the Equations of Motion:

We can use the gauge freedom to eliminate some fields. We can choose Λ(7) to set S (7) = 0.
But now Λ(7) = 14 Λ(8) . We can do the same procedure to eliminate other fields. Let us use
(2) (5) (4) (2) (1) (8)
Λ(6) , Λ(3) , Λm , Λm , Λm , Λ(8) to gauge way S (4) , S (2) , Am , Am , Am , S (1) respectively.
After this gauge choice, the parameters satisfy a set of constrains:

13
 1 3 1 3 1
Λ(7) = Λ(8) ; Λ(6) = Λ(8) − ∂ m Λ(4)
m ; Λ(3) = Λ(8) − ∂ m Λ(1)
m
4 8 2 2 2
1 1 1 5
Λ(2)
m = −∂m Λ
(8)
− Λ(4)
m ; Λ(5)
m = − ∂m Λ
(8)
; Λ(4) (4)
m − ∂m (∂ · Λ ) + ∂m Λ
(8)
= 0 (78)
4 2 2 8
1
2 Λ(8) = 0; ; Λ(8) = ∂ m A(1) m
3
The gauge transformation for the remaining fields become:
1
δG(1) (1)
mn = ∂n Λm − ηmn Λ
(8)
2
1
δG(2)
mn = ∂n ∂m (∂ · Λ(1) )
12
1
δG(3)
mn = −∂n ∂m Λ
(8)
− ηmn (∂ · Λ(1) ) + ∂m Λ(4) (4)
n − ∂n Λm
12
3 1
δA(3)
m = + ∂m Λ
(8)
− ∂m (∂ · Λ(1) )
2 2
(4)
δAm = 0
1
δA(5)
m = − Λm − ∂m Λ
(1) (8)
2
δA(6)
m = 0 (79)
3 1
δA(7)
m = − ∂m Λ
(8)
+ ∂m (∂ · Λ(1) )
2 2
δA(9)
m = 0
δA(10)
m = 0

δS (3) = 0
5
δS (5) = Λ(8)
4
(6)
δS = 0
δS (8) = 0
δS (9) = 0
Using the equations (81) and (92) we find that
1 (8)
S − 3S (8) = 0 → S (8) = 0 (80)
2
(4) (3) (7)
This implies S (6) = Am = 0 and Am = −Am .
The equations of motion after the gauge fixing become:

• 2c, 1c̃

cc̃∂cP m ∂X n (−∂n A(3) (3)

m + ∂m An )
(81)
cc̃∂cP m P n (−∂n A(10)
m ) = 0

14
 − ∂ m G(1) (3) (5)
mn − An − An = 0
(82)
∂ n G(3)
mn = 0

A(10)
m = 0
(83)
A(3)
m = 0

1
− ∂ m A(5)
m −S
(5)
=0 (84)
2
1
− Gm(3) − S (5) = 0 (85)
6 m
1 m (3)
∂ Am = 0 (86)
2
• 1c, 2c̃
1 1 (3) 1 (3)
cc̃∂c̃P m P n ( G(1) (5)
mn − Gmn − Gnm + ∂n Am ) = 0
2 2 2
m n (2) 1 (3)
∗ cc̃∂c̃P ∂X (−2Gmn + Gnm ) = 0
2 (87)
n 1
m
cc̃∂c̃∂X ∂X ( Gmn + ∂m ∂n S (9) ) = 0
(2)
2
− A(9)
m − ∂ m S (9)
=0
1 m (3)
∂ Gmn + ∂n S (5) ) = 0
2 (88)
∂ n G(2)
mn + ∂m S
(9)
− ∂m S (3) ) = 0
1 2
cc̃∂ 3 c̃( Gm(2)
m − S (3) − S (9) ) = 0 (89)
6 3
3
+ S (3) − S (9) = 0 (90)
2

S (5) = 0 (91)

• 3c, 0c̃

This implies
∂ m A(10)
m − 3S
(8)
=0 (92)

• 0c, 3c̃

this implies

− ∂ m A(9)
m + S
(3)
=0 (93)
After some rearranging we get :
(3)
A(3)
m = 0 ; ∂[m An] = 0 ; ∂ m A(3)
m = 0 (94)

15
 (10)
A(10)
m = 0 ; ∂(m An) = 0 ; ∂ m A(10)
m = 0 (95)

1 1
S (5) = − Gm(3)
m = − ∂ · A(5) ; S (5) = 0 (96)
6 2

S (3) = Gm(2)
m =0 ; (97)

(3) (3) (1)

G(1) l
mn − 2G(mn) − ∂(m An) − ∂(m ∂ Gln) = 0 (98)

(3) 1 l(3)
G[mn] = 0 ; ∂ m G(3)
mn = ∂n Gl ; ∂ n G(3)
mn = 0 (99)
3
1 (3)
G(2)
mn = + G(mn) ; G(2)
mn = 0 ; ∂ m G(2)
mn = 0 (100)
4
(3) (1)
2 G(mn) = 0 ; 3 G(1) 2 l
mn −  ∂(m ∂ Gln) = 0 (101)
(1)
It still has more gauge parameter such that one could use such that we get 3 Gmn = 0. In
(3)
addition we get a two form with equation of motion G[mn] = 0.

3.2.3 Bosonic Ambitwistor in the gauge b0 V = T0 V = 0

Vertex Operator: In the gauge where b0 V = T0 V = 0 the most general Vertex operator with
ghost number two is given by

V =cc̃Φ2 (102)
Where

Φ2 = P m P n G(1) m n (2) m n (3)

mn + ∂X ∂X Gmn + ∂X P Gmn (103)
Let us apply QV = 0:

m 1 n (3) 1
cT cc̃Φ2 = cc̃∂ 2 c(−P m ∂ n G(1)
mn − ∂X ∂ Gmn ) − cc̃∂ 3 cGm(3)
m (104)
2 6
1 2 m n1
c̃P cc̃P m P n G(1)
mn = cc̃∂c̃P P G(1)
mn (105)
2 2

1 2 1 n 1 m (3)
c̃P cc̃∂X m P n G(3) m n (3) m n (3) 2
mn = cc̃∂c̃(−P P Gmn + ∂X P Gmn ) + cc̃∂ c̃P ∂ Gmn (106)
2 2 2

1 2 1 1
c̃P cc̃∂X m ∂X n G(2) m n (2) m n (2) 2 m n (2) 3
mn = cc̃∂c̃(−2∂X P Gmn + ∂X ∂X Gmn )+cc̃∂ c̃∂X ∂ Gmn + cc̃∂ c̃Gm
m(2)
2 2 6
(107)
This implies:

∂ m G(3) n (3) n (1) m(2)

mn = ∂ Gmn = ∂ Gmn = Gm = Gm(3)
m =0 (108)

16
 1
P m P n ( G(1) (3)
mn − Gmn ) = 0 (109)
2
1
∂X m ∂X n ( G(2)
mn ) = 0 (110)
2
1
∂X m P n (−2G(2) (3)
mn + Gmn ) (111)
2
(3)
∂X [m P n] (G[mn] ) (112)

(2) 1 (3)
∂X (m P n) (−2G(mn) + G(mn) ) (113)
2

2 G(3)
mn = 0 (114)

(3)
G[mn] = 0 (115)

3 G(1)
mn = 0 (116)
Indeed the spectrum is almost the same as when we consider in the most general verter operator.

3.2.4 Heterotic RNS Ambitwistor

The BRST operator is given by:
Z
1
Q = dz(cT + c̃P 2 + γψ · P − b̃γ 2 ) (117)
2
Where
1
cT = −cP · ∂X − cψ · ∂ψ + bc∂c + cc̃∂ b̃ − 2cb̃∂c̃ + c∂ξη + cTφ (118)
2
Usually in string theory one can choose the gauge where V is annihilate by b0 and T0 ,
Where Z
bn V = dzz n+1 b(z)V (0). (119)

For n = 0 the poles higher that z −1 has to be zero. For b0 V = T0 V = 0 the most general vertex
operator is:

V =δ(γ)(cc̃Φ3/2 + ∂c̃c̃A(8) · ψ) + δ 0 (γ)(∂c̃c̃cΨ1 ) + η(cS (7) + c̃S (8) ) + ∂ξ∂φe(−2φ) (∂c̃c̃cS (10) )
(120)
The fields are represented by S (scalars), Am (spin 1), Gmn (spin 2), Bmn (2-form) and Cmnp (3-
form).
Where

Ψ1 = P · A(5) + ∂X · A(6) + Bmn

(2) m n
ψ ψ
(121)
Φ3/2 = G(1) m n (2) m n m n l
mn P ψ + Gmn ∂X ψ + Cmnp ψ ψ ψ

17
 (1) (5) (10)
With ∂ m Gmn = ∂ m Am = Am = 0. Let us analyze the BRST close condition QV = 0.
The equation of motion are:

S (7) = 0
∂ n G(2)
mn = 0
(122)
ψ m ψ n (2Bmn
(2)
+ G(2) p
mn + 3∂ Cpmn ) = 0

Gm(2)
m =0
P m ψ n (G(1) (2) (2)
mn + 2Gmn + 4Bmn ) = 0

∂X m ψ n (+G(2)
mn ) = 0
(2)
ψ m ψ n ψ p (C[mnp] + 2∂[p Bmn] ) = 0
(123)
∂ 2 c̃c̃cψ n (+∂ m G(2)
mn ) = 0

A(8)
m = 0
(2)
∂ m B[mn] = 0
(1)
One can see that the symmetric part of Gmn obeys:

2 G(1)
mn = 0 ; ∂ m G(1)
mn = 0 (124)
what we expected considering that the amplitude is proportional to k 4 .

The Most general Vertex Operator:

We have to prove that existis a gauge choice that b0 V = T0 V = 0. We write the most general
vertex operator with picture −1 and ghost number 1 and the most general gauge parameter, and
use this to find the same equations of motions as in the gaugeb0 V = T0 V = 0.

V =δ(γ)(cc̃Φ3/2 + ∂cc̃A(1) · ψ + c∂c̃A(2) · ψ + ∂ccA(7) · ψ + ∂c̃c̃A(8) · ψ)

δ 0 (γ)(∂ccc̃Φ1 + ∂cc∂c̃S (1) + ∂ 2 ccc̃S (2) ) + δ 0 (γ)(∂c̃c̃cΨ1 + ∂c̃c̃∂cS (3) + ∂ 2 c̃c̃cS (4) )+
∂ 2 ξe−2φ (∂ccc̃S (5) + ∂c̃c̃cS (6) ) + η(cS (7) + c̃S (8) ) (125)
2 −3φ (9)
∂ ξ∂ξe (∂cc∂c̃c̃A · ψ)
(11)
∂φδ(γ)(cc̃A · ψ) + ∂ξ∂φe(−2φ) (∂ccc̃S (9) + ∂c̃c̃cS (10) )

The fields are represented by S (scalars), Am (spin 1), Gmn (spin 2), Bmn (2-form) and Cmnp (3-
form).
Where

(1) m n
Φ1 = P · A(3) + ∂X · A(4) + Bmn ψ ψ
Ψ1 = P · A(5) + ∂X · A(6) + Bmn
(2) m n
ψ ψ (126)
Φ3/2 = G(1) m n (2) m n m n l
mn P ψ + Gmn ∂X ψ + Cmnp ψ ψ ψ + ∂ψ · A
(10)

The Gauge parameter:

18
 The most general gauge parameter in the picture −1 and Ghost number zero is:

Λ = e−φ (cΛ(6) m (7) m

m ψ + c̃Λm ψ ) + ∂ξe
−2φ
(cc̃Φ1 + c̃∂cΛ(1) + c∂c̃Λ(2) ) + ∂ 2 ξe−2φ cc̃Λ(8)
(127)
+ ∂ 2 ξ∂ξe−3φ ∂ccc̃Λ(9) m 2
m ψ + ∂ ξ∂ξe
−3φ
∂c̃c̃cΛ(10) m
m ψ + ∂ξ∂φe
−2φ
cc̃Λ(11)
(5)
With Φ1 = P · Λ(3) + ∂X · Λ(4) + ψ m ψ n Λmn
1
Qδ 0 (γ)c̃∂cΛ(1) = ∂(δ 0 (γ)c̃∂cΛ(1) ) − δ 0 (γ)∂c̃c̃∂cΛ(1) − δ(γ)c̃∂cψ m ∂m Λ(1) + 0 (128)
2

Qδ 0 (γ)c∂c̃Λ(2) = −δ 0 (γ)c̃c∂ 2 cΛ(2) + δ 0 (γ)c̃c∂c̃P m ∂m Λ(2) − δ(γ)c∂c̃ψ m ∂m Λ(2) + 2ηcΛ(2) (129)

1 1 0
Qδ 0 (γ)cc̃P · Λ(3) = − ∂ 2 cδ 0 (γ)cc̃∂ m Λ(3)
m − δ (γ)∂c̃cc̃P · Λ
(3)
− δ(γ)cc̃P n ψ m ∂m Λ(3)
n +0 (130)
2 2

1 1
Qδ 0 (γ)cc̃∂X · Λ(4) = 0 − δ 0 (γ)∂c̃cc̃(∂X · Λ(4) − 2P · Λ(4) ) − δ 0 (γ)∂ 2 c̃cc̃∂ m Λ(4)
m +
2 2 (131)
− δ(γ)cc̃(∂X n ψ m ∂m Λ(4)
n + ∂φψ · Λ
(4)
+ ∂ψ m Λ(4)
m )+0

1 0
Qδ 0 (γ)cc̃ψ m ψ n Λ(5) m n (5) m n l (5) m n (5) m n (5)
mn = 0− δ (γ)∂c̃cc̃ψ ψ Λmn −δ(γ)cc̃(ψ ψ ψ ∂l Λmn −2P ψ Λmn −2∂φψ ∂ Λmn )
2
(132)
1
Qδ(γ)cψ m Λ(6) m n (6) m (6) m (6)
m = 0 − δ(γ)cc̃ψ P ∂n Λm + δ(γ)c∂c̃ψ Λm − ηc∂ Λm + 0 (133)
2
1
Qδ(γ)c̃ψ m Λ(7) m (7) m (7)
m = 0 − δ(γ)∂c̃c̃ψ Λm − ηc̃∂ Λm + 0 (134)
2

1
Q∂ 2 ξe−2φ cc̃Λ(8) = −δ 0 (γ)∂ 2 ccc̃Λ(8) + ∂c̃∂ 2 ξe−2φ cc̃Λ(8) +2δ(γ)cc̃Λ(8) ψ·P −2δ(γ)cc̃∂φψ m ∂m Λ(8) +6ηcΛ(8)
2
(135)
1
Q∂ 2 ξ∂ξe−3φ ∂ccc̃Λ(9) · ψ = ... − ∂ 2 ξ∂ξe−3φ ∂cc∂c̃c̃ψ m Λ(9)
m
2
0
− 2δ (γ)∂ccc̃(ψ ψ ∂m Λn − P Λn + ∂φ∂ m Λ(9)
m n (9) n (9) (136)
m )

+ ∂ 2 ξe−2φ ∂ccc̃(∂ m Λ(9)

m ) + −2δ(γ)∂ccψ · Λ
(9)

Q∂ 2 ξ∂ξe−3φ ∂c̃c̃cΛ(10) · ψ = ...+

− 2δ 0 (γ)∂c̃c̃c(ψ m ψ n ∂m Λ(10)
n − P n Λ(10)
n + ∂φ∂ m Λ(10)
m ) (137)
2 −2φ m
+ ∂ ξe ∂c̃c̃c(∂ Λ(10)
m ) − 2δ(γ)c∂c̃ψ · Λ (10)
+ 4δ(γ)∂φcc̃ψ · Λ (10)

1
Q∂ξ∂φe−2φ cc̃Λ(11) = 0 + ∂ξ∂φe−2φ c∂c̃c̃Λ(11) − δ(γ)cc̃P · ψΛ(11) + 4ηcΛ(11) (138)
2
19
 The gauge transformation for the vertex operator is given by δV = QΛ. Comparing the both
sides we find that

δG(1) (3) (6) (5)

mn = −∂n Λm − ∂m Λn + 2Λmn + 2ηmn Λ
(8)
− ηmn Λ(11)
δG(2)
mn = −∂n Λm
(4)

1 (5)
δC[pmn] = − ∂[p Λmn]
6
δA(1)
m = ∂m Λ (1)

1
δA(2)
m = −∂m Λ
(2)
+ Λ(6) (10)
m − 2Λm
2
δA(3)
m = +2Λ (9)
m

δA(4)
m = 0
1 (139)
δA(5)
m = ∂m Λ
(2)
− Λ(4) (3) (10)
m + Λm + 2Λm
2
1
δA(6)
m = − Λm
(4)
2
δA(7)
m = −2Λm
(9)

1
δA(8)
m = − Λm
(7)
2
1
δA(9)
m = − Λm
(9)
2
δA(10)
m = −Λm
(4)

δA(11) (4) n (5)

m = −Λm + 2∂ Λmn − 2∂m Λ
(8)
+ 4Λ(10)
m
(1) (9)
δB[mn] = −∂[m Λn]
(2) 1 (5) (10)
δB[mn] = + Λ[mn] − ∂[m Λn]
2
(1)
δS = 0
1
δS (2) = +Λ(2) − Λ(8) + ∂ m Λ(3)
m
2
1
δS (3) = − Λ(1)
2
(4) 1 m (4)
δS = + ∂ Λm (140)
2
δS (5) = +∂ m Λ(9)
m
1
δS (6) = Λ(8) + ∂ m Λ(10)
m
2
δS (7) = −∂ m Λ(6)
m + 2Λ(2) + 6Λ
(8)
+ 4Λ(11)
δS (8) = −∂ m Λ(7)
m

δS (9) = 0
1
δS (10) = Λ(11)
m
2
Where

20
 1 (5) 1
∂[p Λmn] = (∂p Λ(5) (5) (5)
mn + ∂m Λnp + ∂n Λpm ) (141)
6 3
We are still doing the calculation to prove that we can choose the gauge b0 V = T0 V = 0.

4 Plano de trabalho e cronograma para etapas seguintes

Primeiro ano: O aluno vai estudar a geralização de twistors d=4 para twistors d=10.
Segundo ano: O aluno vai generalizar as formulas twistoriais para amplitudes de espalhamento
de super-Yang-Mills N = 4 d = 4 para amplitudes de espalhamento de super-Yang- Mills d = 10
na supercorda aberta.
Terceiro ano: O aluno vai generalizar as formulas twistoriais do espalhamento de super- Yang-
Mills d = 10 na supercorda aberta para amplitudes de espalhamento de supergravidade d = 10 na
supercorda fechada.

5 bibliografia
[1] N. Berkovits, "ICTP Lectures on Covariant Quantization of the Superstring", hep- th/0209059
[2] N. Berkovits, S. Cherkis, "Higher-dimensional twistor transforms using pure spinors", JHEP
0412 (2004) 049
[3] N. Berkovits, "Twistor origin of the superstring", JHEP 1503 (2015) 122
[4] E. Witten, "Perturbative gauge theory as a string theory in twistor space", Comm. Math.
Phys. 252 (2004) 189
[5] L. Mason and D. Skinner, "Ambitwistor strings and the scattering equations", JHEP 1407
(2014) 048
[6] N. Berkovits, "Infinite tension limit of the pure spinor superstring", JHEP 1403 (2014) 017
[7] T. Azevedo and O. Engelund, "Ambitwistor formulations of R2 gravity and (DF )2 gauge
theories" , JHEP 11 (2017) 052
[8] N.Berkovits and E.Witten, "Conformal Supergravity in Twistor-String Theory", 2004 JHEP
08 009B
[9] R. Jusinskas, "Notes on the ambitwistor pure spinor string" , arXiv:1604.02915 [hep-th]
[10 ]T.Azevedo and R.Jusinskas, "Connecting the ambitwistor and the sectorized heterotic
strings", JHEP 10 (2017) 216

21