Psycho Sleuth - Criminal Behavior Assessment and The Human Sexual Dimension in Crime Analysis

Psycho-Sleuth: Criminal Behavior Assessment and the Human Sexual Dimension 1
Psycho-Sleuth:
Criminal Behavior Assessment
And
The Human Sexual Dimension
In
Crime Analysis
By
Randy Gonzalez
www.drgonzo.org
Randolph A. Gonzalez – All Rights Reserved

© 2010 Randolph A. Gonzalez. All rights reserved. This material may not be
reproduced, displayed, modified or distributed without the express prior written
permission of the copyright holder. Original Unabridged Version.
Contents
Chapter 1: We think, therefore we commit crimes: Page 3
Chapter 2: Assessing the Criminal Mind – Why People Commit Crimes Page 11
Chapter 3: The Human Sexual Dimension Page 19
Chapter 4: The Nature of Crime - Crime Control Strategies Page 27
Chapter 5: The Investigative Processes – Getting Back To Basics Page 35
Chapter 6: The Nature of Evil Page 43
Chapter 7: Sexuality and Criminal Proclivities Page 51
Chapter 8: Sex, Aggression and Violence Page 58
Chapter 9: Motives, Means and Methods: Page 67
Chapter 10: The Folly of Profiling – Challenges of Solving Crimes: Page 75
Chapter 11: Crime Scene Interactive Assessment – Focus on Crime Analysis: Page 83
Chapter12: A Synopsis of Sexual Motivations and Inclinations: Page 91
Chapter 13: The Nature of Sexual Deviance and Connectivity to Criminality: Page 99
Chapter 14: The Seductive Nature of Crime and Criminality: Page 107
Chapter 15: The Gothic Nature of Criminal Behavior: Page 115
Chapter 16: Crypto-Criminology – A Transformation of Conventional Criminology: Page 123
Chapter 17: Psycho-Sleuth – Criminal Behavior Assessment and Cryptic Illusions: Page 131
Chapter 18: Obsession in a Multi-Murderer Mystery Matrix: Page 139
Chapter 19: Psycho-Sleuthing into the Criminality of Human Sexual Behavior: Page 147
gonzoscti@hotmail.com
Chapter 1: We think, therefore we commit crimes:
People think, therefore they commit actions of choice. Criminals think, therefore they commit crimes.
This is not a very complicated notion, or is it a new concept. What becomes complicated are the processes
and actions that follow, coupled with academic attempts to explain the subsequent acts. In very broad
general terms, criminal behavior can be formatted and analyzed from the assessment of crime scene, but
not to a point of perfection. Assessment, profiling or whatever you want to call it, is no more and no less
just another tool for law enforcement. Just like lifting fingerprints, interviewing witnesses, or gathering
other physical evidence, criminal behavior assessment is basically guesswork. Human behavior is not
subject to strict codification or precise parameters by which exact measures can be deduced. Probabilities
can be asserted along a continuum, whereby we can understand the thinking processes of criminals to the
junction of potential prediction, but not absolute prediction. This is predicated, of course, on the
assumption that certain elements exist within the known environment by which such predictions can be
based. It is frequently suggested that criminals form pre-crime thoughts in an effort to individually and
collectively carry out their criminal behavior intentions. Interdicting at this point in time would be unique
and advantageous from a law enforcement perspective.
Motivations or personal agendas, so to speak, set the stage for intentional selection for results that are
either good or evil. Evil is the darkness of the human mind that fosters all manner of opposition to the
positive and productive aspects of life. It is life negation in contrast to life affirmation. Conscious or
subconscious thoughts take relevance and manifest themselves into real levels of expression with a
significant probability of repetition. Thinking processes are the foundation of potential criminal behavior.
People can be inspired by their thoughts for doing both good and evil. The pursuit of certain thoughts is
grounds for criminal activity. People are a dichotomous expression of being on the one hand selfish, self-
indulgent and self-centered in nature, yet also law-abiding, decent and considerate on the other. From an
investigative standpoint, one can never underestimate the depravity of human beings. Human nature is not
to be trusted to an absolute sense in all situations, under all varieties of conditions. Yet, everyone is still
ultimately accountable and responsible for his or her actions, regardless of station or position in a given
socio-economic context. Of course, some would use their status to place themselves above the lawful
necessity of accountability and responsibility. And, as a result of one thinking that he or she can make
choices contrary to accepted legal policy or social acceptance, criminal behavior becomes probable.
Criminal actions are probable due to personal decision-making. Such actions devolve toward personal
choices associated with power and control issues. Criminals basically commit crimes because that is what
they want to do. A person’s code of morality is influenced by philosophical fallacies of belief. This affects
the thinking process. People basically do stupid things. The depravity of behavior is most likely
unfathomable to most people. Criminals think before they act. The thoughts are there long before the
event takes place. Thinking becomes the basis to rationalize the behavior and ultimately blame the
behavior on someone or something else. So, crime analysis is probably more descriptive of the actions.
The formulation of criminal plans (thinking processes) begins with the thought of doing the acts upon
which one desires. Plans to do harm are not sudden and impulsive. They occur over a distinct period of
time in the brain, or “mind”, of the thinker. And, there is a high probability that since we are biologically
oriented individual, our sexual drives and desires may influence our decision-making (choice we make) in
terms of the crimes we commit and additions we create.
The thought processes emerge in some behavioral aspect, such as physically, verbally, and nonverbally,
as well as symbolic behavior. Outward behavior is indicative of the inner thoughts of the person.
Interpersonal communication is one of the keys to dealing with aspects of criminal behavior. People in
general use various forms of communication to suggest their feelings, value system, lifestyle, attitude and
thoughts. From tattoos to bumper stickers, to physical gestures and slogans, people, and in particular
criminals, reveal indications of one sort or another as to their inclinations. Physical being is an expression
of presence and that presence translates into wants and presumed needs. Whether by word, symbol or
deed, the inner thoughts surface and become the outer actions of mind over matter so to speak. And,
sometimes these outer actions become anti-social in nature. There is a deliberate desire to do the thing
contemplated, whether the thoughts are short-term or long-term in transformation. Thinking is doing,
acting, believing and experiencing. Various acts of criminal behavior range from the simple to the
complex, depending on the linkage between thought and action, as well as the sophistication of the
criminal. For instance, the amount of physical expression required for a particular act of deviance is related
to the ability, skill and desire of the criminal. Opportunity is a given factor. From thought to action, the
criminal is always looking for opportunistic forms of expression. Desire, opportunity and ability mix
together in order to execute the desired action. The “evil”, as a concept of human behavior, concerns the
malevolent things that people do to others. It reflects the inner composition of the human being. The
connectivity evolves around the compendium of crime analysis and criminal behavior assessment.
It is associated with the ideation of preemptive actions toward the outer world, while one struggles with
the inner world. Whether making bombs and blowing up buildings, robbing banks and raping people, the
thinking facilitates the transformation into the criminal behavior. Evil opposes life and seeks to kill or
otherwise destroy life.1 Acting out the actions is indicative of the internal “warfare” within the imperfect
structure of human nature. As such, “evil” is human nature, and reflects the various personifications and
proclivities down through history. No matter what the reason or suggested excuse, aberrant behavior
begins with the individuals and then extends outward into the community of people. Whether minor or
major, everyone commits some act of deviance against another. Such acts may be symbolic, verbally
expressive or physical in actuality. The behavior may be overt or covert depending on the individual
tendencies and preferences. Evil is characteristic of the state of human beings and the nature of their
ongoing quest to fulfill selfish endeavors. This means others must suffer the consequences of what
criminals do. Criminal activities extend from the human passion for adverse self-indulgent needs.
1
Peck, M.S., People of the Lie: The Hope for Healing Human Evil, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), page 42;
The transmutation of the thought processes are continually structured around personal intentions, some
evil and some good. Compulsion to action generally reflects aspects of the personality, which typically
favor the inclination to leave a “signature” upon one’s behavior. As such, the various patterns of behavior
are built upon a foundation of prior thought and consideration. Regardless of the socio-economic
circumstances, criminals postulate their criminal intentions through their own framework of ideation.
Committing acts of evil are from within the person and subsequently carried out in acts of violence, theft,
cheating, and a host of deceptive behaviors.
Analysis and assessment are essential in developing crime prevention and interdiction efforts to prevent
or identify criminal actions. All human beings are potentially evil (i.e. prone to criminal behavior) and
have the capacity for the commission of hideous acts of aberrant behavior. The only difference between
the so called “law abiding citizen” and the criminal, is the “law abiding citizen” controls their criminal
inclination. When we so often speak of “what a nice person he was”, or “she wouldn’t hurt anyone”, how
do we really know? What scale of perception do we use to assess the inner workings of person’s mind,
which we can see or measure by normal means. How do we really know who a person is by looking from
the outside?
Since there are at least two versions of every person’s personality and behavior extensions, one private
and one public, what do we really know about the people? For that matter, it is even more complex to
suggest we know something about people we don’t know. Analysis, study and assessment are essential in
laying the foundation for more definitive answers. Crime prevention through proactive intervention
strategies is the main objective of this focus. By attempting to identify the basic ingredients in criminal
activity and behavior, the mission is to interdict where possible, as well as identify and apprehend the
criminal to every extent feasible. Law enforcement personnel want to stop the criminal before he or she
commits the crime. If that fails, then the law enforcement practitioners want to solve the case in the most
expedient manner possible.
Listening to convicted criminals serving time in facilities may not be the most efficient way to go
about developing proactive strategies for crime prevention purposes. In most cases, criminals will tell you
whatever you want to hear in order to satisfy their self-serving needs. For this reason, criminal behavior
studies may be significantly flawed due to the deception and manipulation that most criminals act out on a
regular basis. And, given the gullible and often naïve nature of many researchers, the problem of data
reliability is even more seriously affected. One must ponder the overall validity of information obtained
from people who spend their lives deceiving others, making up their own rules and scapegoating at every
opportunity. Self-serving, clever and deceptive, criminals will seek to justify every aspect of their
behavior. Their actions will be rationalized to the extent necessary to shift focus from them to someone
else. Criminals are very good at transferring blame from themselves to something or someone else. They
typically will assert that they are the victims and the real victim is actually the cause of the criminal’s
suffering. Their thinking processes should be of more interest than their environment, personal history or
socio-economic surroundings.
Criminals are selfish people who only want to make themselves happy at the expense of someone’s
unhappiness. Their self-centeredness is part of their thinking process. As such, contemporary socio-
economic theories, or positivistic approaches are not effective in assessing criminal behavior for law
enforcement purposes. Criminal behavior rests upon the central aspect of motives, by which a person
moves toward usurping the rights of others in favor of the rights of him or herself. Criminals may differ in
the types of crimes they commit. Yet, they all share a commonality in that they are all criminals and they
plan their crimes. We catch them because they leave clues to which we need to be attentive and alert.
Yet, their underlying ideation or thinking patterns remain essentially similar in nature. Their
commission of a crime is the end result of the way by which they are thinking about life and the world
around them. Thinking precedes the act of commission. Yet, given the many different criminological
perspectives in debate throughout society today, confusion abounds.
And, as a result of such misinformation and confusion, an essential understanding of the criminal and
his or her motives is clouded by overly complex theories that often mislead the criminal justice system.
But, in the quasi-reality of all the theories, there exists the fundamental aspect that a criminal is simply a
criminal regardless of all the socio-economic influences that may surround him or her. He or she chooses
to do “evil” acts of hideous proportions, because that’s what he or she wanted to do. Criminal behavior
comes from within the person and stems from the ideation of the individual. In spite of the so-called
educated attempts to explain such behavior, we are left with the individual who decided he or she was
going to do exactly as he or she pleased with the lives of other people. In law enforcement, as a branch of
criminology, we are continually distracted with the academic thought processes that try to explain away the
criminal behavior. Policing takes the theoretical and applies the practical necessities of solution.
Along these lines of reasoning, we need to keep in mind that the fact that a criminal has committed a
criminal act is not representative of behavior that suddenly happened. Such behavior is not “in the heat of
passion” or “a sudden uncontrolled impulse”. Criminals do not instantly commit criminal acts upon
reaching adulthood. They plan their acts according to what they feel they want. They are determined get
their way regardless of others. Often, the uninformed citizenry, the politician and others who should know
better, upon learning of bizarre criminal behavior, tends to ask why such a tragedy occurred. The
mainstream news media is very good at stirring up such mindless and often stupid questions in a few sound
bites. Then, over the next week or so, news reports will continue to carry the same story over and over
until they can be distracted by the next incident. Part of this “questioning of why” is the result of simple-
minded thinking that does not want to believe that criminals are capable of the most heinous and horrific
acts of violence against others. More often that not, we have a very short memory when it comes to the
history of human behavior through the centuries. Another part of the “public-news media mindset” is the
thinking that everyone is basically good. And, as the mindset goes, if given a chance and the right
opportunities, everyone will do the “right thing”. Nothing could be further from the truth when it comes to
human behavior in the exercise of free will. This is essential to investigating criminal behavior.
If you hold this viewpoint of the innate goodness of all human beings on the face of the earth, you will
always be disappointed in human behavior. Some public officials fall for this sociological trap. Many
times, in the aftermath of a gross tragedy, public effort is made to tie in the perpetrators past. In the
process, behavior is explained away in far too simplistic terms. The incident is seen as somehow abnormal
and out of the scheme of human behavior. Excuses abound and criminal behavior theory is typically
pronounced in ways that are childishly erroneous. The general focus tends to be on mitigating the criminal
behavior by looking at factors or influences external to the individual. As such, criminal behavior theory
tends to revolve around therapeutic intervention, rehabilitation strategies and socio-political policy.
Most of this fails through major fallacies of logic and conclusions not based in the facts of the case. Much
energy is often expended after the fact in pursuit of nebulous notions about criminal behavior. Instead of
assessing the inappropriate choices people have the freedom to make, the external environment is examined
to “justify” the aberrant behavior and otherwise excuse the grotesque act of violence. The criminal escapes
accountability and responsibility for his or her behavior and thereby promotes acts of evil. Various
“experts”, from academicians to public officials often present an array of excuses for criminal behavior.
Among public officials, police administrators, who ought to know better, sometimes join forces with
“expert excusers” and spout off an assortment of not so well-defined reasons why someone committed a
crime. In very broad general terms, excuses usually involve the following notions:
1. Poor social conditions (poverty, circumstances vs. choices), or the “socio-economic excuse”;
2. Ineffective parents (role model vs. personal agenda), or the “blame the parents excuse”);
3. Abuse (internalizing the abusive behavior and then acting out vs. accepting responsibility), or the
“I was abused, therefore I’m destined to abuse you” excuse;
4. Environmental influences (e.g. “peer pressure”, “others are doing it”, guilt by association, crime in
the schools, violence in the media, etc, vs. controlling personal behavior), or the “blame
everything else but me” excuse;
5. Biological factors (the “born” criminal, genetic predisposition), or the “my genes made me do it”
excuse;
6. Cultural factors (different countries, different norms and social conditions), or the “I didn’t
understand the laws in this country” excuse;
The “cultural factors” difference excuse can sometimes be found in the news media.
Reporters, who ought to know better, but don’t really want to do a lot of research, or spend the time and
effort thinking through the causative factors, cut corners in reporting. Illegal immigrants (a key word here
is “illegal”) are sometimes excused because they “just didn’t know” what the laws were in the U.S. As a
result, they may have blown up a building, committed murder or carried out a kidnapping. The front-page
headline might even question whether or not a crime has been committed, as opposed to a
misunderstanding of cultural differences.2
2
Sarasota Herald Tribune, an article entitled “”Crime or Cultural Collision?”, by Bart Pfankuch and Lisa Rab, Sunday, May 1, 2005,
(Sarasota: Multimedia Publications, 2005), page 1;
No doubt the list of excuses could be subdivided and probably others could be added to the list. It is
arguable that some of these items could be influential, but they are by no means definitive in determining
choices, actions and behaviors that we carry out every day of our lives. Some might argue, for example,
the “peer pressure”, or being “picked on” in school could be precursors to criminal behavior. Yet, in realty,
we all face “peer pressure” in just about every aspect of our lives, from birth to retirement and every stage
in between. What remains essential to the investigative processes and final sanction of the criminal justice
system is what was in the mind of the person who committed the crime. In reference to the so-called
“genetic predisposition”, there is no credible evidence of a link between criminal behavior and a person’s
genetic code. All the theories of modern times seek to offer explanations. Unfortunately, they all fall short
of anything definitive.
Many contemporary criminologists allow themselves to be seduced by clever and deceptive reasons for
criminal behavior that simply do not explain anything substantial. Such theories are based on fallacies of
inference, which lead to illogical conclusions. Anyone can make up anything about anyone and make it
sound academic and scientific.
However, in the real world of law enforcement, criminals continue to commit heinous acts of violence
and destruction, regardless of which theory is popular. Instead, errors in thinking are at the core of criminal
behavior. Those errors relate to bad decision making in terms of individual choices. A couple of key
points should be considered:
1. A person’s personal history in terms of obstacles and challenges do not condemn them to a life of
crime. People are not predestined to be criminals. They simply make choices based on personal
self interests. Criminals commit crimes because that’s what they want to do. Motives are
essentially self-generated.
2. Any theorist can make up any theory of criminal behavior and base it on just about anything in a
person’s background, personal experiences and so forth. To naively assert that all people are
basically good, does not adequately explain the capacity for evil. Bad behavior obviously comes
from somewhere. Each person has decision making capabilities. As such, he or she can choose
good or evil.
3. A frequent argument is that substance abusers commit crimes in order to get more of the substance
of choice. This is an example of a flawed argument and poor excuse for criminal behavior.
Criminals take substances in order to build up the confidence to carry out the crime. They were
criminals before the fact. That is, they committed crimes before becoming substance abusers.
4. Criminals commit crimes because that is what they want to do. In the criminal mindset, you have
something they want. And, as far as they are concerned, whatever “it” is that you have, really
belongs to them.
5. For researchers who think it’s a neat idea to interview criminals in jails or prisons, warning signals
should go off. Criminals will tell you whatever you want to know. They’re happy to share their
thoughts about crime causation.
6. It is too simple-minded to think that all of a sudden someone decides to commit a crime. Crimes
are part of thought processes and extend into action as a result of pre-planning. There is no such
thing as an “out of character” crime.
7. Unfortunately, some practitioners, academics, politicians and reporters sometimes conduct a
public role reversal for the criminal. After some heinous act, the criminal suddenly is transformed
into a “victim”.
Perhaps, we as the public see the criminal as a mirror reflection of our inner selves, and that is simply
too repugnant to accept at face value. As a result, we tend to blame the victim and find excuses for the
criminal. Could this account for making a “hero” out of the criminal? Could this also be a reason why
those of us who allege our religious convictions suddenly call for “forgiving” the criminal?
Forgiveness is one thing, moral retribution is yet another. Maybe we’re just not smart enough to pick up
on the fact that the criminal is playing us with one of his or her “con” games. In addition to the seven
points for pondering, others could easily be added to the list to debunk all the stressed notions of criminal
behavior. Criminals do not respect personal boundaries or property rights. Gender, race, ethnicity or
socio-economic status is of little concern to them. They conduct themselves in accordance with their
particular personality. Stress, while influential and no excuse for criminal behavior, may serve as a
mechanism by which the true personality surfaces. Addictions, likewise, may be used by the criminal to
open the door to more dangerous forms of behavior.
Criminal behavior is not a disease that is contracted by living within the social context of human
interaction. Such behavior is not like the common cold. You don’t “catch criminal behavior” from
criminals. Criminals create criminal behavior to satisfy their selfish wants and desires regardless of who
gets in the way. You simply create it out of your unique ideology. It cannot be reduced to simplistic
assertions about a criminal’s psychological, biological or sociological characteristics. Such theoretical
constructs, no matter how convincing, ignore environmental opportunities associated with personal
behavioral choices. In the modern context of academia, there is a great inability to definitively determine
the true nature of criminal behavior. Yet, in spite of this shortcoming in the field of the social sciences, a
number of causation theories persist. Many assertions about criminal behavior go without question or
careful analysis. All the theories tend to be spin-offs of basically two historic approaches to criminal
behavior, dating back at least to the eighteenth century. Essentially, the debate revolves around the classic
dichotomy between the historic views of criminal behavior. These fundamental viewpoints stem from the
way by which we view the criminal within society. The discussion includes the positivistic school of
thought versus the classical school of thought. Generally, speaking the Positive School of Thought (PST),
and there are many versions of this today, focuses on the individual with an aim toward reform and
rehabilitation. By contrast, the Classical School of Thought (CST) focuses on the rule of law and asserts
that people have free will to make choices about their actions. CST addresses issues of accountability,
responsibility, as well as the ways and means to prevent criminal behavior. PST, on the other hand, does
not necessarily see the law as a way by which people can be controlled.
As a theory of criminology, PST prefers the rule of people over the rule of the law. It asserts a sense of
“scientific determinism”, and seeks to apply the “scientific method” to criminal behavior. PST continues in
various manifestations today which assert biological, psychological and sociology causations that
predispose the individual to criminal behavior. CST advocates a position that suggests people are
responsible for their actions and must be held accountable. From this view comes the assertion that there is
an aspect of moral blameworthiness to the commission of unlawful acts. Punishment, with regard to the
CST, must be sure, swift and certain in order to have the appropriate impact on the individual.3 If only this
were the case. Punishment is typically just the opposite in so-called modern societies. Our system of
dealing with criminal behavior is a mixed bag of tricks, encompassing a variety of approaches and
strategies, most of which is not successful in implementation.
From the classical perspective, criminals are criminals because that is what they choose to do. They
think about it, look for opportunities, assess the consequences, make plans and then they do it. Criminal
behavior is the result of choosing what is in “the best interest” of the criminal for selfish personal gain.
This naturally collides with any of the PST versions that would immediately complain about all the
hardships the criminal experienced through life. Attacking the CST view, the argument probably would
suggest that there are things outside the criminal’s control that predisposes him or her to commit the
criminal actions. Sometimes, we even blame the victim so that the criminal is relieved of the
responsibility. The challenge for the law enforcement community is to rethink the basic notions of why
people commit crimes. And, while this restructuring of the mind-set is taking place, it is essential to pursue
the skills, tactics, techniques and technology to bring about problem-solving processes. Crime and
corruption rips across the fabric of each layer of the community. To strike back against such challenges,
law enforcement must lead the way through visionary strategies and innovative actions. Each member of
the organization must be utilized more efficiently and effectively. Law enforcement administrators must
transform into daring leaders as opposed to just managers of police organizations. In addition, as agency
chief administrators, they need to stop pandering to special interests and trying to remain “politically
correct”. Law enforcement criminal intervention strategies are not for the “faint of heart”. Bold, daring
and imaginative police actions that are clever and creative are needed in every aspect of police operations.
Police leaders need to focus on giving their officers every possible training, tool, technology, and so on,
to do their job as professional real-world practitioners. Successful agencies will invest significant resources
into their patrol force as the first line of defense to interdict criminal behavior. Forensic sciences will also
play a key role in the modern successful police agency, along with training and education of the officers
and staff. Criminals commit crimes because that is what they do. Of course, there are numerous excuses
for such behavior that many so called “experts” would assert. Yet, behind every criminal act, there is a
criminal with unique motives for doing the act. Criminals leave physical and psychological clues behind
every time they commit a criminal act. The skill of the art is to figure out the clues. Follow the evidence.
3
Jeffery, C.R., Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1971) pages 18 – 33);
Chapter 2: Assessing the Criminal Mind – Why People Commit Crimes:
Profiling has become the latest fad affecting the criminal justice system. Such efforts are not perfect be
all and end all techniques for solving crimes and identifying criminals. Assessing criminal behavior is
simply one more tool or weapon, in the law enforcement inventory. There is no magic or special voodoo
that goes along with such endeavors. Combined with other law enforcement strategies and tactics, such
assessment assists in helping define the investigative process a little further.
More to the point though, people commit crimes because they want to. So, now with that issue settled,
its time to focus on whom they are, what they do, and how do we catch them. Humans propagate violence
in various forms, from the mental to the physical, as well as anything else the mind can conjure up. Some
control their violence potential and other do not. People experience a range of physical and psychological
abuse. Yet, the vast majority does not commit heinous acts of deviance from what is normally expected in
modern society. Given the state of human nature, anything is possible. No matter what, people are capable
under certain circumstances of committing the most horrendous acts imaginable. The objective then, is to
devise ways, means, tactics and techniques to interdict at some point in the criminal’s activities. The
proper training (education and skill development), tools, tactics, techniques are essential for modern law
enforcement operations. And, the investigator, in the application of his or her capabilities, must be
prepared to deal with the most bizarre possibilities. Those who do not control themselves may carry out all
manner of depravity against other people, animals and objects. The ones who choose to become criminals
adapt a style to their handiwork and develop patterns that go along with their motives. They plan, practice
and implement a strategy of action designed to coincide with their own particular uniqueness and thinking
patterns. Criminals act out their fantasies and predilections through a variety of expressions. These may be
‘written’ upon the crime scene template. Minute traces of the perpetrator’s presence may have been left
behind as an indelible impression. The initial trek toward an assessment in the aftermath of a criminal act
begins with arriving on the scene and thinking. From this point, collecting and analyzing evidence, as part
of the crime scene development protocols, continues the process. It is a continuum of a mind-set devoted
to problem-solving in a very real sense provides the basis for a hypothesis or theory of the case. Naturally,
protection of the crime scene is of the utmost importance in all cases. And, no small piece of the puzzle is
too insignificant to be overlooked, as long as you distinguish its relevance. The investigator tries to apply
the full-range of his or her mental faculties and sensory awareness to visualize and think through the series
of events that took place. Information gathering becomes crucial to fact finding. The basis for developing
the investigative foundation falls upon the classic basic formula of the ‘5WHAT’, or Who, What, Where,
When, Why, How and Action Taken. As such, this formative development receives its building blocks
from an information development process which includes data from: Interview/Interrogations,
Identification, and Instrumentation (forensics, criminalistics, etc). The instrumentation aspect is important.
Don’t misunderstand the intention here. Scientific aspects of criminal investigation are critical. Yet, they
are only as good as the investigators who use or otherwise employ the unique range of forensic tools.
Nothing should ever replace the value of creative and critical thinking skills that require a significant
degree of logic. Such efforts must also be tempered by an appreciation for the extreme possibilities of
bizarre human behavior. Good cops should know that people, given the right conditions and
circumstances, are constrained only by the stretches of their imagination.
A cause-effect relationship of realistic certainties is structured in a flexible thinking format. The
investigative mind-set must be open to new information and follow a logical framework of thought and
action. In order to discern the chain of events and ultimately solve the case, a rigid close-minded thinking
capacity must be avoided. In short, logical deduction (or, abduction if one prefers) in every case at hand,
should be supported and reinforced by competent forensic analysis. To this, add well-trained and
experienced skill levels. Plus, all available resources must be provided to ensure discovery of evidentiary
facts to prove the truth. In short, problem-solving must be ensured by a wide-range of supportive
infrastructure resources. Investigative skills and abilities must be advanced through effective education and
training of an ongoing nature. We can learn something every day.
At the basic recruit, law enforcement and correctional training level, entry level officers should be
instructed in a wide range of criminological issues. They should be taught about the various aspects of
criminal behavior and the various associated criminological issues. Yet, warm and fuzzy feel-good
curricula have failed to advance the professionalism so greatly needed in the field of criminology. Political
agendas have aided in the “dumbing down” of the educational and training process. What we often find in
the realm of training can be characterized as a “kinder and gentler” approach to dealing with criminological
issues. Criminal behavior cannot be adequately assessed or dealt with, unless first responders receive
highly advanced training components, coupled with exceptional resources. Simply stated, we get what we
pay for. And, at the present time, from a training perspective, we are not advancing very fast. Instead, we
might be going backwards. The field of forensics, along with a few good cops, may be the only aspects
that keep our criminal justice system from completely collapsing. Collectively, on a national scope, we
simply do not cultivate a high level of professional expertise in the field of criminology. Law enforcement
is one of the most important pillars of the three main branches of the field (crime prevention, penology and
the law). But, academia (the college environment) mainly teaches theory and not practical application. A
significant number of “clinicians”, special interest groups, bureaucrats and politicians have adversely
affected the law enforcement training and education process. Often, we see a predilection toward quantity
versus quality in recruitment and retention of competent personnel. And, many police academies fail to
insist upon high standards for admission. As police administrators, we often say what is “politically
correct”, as opposed to what really needs to be said about criminals and the crimes they commit. At the
same time, as cops, we often accept things at “face value”, without looking further at patterns of behavior
and lifestyle choices. Sometimes, we are quick to accept the latest psychological or sociological
interpretation of why someone did a certain act. We do this without pursuing seriously probing questions
beyond the news reports. This broad generalization is directed toward present and subsequent generations
(post “baby boomers”) entering the field of law enforcement (criminology).
Do not misconstrue what has just been said. There are many outstanding, dedicated and hard-working
veteran street cops and detectives valiantly serving the public at the state and local levels. Their tireless
and faithful efforts prove the value of experienced local law enforcement officers who are the real
practitioners of the field of criminology.
The neat scientific surgical precision found within the walls of the crime lab, or the medical examiners
office, do not work the same way in dealing with people outside a controlled environment. From a
criminological perspective, viewed from a human behavior standpoint, the “scientific method”, or models
proposed by alleged “clinicians” often cloud the issues related to criminal activity. A so called “scientific
approach”, such as the excitement over “profiling”, can only provide helpful guidelines as working tools to
other strategies in the investigative process. A good investigator will prefer to rely on experience,
education, training and skill level. These aspects, coupled with practiced intuitive ability offer greater
possibilities in problem solving and decision-making. For instance, what do your senses tell you? What
does your ‘intuitive decision making system’ reveal? Important questions need to be asked over and over
until the pieces fit together. For instance, we want to know: What the evidence says (today, tomorrow, the
next day, the day after that, on so on)? What the victims/witnesses/complainants say? What the suspects
say? What is the truth and how do we know? Whose got the information and how do we get it? This goes
on an on as part of a process whereby we think in a rational manner to assess the range of variables relevant
to the issues at hand. In this regard, the following checklist is only suggestive and not all inclusive.
Modus operandi or method of operation (M.O.) is highly personal and selective for each person. To
assess the potential for criminal behavior, we need only look into our own minds. Criminals are people just
like us. If we look in the mirror, we can discern what criminals are thinking. The only difference between
the so called “law abiding citizen” and the criminal, is the “law abiding citizen” decides not to commit a
crime. In discerning an approach to the assessment of criminal behavior a few key factors may be
considered:4
Basically, people commit crimes for personal gain, either for mental or material reasons:
Personal relationships – Background history and personal sketch assessment
Business interests – Commercial interactions
Political associations – Community activities
Emotional-mental proclivities and inclinations, beliefs/philosophical pursuits
Combination of Risk versus Gain, Opportunity, Desire and Ability
There is no single best process of reasoning so long as the correct results are achieved:
Deductive versus Inductive Reasoning – Logic, reason and rationality
Alternative logical approaches – Critical Thinking/Practical Assessments
Every possible relevant aspect of the incident must be critically reviewed:
Time, date, location, persons involved – Reality versus Fantasy
Relationships, psychological history, “Love or Money” – Fact or Fiction
4
O’Hara, C. E., Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation, Sixth Edition, (Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1994) pages 22-
23;
Physical evidence – circumstantial evidence – forensic applications

An eye for detail is essential to the investigative continuum:
Observations and perceptions
Intuitive decision making
Critical thinking skills
Interviews and Interrogation – Body language assessment, verbal skills, word usage,
facial expressions, eye movements, etc.
Laborious, methodical and comprehensive collection of evidentiary data:
Crime scene searches – physical evidence
Complainants, witnesses, victims and suspects
Information – Identification – Instrumentation
Forensic analyses – bag it, tag it, analyze it…
Tools – Tactics – Techniques
Proper planning prevents poor performance
Methods of Operation – Modus Operandi – Habits – Techniques – Behaviors:
Personality and behavioral descriptors
Crime scene arrangement
Witness, victims testimony
Background of victim and type of crime committed
Physical evidence available
Why people commit crimes is a fundamental question, but the ‘what’ is more critical. Once we know
the what, then we can close in on the ‘who’. Some simplistic approaches, as in criminal profiling, tend to
be vague, general and very broadly interpreted. What is necessary for practical law enforcement is a
process that is more scientific and definitive. This involves a comprehensive reconstruction of the criminal
incident that took place. The focus of solving the crime should revolve around what happened at the scene,
who was involved and what was the target. People do things for a reason. Discerning what the reason was
is crucial. There can always be hidden motives, personal agendas, and complex relationships. Sometimes,
this process is called “crime scene reconstruction”. And, it goes hand in hand with crime analysis and
forensics. Or, the assessment of patterns, behaviors and techniques used to commit similar types of crimes.
In this case, the term “profiling” becomes misleading. What should occur in the investigative process
should be a blending of crime scene reconstruction, forensic analyses, and criminal behavior assessment.
This becomes a multi-faceted continuum in which deductive reasoning attempts to collate as much data as
possible. From such reasoning, it becomes probable that an M.O. of the perpetrator can emerge.
Deduction strives toward an understanding of physical evidence, behavioral activities and what happened at
the scene of the crime. Why a person commits a specific type of crime depends on their internal motivation
for the intent. Plus, the person also possesses certain abilities to commit a certain type of crime. Abilities,
coupled with opportunities, become the basis for their choice in commission of the crime.
Understanding the criminal’s motives for intent concerns an analysis of his or her behavior before,
during and after the crime. Thought processes, decision-making capacity and implementation strategy are
part of this deductive process. The ‘why’ of criminal behavior is difficult to find in the inner structure of
the human mind. As a way to understand and discern the proclivities of such inclinations, the discipline of
criminology must evolve. Criminology, by necessity, is an interdisciplinary field of study. This realm of
balancing theory and practice with the real world draws from many areas within the so called social
sciences. Criminology is pseudo-scientific and not foolproof. It is called “pseudo-scientific” because it is
not scientific in the same sense as the natural sciences. Therefore, the answer to the question ‘why do
people commit crimes’ is based on subjective conclusions. We will never know the ultimate answer.
However, we can come close in some cases, when we focus on the evidence. The study of criminal
behavior requires real world experience, support by education, training and wisdom. Criminology is a
blending of both art and science to the extent probable in dealing with human behavior. Solutions to acts of
criminal behavior remain pretty basic in terms of approach. That is, much hard work and critical thinking
are required in order to be an effective sleuth in the realm of practical criminology.
The field of inquiry known as criminology only makes efforts to replicate the realm of science. And,
when it comes to applying scientific methods to criminal behavior things become spurious and confusing.
Science is greatly helpful in the more narrow application of forensics to crime scenes and the analysis of
physical evidence. Yet, when it comes to human behavior, motives, intentions and actions, criminology
falls short of scientific accuracy. In terms of hard fixed rules of predictability and certainty, the reasons
why people do things remains elusive. Sociology, psychology, penology and so forth, can only offer
tentative guidelines. These endeavors offer a useful mix to the field of criminology. They are at best art
forms attempting to apply scientific methods. But, they remain sometimes deceptive and misguided in their
attempts to predict criminal behavior. Never underestimate the ability of academicians to make up a good
story. Academia can foster a myriad of misguided theoretical constructions.
Success in dealing with criminal behavior requires competent use of the criminology practitioner. He or
she is actively engaged in the law enforcement or corrections realm. It is from the posture of experience
and reality in dealing with human problems that answers will be found. The police officer or the
corrections officer deals with criminal problems every day. He or she confronts a range of sociological and
psychological issues in his or her daily encounters with people. The police officer is on the cutting edge of
realistic criminological perspectives. This is the realm of the true or authentic criminological practitioner.
Most academicians have never seen the inside of a patrol car, or worked in a jail. Police officers operate in
a mobile field office of inquiry, where knowledge, skill, and competence are tested every day. It is not the
narrow world of academia, but the concrete jungle of mortal combat, where life and death struggles can be
deadly. They engage the decision-making process in a matter of seconds. This is a domain of deviant
opportunity sub-worlds. There exists here a diversity of cultural experiences and modes of expression.
The police officer deals with a host of criminological issues every day. Most theorists do not. Within this
world, law enforcement officers come to realize people make conscious decisions.
People willfully disobey authorized sanctions of society in general and the community in particular.
Criminals weigh the balance between gain and risk, and subsequently decide a course of action contrary to
accepted standards of civil conduct. From the beginning to the end of their “careers” in life, the criminal
makes a series of choices. Such decision-making becomes the basis of criminal behavior. And, such
actions taken become the basis for the existence of crime in our society. The choices that criminals make
are free-will exercises of thought and action. People at each level of the socioeconomic structure of society
make choices. Crimes and criminal behavior exist at all levels of society. Criminal behavior spans the
spectrum from property crimes to crimes against other people. At some point in time, a person plans the
nature and extent to which he or she will commit a crime. The orientation to criminal behavior balances
pain versus pleasure in the calculation of the act to be carried out. Education, knowledge, personal
preference, opportunity, ability and gain potential enter into this mix of criminal decision-making. Once a
target is selected, they freely choose to commit these acts contrary to what society has established as lawful
behavior. Moral, ethical and legal constraints are violated in order to satisfy personal gain issues. Such
behavior runs against what the federal, state and local governments have specified in respective statutes and
ordinances. Aside from the “normal” affinity for personal self-interest, criminals tend to unleash their inner
selfishness to a significant degree. While such childhood preoccupations are part of the growing process,
carrying them over into adult-like behavior is potentially dangerous to others. In the end, we all decide to
submit to some form of authority, belief system and other means of behavioral control. People who
commit crimes have decided they don’t have to follow specific rules.5
In order to discover the ways and means by which a person violates the rules, careful attention to detail
is required. It means being able to see, observe and perceive the circumstances involved in the crime
committed. The process entails the capacity to understand the subtle inconsistencies in human behavior.
All people are dysfunctional at one level or another. We all hide behind a mask of deception. Peering
behind that mask calls for exceptional capabilities on the part of the investigator. The practical aspects of
criminology focus on what does and does not work in the real world. Such efforts also concern the ability
to read people, places and things. This relates to their connectivity to the chain of events that transpired. In
order for the “crime fighters”, or the practitioners of criminology, to be successful, there must be a solid
political and resource commitment for such endeavors.
Practical, real-world oriented criminology focuses on how to control, detect and solve the occurrence of
criminal activity. Investigations should become more of a “why done it” as opposed to a “who done it”.
Knowing the “why” sets the stage for solution. Practitioners seek the ways, the means and the resources to
get the job done. Theories of criminology must extend beyond the classrooms of academia to the real-
world applications. This is where they either work or they don’t. Understanding the “why” of human
behavior leads to who did it.
5
Peck, M. S., People of the Lie: The Hope for Healing Human Evil, (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1983) pages 77-
78;
Simply stated, people commit crimes because they think they can get away with it. They leave
signatures on the crime scene, physically, mentally and emotionally. Criminals cannot hide their behavior
for very long. Crimes are committed by people who make choices. Choices go a long way toward
explaining motives and intentions. The choices they make to commit a crime are for the purposes of
personal gain at the expense of others. The commission of a crime is not based on one’s heritage, national
origin, genetics, social status, physical or psychological state of mind or any other such notions. Criminal
behavior is an expression of personal desire, inclination and ability. Ability often relates to education.
White collar criminals tend to be better educated in relation to the types of crimes they commit. That is, the
higher the academic education, coupled with the environmental circumstances, the more sophisticated the
crime is likely to be (e.g. embezzlement, fraud, etc). They commit crimes because they do not have the
courage to face the realities of everyday living. The suggestions that crime is the result of some “physical
type”, “psychological type”, “social disorganization” or “class struggle”, harkens backward to misguided
notions of human behavior. Those centuries are long past. Such are non-scientific theoretical constructs,
which cannot be proven beyond all the variables of possible consideration. They basically become the
“SWAG” method of human behavior – a “Scientifically Wild Ass Guess”. At best, they are speculations of
wishful thinking. By contrast, people commit acts of criminal behavior basically because they want to
commit crimes. They commit crimes as a function of their own ability, desire and opportunity to become
involved in criminal behavior. Like everyone else, criminals exercise their own free will.
Criminals think, therefore, they are. Or, we all think, but most of us control ourselves. The modern
attempts to “rehabilitate” the criminal have only led to the weakening of the law enforcement
infrastructure. Weakening the criminal justice system has only made it more difficult to have something
called “justice” in a system. Efforts to minimize or otherwise mitigate a crime has profoundly affected the
“crime fighting” efforts of the practitioners, the cops and corrections officers. All too often crime control
strategies have been influenced by theoretical interferences. This comes mostly from outside the
practitioner’s realm. Sometimes, agency administrators, pretending to be politicians, acquiesce to the
“rehab the victim-criminal” mindset. Some pander to special interest groups. Crime prevention suffers.
By contrast, crime fighting should focus on prevention, apprehension, prosecution and subsequently re-
education. It should direct an attack from the posture of the rule of law, as opposed to the rule of excuse.
Law enforcement agencies should be a powerful striking force against criminal behavior. Unfortunately,
local governments don’t always want to fund the law enforcement function at sufficient levels. Key points,
when addressing issues of motive, include, but are not limited to, the following: criminals commit crimes
because that is what they chose to do; criminals are not victims of society; criminals are morally
responsible for their actions; there is such a thing as free will and freedom of choice; criminal acts should
be well defined by statute; ethics and morality should be valued greatly; punishment should be quick,
efficient, effective and precise.6
6
Jeffery, C., Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1971), pg 33;
The grim reality of what is a good person and what is a bad person is sometimes deceptive. Everyone
shares a commonality of potential criminal behavior. Our thoughts are not always known to others. Our
personal desire for some kind of gain may never be recognized outside our own thinking. Thinking
precedes the actions. People’s motives are hidden. Each day, we display at least two kinds of faces. One
is our inner self. The other is what we show on the outside. There may even be other aspects of us not
showing. Personal agendas are not fully revealed. We get only partial glimpses of the true person at any
given time. All of us hide behind a mask of who we really are on the inside. The mystery is through the
looking glass in the reflection of our lives. Part of the reflection is the motive for the things people do.
Intentions guide implementation of various actions, which eventually touch the lives of others. In
touching others with certain acts, crimes may be committed. Personal boundaries may be violated in rough
and ruthless ways. Criminal behavior affects all of us in one way or another. We tend to think about such
possibilities in our daily encounters. On occasion, our thinking is simplistic. At other times, it may be more
complex. Victimization may be real and frightening. Most of us, outside the criminal justice system, may
have limited insights or conceptions about the nature and extent of criminal victimization. But, we tend to
assess our potential victimization in different ways. On different levels, we may consider the possibility of
fraud, theft, vandalism, burglary, robbery, terrorism, rape, and murder. Various criminal acts may cross our
minds from time to time. We may think about our potential victimization depending on where we are, what
we are doing or where we are going. Motives are at work constantly.
From a law enforcement perspective, strategic tactics require long-term crime control planning. To
this, there must also be proactive organizing, implementing and containing efforts that effectively deal with
criminal behavior. The tactical focus must include a broad range of artful and scientific activities at
multiple levels of delivery. Criminal sanctions must be executed with sure and certain swiftness by
shrewdly clever police personnel. Criminal behavior will not be seriously interdicted by focusing on the
person rather than the incident. Nor will it be dealt with by hiring under-trained, undereducated and
unskilled personnel. High standards of admission, recruitment, training and so forth are essential in the
criminal justice field.
There are too many spurious ideas and nebulous notions about why people commit crimes. Likewise,
there are too many preoccupations with quick and easy solutions. Too often, fads fuel fictitious follies
about crime solutions. Profiling and psychic detectives are a few of these notions. The hard work of
serious policing often goes unnoticed by entertainment orientation news media. As such, tools, tactics and
techniques get lost in sound bites. Too often, such antics only reward the criminal and punish the victims
over again. High profile proactive strategies that are efficient and effective are more important than the so-
called rehabilitation efforts. Instead, a more practical approach is the realization of the criminal’s self-
centered behavior. Realistic understanding of why people commit crimes is vital to crime prevention
efforts. Practical criminology is more concerned with calculated manipulation of the skills and resources
necessary for reducing criminal opportunities. Real-world oriented criminologists seek to explore those
workable actions required to get the job done.
Chapter 3: The Human Sexual Dimension:

Motivation is at the core of the essence of what we do. Motives define actions. Intentions stem from
the motives, and, subsequently we search for opportunities. Desire for an opportunity becomes more
focused. When an opportunity is found, our individual abilities support our efforts to obtain the objective.
In a sense, we know exactly what we are doing. If our actions are contrary to public law, social convention
or cultural expectation, we invent cover stories. By various manipulations or sleight of hand, we attempt to
cloak our actions. Cover, concealment and camouflage help us distract and deflect the behavioral
revelation. Motivation is the desire to carry out certain acts. Some of these acts result in criminal behavior.
They are the product of our own self-interests. A person produces the end result of his or her motivation.
Anger, revenge, and retaliation are simple examples of the fabric by which we pursue our central
motivations. Good and evil are bound to each other, struggling within the psyche of every person. The
common thread of motivation runs through us all. Temperament, personality and early history may be
parts of influential aspects within our decision-making guidance system. Deciding which path to take, one
good or one bad, is a matter of personal freedom. Which path feels better? Which way is the path of least
resistance? We pursue a direction depending upon the satisfaction derived. Does the pleasure outweigh the
pain? But, bottom-line, all of us are affected by the central impetus of motivation.7
Free-will is a clever thing. Making the right decision is a challenging task. Most of the time, we do the
right thing. Sometimes, we choose otherwise. We don’t always choose wisely. It is an interesting human
design component. Having the freedom to decide how to behave becomes fundamental to our motives.
Individual peculiarities vary from one person to the next. We strive to be smart. Yet, there are occasions
when we act really stupid. Regardless, we made the final decision. Some utilize their personal motivations
to do extraordinary things of a positive nature. Others, decide a life of crime, either full-time or part-time,
is preferred to something more constructive. Pursuing criminal behavior results in others being victimized.
The delicate balance between good and bad behavior becomes one of choice. Decision-making, self-interest
and personal gain are part of this equation. Human behavior, and by extension, human sexuality, is an end
result of thinking processes. Sexuality is often connected to obsession. Obsessions are very motivating.
Criminal behavior and the sexual dimension that influences the violation of public law, stem from
individual thoughts, desires and ideas. From a common sense perspective, it would seem to be relevant that
our sexual inclinations are influential in the things we do. Sex is something everyone thinks about.
Whether or not we will honestly admit we think about it, is of course another issue. We have a “public”
self and a “private” self. One is revealed and one is hidden. All actions taken within the course of our
daily routines is the byproduct of thought. Actions are predicated upon ideations, which stem from both the
revealed and the hidden. We think about it, and then we decide whether or not to do it. No amount of
politics, legislation or theoretical speculation will ever change the fact that we make choices.
7
Hillman, J., The Soul’s Code: In Search of Character and Calling, (New York: Warner Books, 1996) page 27;
When it comes to human beings, who is to be trusted? What are their motives? And, to what extent will
they go to satisfy their intentions? Or, desires? Anything is possible. Myth, magic and metaphor merge
within the inner workings of the human mind. Beyond absolute comprehension, no one can know for sure
what lurks in the thoughts of others. Every possible imagined form of debasement and debauchery are
within this realm. The enormous capabilities of the human mind defy easy interpretation or definition.
Behavioral profiling, for instance, can only scratch the surface in identifying a “who done it”. Like the tip
of ice berg, human nature is large and expansive. Using various tactics, tools and techniques, as
investigators, we can only go so far. We simply penetrate to some degree the potential of what someone
has done to others. Everyone is capable, given specific conditions, circumstances and provocations, of
doing anything. The degree to which we can go to inflict devilish horrors is limited only by the
imagination. The more depraved or sexually sordid the crime, the more we question the perpetrator’s
mental state. Yet, sanity, when it comes to crime, is not the central issue. Criminals rape, torture and
brutalize their victims mentally, physically and spiritually. That is the game of the criminal in order to
commit crimes, fool officials and claim some form of mental illness. Eventually, courts consider the
criminals “mentally disordered”. They get assigned to hospitals instead of prisons. In a short time, they get
out, supposedly cured, but not really. By judicial decree, the criminals become the victims. The real
victims become forgotten.8
Deviance and sex crimes are areas of important investigative concern. What is deviance? What is
abnormal? Today, these terms cannot be easily defined. To law enforcement, in order for an investigation
to occur, a crime must be committed. Perhaps for simplicity sake, we can say deviance of a sexual nature
relates to the commission of a criminal act. Deviant behavior, which departs from social and cultural
norms in a given community, may set the stage for a crime, as one may lead to the other. Issues of
deviance are a highly debatable matter. In contemporary modern American society, much freedom of
expression is allowed. The question of what is deviant and what is normal can be argued from several
different directions. To conceptualize “deviance” as a criminological issue, it is probable to contrast it
alongside that which is described as a “norm”. Norms reflect what society believes are “normal” ways of
behaving, acting and relating. These are held to exist in common ordinary matters of interpersonal activity.
Again, we tolerate a lot. Yet, we often express much inhibition in our relationships. Such things fall within
the prevue of the sanctity of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. That’s a good thing. They are
the generally accepted modes of exhibiting what is proper and desirable in a society. They customarily
characterize that which reflects good taste and respectability. Sometimes, legally prescribed acts of human
behavior may fall within a statutory definition, such as sexual battery. Aside from a legal definition, a
deviation from the norm could be acceptable depending on the circumstances. The activity may influence
the community in certain ways, either positive or negative. By following such guidelines, members of a
community feel safe and secure. In some ways, this may be a false sense of security.
8
Samenow, S., Inside the Criminal Mind, (New York: Crown Business of Random House, 1984), page 10;
Our sexuality may be a precursor to the underlying motivations toward behavioral choices. More
specifically, there could be a possibility that our psycho-sexual inclinations may influence criminal
behavior. If so, the choice of criminality could be closely linked to the perception of one’s sexual identity.
A person’s choice of criminal activity could be related to internal struggles with the human sexual
dimension. In the inner sanctum of mental aberrations, we potentially conceive all manner of behaviors.
Some of these behaviors might be characterized as sex crimes, sexual deviance or basically just abnormal.
The influential aspect of sexual proclivities may be a potent force in our choices of such behaviors. While
some people may find creative and constructive outlets for this biological pressure of sexual urge, others
may not. That is, other people may find destructive ways to release the internal tension of sexuality.
Everyday, people find outlets to distract the mind from the reality of who they are. This might mean the
workplace, hobbies, arts, crafts, sports, and so forth. Closer to the core of the matter, is that people who
commit crimes make poor choices. Their thinking processes pursue fallacies of relevance from thought to
application in the real world. They make poor decisions. Sexuality could be highly provocative in the
decision-making process. For instance, power, control, domination and manipulation of others appear to be
central themes in the behaviors of the so-called serial killers. As significant motivations, these aspects of
thinking have significant psycho-sexual implications. In all probability, he or she may derive a certain
amount of sensual satisfaction from subsequent media coverage, keeping a record of his or her behaviors,
and reliving the acts committed. The latter part could be intimately connected to the role-play fantasies of
the individual in question.
Such factors cannot be overlooked. All too often, criminal justice administrators, most being politicians,
want quick fixes. They seek fast answers and faster solutions. Generally speaking, case solutions should
assess the totality of the people, places and things involved. The human sexual dimension may be at the
center of the perpetrator’s dysfunctional decision making. Sexual desires, proclivities and inclinations
could be translated into more direct abnormal behavior. On a broader scale, investigative procedures must
be flexible. Preconceived notions, snap judgments and overly generalized profiling may adversely affect
the case in question. Solving crimes requires more than a preoccupation with faddish techniques based on
faulty behavioral assumptions. More likely, a case will be solved because of hard work in the use of a
range of tactics, tools and techniques. Long hours of dedicated police work, supported by community
involvement, are fundamental to the investigative efforts. Many times, crimes are solved by information
provided from the public. Criminal behavior assessment, profiling and other similar processes, should
merge into a simple designation. Crime analysis seems to succinctly suggest such a possibility. So, why
not just call the process – crime analysis. Instead of fancy titles or exciting misleading acronyms,
something more encompassing should suffice. Crime analysis or criminal behavior assessment sounds
workable. Crime analysis becomes the means of combing a number of practices and procedures. This
includes tactics and techniques that focus on the crime. While analyzing the crime and associated crime
scene, hypotheses should be carefully constructed. From a reconstruction of the criminal incident, patterns,
signatures and physical evidence and related cases, the process follows a continuum.
A continuum of thought precedes a course of action. Matters of experimentation follow into a plan
of behavior. The inside comes to the outside in some act or series of actions. Sexuality underscores the
motivational processes. Historically, in this regard, the essential point of human behavior has been stated.
It is not what comes into one’s thinking that is crucial, but what comes out. Exposure to adult
entertainment, for example, does not set the stage for a life of crime. Instead, the life of crime has already
been chosen by the criminal. For people, all manner of aberration are possible. If one thinks about
something long enough, he or she will decide what to do. A person can be exposed to all manner of
deviance and choose not to do deviant acts. Deviance from accepted rules of behavior may raise flags of
concern. The investigation of the commission of a crime, for which there is an underlying sexual
motivation, involves multiple ramifications. These are issues of a psychological nature that delve in the
arena of personal self-centeredness. In today’s world, this comes around to immediate gratification.
Motive and intent stem from needs that reflect a desire to achieve psychological gratification. Sexual
pleasure is derived from the commission of the deviance, which may or may not be defined as a criminal
act. It is fundamentally a basic pursuit of gain over risk to accumulate pleasure. That is weighed in
contemplation of pain versus pleasure. Sometimes, mixed messages of acceptable behavior are sent.
Politicians, appeasing special interests, try to legislate morality. In a legal sense, a sexual offender violates
the established legal code relative to certain acts. With regard to him or her, the community has prohibited
certain forms of behavior. As such, the sexual deviant expresses himself or herself in ways that go outside
lawful social boundaries. By crossing the boundary lines of societal sanctions, the perpetrator comes to the
attention of law enforcement. Investigative efforts then must focus on the motivations behind the acts.
Regardless of definitions, opinions or other alleged expertise, practitioners must realize that people are
basically self-serving. Practitioners are those who do crime fighting tasks. That is, the real work of
criminology. We are selfish and self-seeking in a narcissistic world filled with deviant opportunities. Our
towns, cities and neighborhoods offer rich possibilities to explore and experiment with our fantasies.
Fantasies have a sexual basis. From ideation to actuality, people strive to balance pain versus pleasure, or,
gain versus risk. The necessity of law enforcement functions is essential to this aspect of behavior.
Freedom of choice is fundamental to the human experience. Motives underlie the range of human
inclinations. In the commission of a crime, there is always a motive. It may not be easily discerned
initially. And, certain opinionated “experts” may point to a so-called “sick” personality, but, people do
things for a reason. Later, upon analyzing the crime scene, assessing criminal behavior, the function of
crime analysis emerges with more specificity. As the investigation unfolds, we need to keep in mind that
free will is a reality. Detection, apprehension, re-education/punishment must be sure and swift. The
perpetrator is responsible of his or her acts. There should be no gender bias or any other mitigating excuses
in the application of penal sanctions. People must be held accountable for their action, regardless of who
they are, who they know or how much money they have. That is why Lady Justice wears a blindfold. She
knows that criminal behavior is a thought process that comes from the individual. People become criminals
from their own thinking, not because of anything that society does.
In assessing the motivational factors, a logical approach is necessary. The human sexual dimension
plays an important role in discerning acts of intentional criminality. Motives tend to be connected to the
essential nature of human sexuality. And, the imagination produces the connection that conjures related
images of human desires. In this regard, a process of deduction is perhaps most helpful in the investigative
process. The so-called “Holmesian” eye for detail is crucial. If we look at a crime scene, we must observe
beyond the mere act of seeing. Deduction provides the basis for decision-making. In deductive reasoning,
fallacies of inference or relevance are avoided wherever possible. As humans, we are highly fallible.
Caution is necessary in not thinking too quickly. We must take our time and avoid being judgmental or
overly biased. We have to be careful not to rely too much on statistical averages, general profile and other
aspects that detract from the creative process. In other words, we have to be outside the so-called “box”
looking in. A fallacy of inference or relevance concerns drawing faulty conclusions. These faulty
conclusions follow the fallacies of inference, which are not based on fact or evidence available. Typically,
such constructs of thinking are based more on emotion than reality.
In deduction, in reference to Sherlock Holmes, the preliminary conclusion is drawn from the initial
premise. The premise leads to the conclusion. Overall, the mission is to come down from generalized
assessment to a specific conclusion. In other words, we are developing a preliminary hypothesis of what
happened. A hypothesis may change over time. In fact, it should be updated as necessary when new
information suggests the necessity. Sticking with a “one size fits all” template could prove disastrous.
Standard issue formulas do not always lead to definitive results.
From the preliminary assessment, so to speak, we observe and gather data, analyze it and subsequently
draw conclusions. This is based upon a reconstruction of the crime scene and the physical evidence at hand.
Physical and behavioral patterns are carefully evaluated. Linking the perpetrator to the crime scene is the
major objective of following a logical process. The more specific the case analysis, the closer we get to
solving the crime. Fast track solutions are not always possible. Proactive strategies are essential to case
management. We have to be cautious about standard profiling assessment based on information that is too
broad and general. For instance: 9
Possible Weaknesses in Contemporary Behavioral Analysis

1. the inductive process of reasoning leads to generalized conclusions;
2. case histories tend influence thinking from specific incidents to generalized interpretations;
3. based on statistical studies which produce averages across a broad spectrum of society;
4. reliance on past interviews with criminals who know how to “play the game” during interviews;
5. quick preliminary analysis, with little or no effort, based on generalizations, may be misleading;
6. television portrayals such profiling tend to adversely influence real world applications;
7. too much reliance on past cases could lead to avoiding the specific crime in question;
9
Cooley, C.M., University of New Haven, 9th Annual Educational Conference, Kansas City, Kansas, “Crime Scene
Reconstruction: The Foundation of Behavioral Evidence Analysis”, 2005, CrimeSceneProfiling.Pdf.
What is basic to the notion of deductive reasoning is the conception of criminal behavior. Criminals
pursue their own self ends. They are the ones who cause crime and play out their fantasies given the sexual
basis of their thinking. Poverty, poor parenting, movies, the school system, substance abuse and
unemployment cannot be blamed for criminal behavior. The formulation of a criminal act begins in the
mind of the criminal. It does not begin with adverse social conditions. This simple fact must be
recognized, especially by the practitioners of criminology (i.e. law enforcement, prosecutors, etc).
Radically different approaches are necessary from the current ones being used.10 By way of review and
overall assessment, when it comes to human sexuality over human behavior in general, the following
tendencies may apply. In their application, it should be noted that criminal behavior follows a logical
pattern of execution. Thoughts occur, desires are formulated and plans are made. The human imagination
is an extraordinary landscape of ideas, motives and intentions. Behavior is logical primarily in terms of the
individual. To him or her, what he or she does is logical their scheme of things. It may not seem logical to
the investigator, the public, the media or anyone else. Labeling, stereotypes and faddish formulas do not
help the investigative process. Everyone is capable of any form of deviance, as well as criminal behavior.
Deviant acts are precursors to criminal behavior. Each person is by his or her own nature a self-centered
individual. Some are more self-centered than others. Each person desires to play out some form of
behavior reflective of the internal sexual nature. We should consider:
• Human nature is self-seeking and self-directed.
• People balance pleasure versus pain, pursuing pleasure, mainly sexual in nature.
• The sexual aspect may be played out in different ways.
• Each person makes free will choices in how they role play their behavior.
• There are always motives for each act of human behavior.
• Free will is reality and everyone has it.
• Punishment must stem from moral retribution and the necessity to ensure safety.
• The individual is responsible for his or her acts.
• People must be accountable regardless of socio-economic status,
Race, ethnicity, sex, life-style, or mental ability, etc.
• The commission of criminal behavior is a rational process of behavior.
• Criminal behavior comes from within the individual, not external society.
• Crime is the result of desire, opportunity, and ability.
• Motivations stems from the passion for power and control.
• Crime prevention is the effort to reduce opportunities for criminals.
• Investigative strategies must pursue a process of logical deduction.
• Crime scene should be assessed in terms of the facts available.
10
Samenow, S. E., Inside the Criminal Mind, (New York, NY: Crown Business – Random House, Inc., 1984), page 6;
As suggested earlier, we are self-directed and self-centered. A delicate and fragile balancing act takes
place. This occurs between what we want and what we can get away with. If we get caught, then we will
probably generate excuses. We move in directions of our own choosing. On the surface, most human
beings appear “normal” and behaving within reasonable limits. That could be a deception, a purposeful
sleight of hand. A mask of sanity superimposes over the real mind set behind the cover. We follow a
pathway of cover, concealment and camouflage. Mentally stalking, lurking and looking for opportunities
to express ourselves. Yet, beneath the seemingly reasonable facade of the conscious reality, a beast of
another reality resides. Human nature is multi-faceted. There are so many aspects of human sexuality; the
contemporary road map remains incomplete. Detours are everywhere. There are the lost, the misguided
and the vicious. Thinking runs the gamut of human proclivities. A vast wasteland of human depravity
waits. Lurking with an evil intention, who knows what people are really thinking. They will never reveal
the real self, unless of course, we know how to read the road map. That takes time. Art and skill are
essential. As J.D. Robb writes, the things people do are kind of like a “snarling carnival of sex, games and
entertainment for the cold and the cruel.”11
From games to cold-hearted cruelty, human sexuality defines human beings. It’s who we are as
creatures in this world. Such things refer to how we express ourselves internally and externally. It’s about
how we relate to others, male to female, male to male, female to female and, how we relate not at all.
Inhibitions, fears and strife, formulated by our own motives influence how these definitions evolve.
American society is about the freest society on the face of the planet. At the same time, our society is, in
all probability, one of the most inhibited. Sexual behavior is permitted within certain boundaries. The
manifestation of sexual sensation and intimacy unfolds in our interpersonal encounters. Human sexuality is
how we show our identity as humans, especially our sexual identity. These come in various forms of
behavior: some covert and some overt. This is an area of broad ranges, processes and psychological
dimensions. There are cultural, spiritual and political implications. Morality and ethics, along with visual
expression, play central roles within this rubric of activity. The social drama is played out in many ways
and on many stages. Human sexuality is part of the social intercourse of people. Limitations are
influenced by expectations of the community, social norms, manner of expression, entertainment media,
and stereotypes. Efforts are made to constrict unlawful behaviors stemming from sexual desires. Thinking
and acting out these behaviors tend to shape our working and living environments, for better or for worse.
Collision courses erupt when one form of behavior collides with another. Some desire to carry out their
fantasies in adverse ways. They may form groups of a counter-culture nature. Dissenting acts of deviance
may conflict with the law and rights of others. Expectations of a given community may conflict with what
an individual may want to do. Repressive or oppressive actions by the community may not effectively hold
such contrary intentions in check. Breaching the balance, the individual decides that criminal action is
preferred to lawful behavior.12
11
Robb, J.D. Reunion in Death, (New York: Berkley Books, 2002), page 157;
12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual
Human inclinations are clouded by the smoke screen of modern day diagnosis. Just about everyone
in the field of criminology, and by linkage, the so-called social sciences, wants to put a classification on
things. Our inclinations underscore our motives. Given unique personalities and preferences, these
motives emerge in different ways. Some, not so clearly understood. As a society, we are often troubled to
explain human behavior. This is particularly true when such activities do not fit an accepted template.
And, that is exactly what we do in response to the unknown. We give the “beast within” a name. When we
do not fully understand the dimensions of human behavior, we come up with designations. We label
behavior in the hope of understanding the acts committed by people. Clinical types, or alleged clinicians,
much like academicians in ivory towers, are obsessed with naming perceived psychological ailments. Such
efforts pretend to offer cures of one sort or another for criminal behavior. We wonder if criminal behavior
has a cure as though it were a sickness. Or, if a medical model is even an appropriate strategy. Following
such routes of thinking may be disastrous. People may die because the medicine failed. To cure human
behavior, or sexual ideation acted out contrary to public law, suggests the maladaptive action has been
healed. Ever wonder where bad behavior goes once it is supposedly cured? Does it stay around in the air
for others to catch, like a common cold? Is criminal behavior an ailment?
Today, we give every possible human affliction a designation, classification or label. It seems that by
doing this, we can somehow find absolute answers. But, absolute certainty, when it comes to human
behavior, is always elusive. Sometimes, a better theory may stem from a more practical approach – the
“Scientific Wild Ass Guess”. This is more often referred to as the SWAG method of problem solving. To
nebulous notions about human behavior, precise definitions are not easy. The human species is much more
sly, clever and slippery than that. People change, adapt and alter their behavior to fit their needs. Human
legerdemain knows no boundaries. The depth to which people will go is a bottomless pit. This is especially
true when it comes to human sexuality. The imagination is the only limitation. Diagnosis, like human
behavior, knows no boundaries either. Often, such terminology is vague, general and confusing. We are so
distracted and misguided by labeling things, we miss the essential nature of what we are trying to observe.
Every possible human inclination appears to receive a clinical designation, or diagnosis of some kind.
Common sense seems to have been replaced by pseudo-science. Diagnostic labels tend to become faddish
feel-good templates in the pursuit of crime solutions. Criminals know how to play these games very well.
Frequently, the “pop culture”, the news media, movies, and misguided politicians, pursue an endless array
of “acronyms” to identify a host of behavioral activities. If said often enough, a misguided public tends to
embrace such assertions as the actual factual truth. Over time, myth, metaphor and the “magic” of the
media become reality. Fiction merges with fact. As a result, police becomes a surreal process of balancing
the truth against perceptions. Crime strategies evolve into “feel good notions” of symbolism over
substance. Crime fighting techniques become quick fixes over long-term solutions.13
13
Feinsilber, M.P., “Diagnosis Ad Nauseam”, an article on behavioral health appearing in 400 Edition-North Georgia,
June/July 2006, Walton Press, Monroe, Georgia, Page 43;
Chapter 4: The Nature of Crime - Crime Control Strategies
Human sexuality is inherently a human expression of inner struggles. Our expression of our essential
makeup defines the ideation going on inside. Our very nature is sexual. We are biological beings.
Sometimes, we do not control the internal expressions of ourselves. When this happens, we let our fantasies
out of Pandora’s Box. Behavior collides with the outer world. Some of us take what others have. In the
process, we “weaponize” sex and cloak it in all kinds of disguises. Instead of control, we allow our desires
to externalize into different modes of exhibition. Notice, in the animal kingdom, animals do not attack
each other to express sexual motivations. Animals attack to protect, procreate and to survive. Sex crimes
are not committed by the lower species. Sexual proclivities and their manifestation into certain kinds of
behavior is what humans do. Animals do not prey on other animals to express their sexuality. Human
beings do that. And, if we could read each other’s minds, we would probably be shocked at what we find.
We live out what we think. Often, the question is asked, why do people commit crimes? On a simplistic
level, we know the answer. Yet, we formulate all manner of excuses. From “mental sickness” to “abusive
fathers” we search for alternative reasons. To control crime, we must control ourselves.
As humans, we are alike in so many ways. But, we are different with respect to acting out our thinking
processes. Powerful inclinations reside within all of us. Individually we exhibit such feelings through
expression of power and control. As children, for example, we sometimes pursue such quests through
sexual conquests. Although the overriding pursuit is directed toward the issue of power, sexual expression
becomes the manner by which it is achieved. Another aspect of this inner motivation to conquer appears
within the realm of the necessity to own the objective. Certain aspects of such behavior within us may be
directed toward our own understanding of ourselves. Ultimately, the “why” of behavior, and specifically
criminal behavior, becomes part of the puzzle. Motive for doing certain things are intriguing notions that
may not be readily apparent. Pursuing the objective, taking advantage of opportunities, and coveting the
conquest become components of the excitement involved. Human behavior transcends acceptable behavior
and becomes criminal behavior in order to gain something. That is, to possess it.14
Some have theorized concerning the relationship between the mind-body configuration and propensity
toward crime. That is, our sex drives may be dealt with in different ways toward society. In acting out
these drives we may be prone to one form of criminality or another. To generalize further, the assertion
could be made that all of us deal with our internal identity as it relates to external behavior. In particular
this issue concerns human sexuality and how we act out toward the external environment. Theorists have
postulated the association between one’s biological sex and criminal behavior tendencies. Often, the
suggestion is heard about how men differ from women in rates, types and intensities of certain crimes. In
terms of a broad generalization, some have said that men are typically more aggressive and more violent
than women. Naturally, this depends upon the statistics one views.
14
Yochelson, S., Samenow, S., The Criminal Personality – Volume 1: A Profile for Change, (New York: Jason
Aronson, Inc., 1976), pages 280-281;
For example, violent crimes of sexual battery, armed robbery, and murder and so on, show higher rates
of commission among men. Lesser, more non-violent crimes, such as shoplifting, may be committed more
often by women. However, criminal behavior needs to be assessed in much broader aspects. That is, the
whole tendency toward criminal behavior, and not just specific types of crimes. All people are capable of
criminal behavior. Some people simply chose to act out lawful behavior most of the time.15
In the classical theory of criminology, the fundamental concept is that people choose their criminal
behavior. Choices are generally controlled by the risk of getting caught. Sure, certain and swift detection,
prosecution and punishment serve to allow people to make proper choices. It is a basic human formula to
assess situations before carrying internal desires. While gender-specific crimes may be one thing, the
overall choice to commit criminal acts runs across the boundaries of gender distinctions. Fighting crime
and dealing with criminal behavior concerns such basic issues. Although people make choices, a
fundamental question remains. Why do we make choices?
Crime fighting means identifying the criminal and putting a stop to his or her behavior. This is done by
reducing opportunities and increasing risks, proactive interdiction and punitive means. It also suggests
recruiting, training and educating the best and the brightest law enforcement officers possible. And, to
support the cops on the street, highly qualified corrections personnel are necessary. All criminal justice
personnel must be exceptionally skilled to deal with deviant behaviors. Since crime is typically a local
government problem. Local government has to find the means to fund such strategies. Local systems must
hold criminals accountable and not excuse them from their criminal acts. Responsibility and accountability
are essential components of reinforcing human behavior. Law enforcement resources must come to bear on
those members of society who fail to obey the law. Police services must be staffed and supported with
professionals who expertly execute the mission of police work. Every scientific and technological method
must be provided to local law enforcement to deal effectively with criminal behavior. When a major
incident occurs, usually the “first responders” are the local police officers. They are the ones who bear the
primary responsibility of dealing with crimes, criminals and crime scenes. So, pay and benefits should be
at the highest levels possible and a local priority. You get what you pay for.
As with most things, a lot of what we do in the field of criminology involves money. Whether funding
new training programs, tactical strategies or new technology, financial resources are critical. Yet,
politically, we waste large sums on frivolous political payoffs. Sometimes this “pork” legislation serves to
reward campaign contributors. And, sometimes, politically, we don’t prioritize properly our public
spending. Typically, funding for the criminal justice system lags behind other projects. Instead, building a
sports arena might be seen as more important than public safety. Law enforcement agencies rely on the
public to invest in their vitality and longevity. This applies in terms of personnel, resources and equipment.
Effective leadership by both police administrators and elected officials is crucial. From the top down, most
public service organizations, including city hall, suffer from a scarcity of leadership. Police leaders have a
fundamental responsibility to ensure strong support to their staffs.
15
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_crime
To fight crime and interdict criminal behavior, law enforcement leadership requires a commitment to
proactive measures. The agency’s mission statement, operational plans, strategic tactics and services must
foster a high sense of professionalism in service delivery. In short, to ensure the service ideal of police
work, leaders must enforce moral and lawful behavior within their organizations.16
Lawful behavior is at the heart of police professionalism. Within the framework of what is suggested
here, ethics and professionalism are at the core of carrying out crime fighting strategies. The “crime
fighting model” presupposes an elite police force of officers. This suggests an agency whose personnel
vigorously pursue the calling of law enforcement within the scope of the service ideal. Members of such
forces are highly educated, well-trained, disciplined, properly equipped, motivated, and sufficiently
insulated from adverse political influences. Inside such a department, police leaders are keenly aware of
“crouching politicians with hidden agendas”.
Within an elite force, officers (both subordinate and command level) are seriously dedicated to the
precepts of professionalism. Professionalism means to confess a belief system. Such officers profess a
belief in the tenets of the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics. The police mission includes the control of
crime as a major mission statement. Public safety and security are expensive aspects of modern living.
Based on budget constraints, law enforcement operations are directed toward tactical and strategic
considerations. Such tactical endeavors focus to enhance the safety and security of the community. The
“striking power” of the public service agencies is tested by expenditures, community growth and demands
for services. Within the community everyone plays a vital role, at least in theory. Aggressive patrol
operations focus on hardening the targets of potential criminality by early interdiction. Reducing
opportunities for criminal behavior to be expressed by self-willed criminals is a task that falls upon police
officers. Quick decisive patrol actions provide a degree of deterrence with respect to criminal activity.
Yet, such services can become over-whelmed by dwindling resources and poorly managed community
growth. The “crime fighting model” of law enforcement, or the “crime control model”, gives emphasis to
efficiency, effectiveness, detection and prevention of criminal behavior.17
Successful strategies are implemented by competent personnel. From techno savvy civilians working
behind the scenes, to aggressive patrol officers on the street, crime fighting involves a host of people. In
addition, men and women in corrections support the intervention tactics by securing the people who
commit the crimes. All of the key players must be good at what they do. Agency administrators have a
responsible to foster a positive climate to get things done. Again, the development of professionalism
refers to high standards of conduct. This is important at the entry level where new personnel enter the
organization. In pursuit of organizational excellence, academic achievement is also vital. Such
achievement comes in the form of education prior to admission to the service, as well as ongoing
enrichment.
16
Whisenand, P.M., Ferguson, R. F., The Managing of Police Organizations – Fifth Edition, (Upper Saddle River:
Prentice Hall Publishers, 2002), page 7;
17
Jeffery, C. R. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1971),
page 54;
Officers should be highly educated and cultivated in terms of career development and advanced training.
The concept of a service ideal, a code of ethics, a body of practical knowledge, advanced research and
study, continued advancement also goes along with this notion of professionalism. Such requisites are
grounded in behavior and attitude that exhibits superior character.
Superior character is marked by integrity and respect for others in the pursuit of professional excellence.
In order to fight crime, the police must be highly professional. And, they must be protected from the
negative aspects of politics. This would also apply to those who would use their money and power to
interfere with lawful police functions and operations. In addition, the police operations must be well
financed by local government. If the local government cannot adequately support the police function, then
it should be contracted out to another law enforcement entity. Proper funding of the law enforcement
function is fundamental to the mission of the crime control model. Ideally, that mission is to protect the
public and provide public safety services. It is an extension of the service ideal of law enforcement and a
commitment to professionalism.
Law enforcement must strive for effectiveness in operational deployment, as well as efficiency in
operations. Going after the criminal means the police must be ready to focus tactics and skills toward a
high rate of apprehension, case solution and subsequent conviction. Good police work ensures the
effectiveness of the crime control model. This requires well-defined strategies of detecting and arresting
criminals.
Overall, crime control is not the total responsibility of the police. Other components of the community
have to play a role in supporting public safety operations. The police are paid “professionals” who assume
a certain level of accountability for dealing with criminal activity. It is primarily the responsibility of each
citizen to be knowledgeable and involved in the crime solution and prevention process. From the citizenry
to the elected official and the business person, safety in the community concerns everyone. Citizens need
to support their police. At the same time, they must ensure their efforts are directed toward the safety and
security of the community. The prevention of crime, the detection of criminal activity, and controlling
deviant behavior is possible if everyone works together. To the extent that every citizen accepts the
obligation of civic involvement, crime control will be successful. Crime control, or crime prevention,
represents the varied tactical and strategic measures the police employ, with community support, to
interdict criminal activity.
The patrol force is the key mechanism by which the community deals with crime control efforts. No
other aspect of law enforcement is more important or more critical than patrol. All other divisions or
sections within a police department should focus their energies in support of patrol operations. Patrol is the
“striking force” that is designed to detect, investigate and seek out opportunities to deal with criminal
behavior. Each patrol officer is a first responder to each incident of concern within a community. In every
sense of the word, patrol is the “backbone” of law enforcement. Patrol officers are the frontline “troops” in
holding the line between chaos and order. Intensive and relentless patrol action is the community’s primary
means by which crime incidents are dealt with.
Aggressive patrol operations are essential to community safety, security and welfare. The veteran patrol
officer becomes the community’s “expert on crime”. He or she serves as an early warning system to those
conditions that may present opportunities for criminal activity. Officers on patrol become information and
education sources in assisting businesses, homeowners and apartment dwellers on matters of physical
security and personal safety. Officers play certain roles in the various aspects of community safety and
security. In this regard, the patrol officer is:
• A practical criminologist
• A physical security expert
• A personal safety consultant
• An educator and counselor
• A first responder investigator
• A follow-up investigator
• A crime scene analyst
• A tactical and strategic analyst
• An intelligence gatherer
• A crime prevention specialist
Within this framework of capabilities, officers deal with the day-to-day aspects of human behavior.
From the “normal” to the bizarre, officers experience the wide variety of human actions. Given the basis of
such skills and abilities, local communities would be well advised to involve the police in community
planning processes. Crime control strategies, led by the police, rely on an interdependent system of checks
and balances within the community. The police on patrol have a unique responsibility as political activists
to interact within this framework. In fact, there should be no legal or procedural bars to the police being
extremely active in the political systems of the communities they serve. Such efforts of the police should
focus on the “pain versus pleasure” conception of the classical approach to criminology. That is, criminals
respond to the risk of getting caught if preventive measures are in place. Early interdiction, swift efficient
action and effective retribution are essential to community survival. By virtue of what cops do, they know
where the problems are. They patrol various sectors and know who does what to whom. This knowledge
base is a valuable resource. Cops can speak from a position of authority on critical issues facing the local
community. For future planning, it becomes essential to law enforcement strategies that the police share in
the community growth management process.18
Growth management of our neighborhoods is a shared process. The police are in a good position to
understand the dynamics of the community. On a very broad level, crime fighting means taking on the
“servant warrior” notion of crime control. This is the calling of law enforcement, to be of service to others.
It means developing a tactical mindset to protect lives and property, prevent deception, oppression and
abuse. Such a thing is a lofty ideal, but essential to community survival. The service ideal requires a
commitment to ensure law, order and protection within the safeguards of the U.S. Constitution. No other
part of the criminal justice system has such demands as does law enforcement and corrections.
18
“Law Enforcement Involvement in the Community Planning Process”, by Randy Gonzalez, an article appearing in
the Campus Law Enforcement Journal, Volume 36, No. 3, May/June 2006, page 25;
Staying on top of the criminological spectrum becomes the task of law enforcement. The crime fighting
operational function falls upon the line officer. He or she carries forth the day to day operations of dealing
with criminal behavior. As such, our various systems of criminal justice must endeavor to recruit and retain
the best officers possible. High standards of admission to the field are crucial. Professionalism demands
lofty notions about the career field. The “professional’ patrol officer, as opposed to the “craft-trade” model
of policing, fosters a respect for the rights of all persons. He or she does this by performing in a
professional manner every day. Such officers strive to protect individual as well as group rights, liberties,
equity, equality and justice. He or she endeavors to constantly perfect investigative skills and abilities.
These things are carried out by the scrupulous and ruthless pursuit of criminal activity. The patrol officer
seeks to be an example to all members of the community. While no one is perfect, he or she makes every
effort to ensure that a command presence is projected into each situation. The officer puts forth the energy
to maintain courage and calm in the face of adversity, criticism, contempt and complaint. An effective and
efficient officer controls himself or herself through proper self-restraint. At the same time, he or she puts
forth the effort to contain criminal behavior in his or her assigned beat. This means the tactical and
technical application of various levels of lawful force.
Crime control strategies are assisted by competent investigations. These actions are the result of
education, training, skill, practical knowledge and experience. They are also influenced by flexibility,
creativity, imagination, hard work and attitude. Attitudes may ultimately define the success or failure of
every strategy. Actions, when possible, must exemplify proper lawful means in the quest for justice.
However, people are not perfect. Neither are police officers. Mistakes can be made. Cops try to make the
right decisions. Some violate the principles and practices of professional police behavior. When they do,
they must be dealt with appropriately. Good police officers have a sense of good justice. Competent police
officers avoid officious or oppressive behavior. They don’t allow their bias or personal feelings to interfere
with their professional duties. They know that their office is one of public trust. And, they are committed
to ethical public service. It takes competence to do good patrol work. Effective police officers know that
controlling crime requires dedication to hard work. Plus, it also requires diligent application of the art and
science of criminology. Good police work also demands the endurance of long hours of seemingly
monotonous routine activities. Experienced patrol officers understand they must have the mental capability
to react quickly to threats and dangers. Mental strength is a necessity. Thinking is an essential aspect of
police work, because it’s a job that requires thinking skills. Officers learn they must deal with a diversity
of people and behaviors. Human behavior spans the range from the normal to the abnormal. This includes
a variety of very bizarre activities. In dealing with such things, patrol officers learn to improvise, adapt and
overcome obstacles. They endure abuse, exercise broad discretion and use force to control adverse
behavior. Uniformed patrol service is the most important part of the police organization. Patrol provides the
first strike capabilities that ensure public safety and security. As policing in general is a patrol service,
uniformed officers provide the first line of defense in dealing with criminal behavior.19
19
Wilson, O.W., Police Administration-Second Edition, (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963), page 231;
Unfortunately, in modern western society, information sources cannot be relied upon to support the
police mission. Today, we live in a world of sensationalism, a kind of magic, myth and metaphor. What
sometimes passes as fact is often fiction. The modern media has a huge appetite for quick news, tantalizing
stories, and replication of redundant themes. Ratings sometimes outweigh the pursuit of the truth, the facts,
and the real story. To cops, the world of crime fighting seems to become one in which the “tail wags the
dog”.20 Within this realm, cops often find it challenging to fulfill the tenets of their mission. The exercise
of professional skills competes with the various social agendas. Maintaining objectivity and exercising
intellectual ability, officers must alert to focus on key tasks. Crime control strategies and investigative
actions must reflect initiative, problem-solving, good judgment, proper planning and deployment,
imagination and innovation. They cannot be influenced by politics, polls or ratings. To deal with the
complexities of society, officers must exercise “uncommon sense” when dealing with people, places and
things. Patrol officers have to be capable of effective analysis, insight and evaluation of various situations.
Policing in general represents the school of thought often referred to as the classical approach to
criminology. The classical view of crime control strategies deals with direct intervention tactics. It is an
aggressive proactive posture, as opposed to a reactionary position. Such a strategy stems from the belief
that the police are an integral part of the community processes. Cops know the real side of how things
work: the good, the bad and the ugly side of human beings. As such, they come to know the essential nature
of people, places and things. To them, deviance and crime are addressed in a proactive manner. In this
effort, police actions are kept consistent with legal and social aspects of positive constraint. Deviant
behavior and criminal activity necessitate punitive approaches to behavior. Actions must be sure, swift and
efficient on the part of the police as a control mechanism. Public order depends upon the proper exercise of
control. To carry this out, the patrol division has to be fully staffed, funded and equipped. This is critical in
order to interdict with effective crime control strategies. All scientific, forensic and technical resources
must come to bear in support of the patrol operations. The uniform patrol function is the primary service
delivery of the agency. At this level, the cops are the classical approach to crime control.
The classical approach to criminology follows a doctrine of “psychological hedonism”. In this view,
the perpetrator plans his or her criminal behavior before carrying out the actions. The individual creates the
basis for a departure from socially, morally or legally sanctioned aspects of behavior. The implication of
the doctrine is that society should react to crime with a measured amount of pain. The general proposition
of the classical school is necessity to make undesirable acts painful by attaching punishment to them. In
addition, sanctions are to make the amount of pain precise and definite. This is done so that the perspective
criminal can make calculations based upon the risk involved. Once you know the consequences, you ought
to know better. The painful result to the criminal should exceed the pleasure of doing the crime. Since the
punishment must be one that can be calculated, it must be the same for all individuals, regardless of age,
mentality, socio-economic status, political influence or other selfish conditions.
20
“Duke’s Trial by Media”, by Liz Halloran, Nation & World Section of U.S. News and World Report Magazine,
August 14, 2006, Volume 141, Number 6, page 39;
The criminal understands what he or she is doing. Criminals calculate the pain versus the pleasure of an
act, or the gain minus the risk of doing a certain thing. From there, they make choices, act out their
fantasies, merge fiction with reality and make up excuse if caught. To the criminal, fear is found in the
exposure of the scheme, getting arrested or being seen as less than powerful. The perpetrator carries out his
or her conduct as a result of the calculations. Such acts of deviance or crime stem from the pleasure being
greater than the risk. From a crime control posture, increasing the risk is a matter of police presence.
Aggressive police operations necessitate constant vigilance. The police patrol operations must be focused
on early interdiction, rapid response and sufficient numbers of personnel. Efficient policing is an important
strategic and tactical process to address the various forms of human behavior. The police are readily
capable of interdicting early in a variety of behavioral expressions by members of the public. Crime control
measures should be calibrated and targeted upon the fact that people commit crimes, as well as deviance,
out of free-will choices. Criminals plan and execute their behavior based upon their own desire, will,
opportunity and ability to carry out the act contemplated. Crime is the ultimate freedom of choice issue.
Making choices involves motives. At the heart of motives, resides the inclination of the individual.
Behind the motivation comes the desire to commit an act of deviance or criminal behavior. Thinking
processes relate the decision-making to basic desires of control, dominance, anger, revenge and displays of
perceived inadequacy. As such, our crime control strategies and tactics must consider what really motivates
the criminal. This includes providing opportunities to act out their selfish motivations. For instance, if a
community fails to properly plan its development, the community is inviting people to act out their anti-
social behaviors. The community is saying, in a sense, it doesn’t care how we behave. And, criminals will
this as a green light. The inspectional, enforcement and regulatory services of the police, for example, must
deal with the various forms of deviant behavior. In dealing with deviance, the police must be capable of
interdicting those activities that may be conducive to criminal behavior.
Public must be fully supportive of the police operations. Police operations must reflect high levels of
police education, training, resources and ongoing professional development. Communities may have to
rethink and evaluate their tactics for dealing with anti-social behavior. Simply stated crime control is a
matter of realizing that criminals cause crimes. Choosing to commit a crime is an issue of choice.
Approaches based on hasty generalizations about crime control and politically correct agendas are
counterproductive. Such notions do not assist in ensuring the health, safety and welfare of the community.
Consideration will have to be given to what the individual criminal is really like. Although they are like
the rest of us in many ways, criminals choose not to control their behavior. Forget the pseudo-scientific
approaches that come up with impressive labels, complex diagnoses and a myriad of excuses. And, forget
about the short-term fads, feel good efforts or fetishes of quick fixes for long-term social problems. Fancy
theoretical constructs do not solve crime. Instead, determined and dedicated hard-working police officers
do. They are the ones who solve crimes, reassure the public and raise understanding in the community.
They do this through collective interaction with public, proactive involvement in the community and
professional behavior.
Chapter 5: Investigative Processes – Getting Back to Basics
Investigative processes are initiated most often when patrol officers are summoned to a scene.
Responding to calls for assistance or reports of criminal behavior falls upon the patrol force. The men and
women of this operating unit are the first ones to deal with the situation. Regardless of agency size, patrol is
the first line of defense for the community’s crime prevention responsibilities. Sometimes, a response level
may stem from an officer discovering a crime in progress. Law enforcement leaders have pointed out that
patrol operations are the “backbone of the department”.21 As the mobile “field force”, first responders,
police and fire service personnel, arrive at the incident and begin preliminary actions. This sets into motion
a chain of events. The patrol function within an agency starts, in most cases, the law enforcement
investigative processes. A uniformed patrol officer is generally the first person to experience the crime
scene. In some departments, the line officers have a significant responsibility to “work” the scene of the
crime. While in other departments, specialized units are summoned. If “special units” are used, then every
effort should be deployed to assist the patrol operations. And, the overall mission for which “special units”
exist is the enhancement the patrol function. This includes conducting investigations, developing physical
evidence, generating facts and establishing the truth.
As desire, opportunity and ability merge in the mind of the perpetrator; the commission of a crime
confronts the presence of the police. Gain minus risk is classic in the continuum of crime causality. People
commit crimes because they want to. As such, they respond to the effectiveness and efficiency of the
police force. To ensure quality investigative actions, each officer should be well-trained, equipped and
capable of conducting quality investigations. As such, the initial investigation depends upon the education,
training level, job experience, skills and resources available at the first responder level. To this, also add
competence. Mental and physical capacities bring to bear a skill set of abilities to handle the situation in a
professional manner. Patrol officers must be capable of working by virtue of both their tactical and
technical abilities. The continuum of effort is done as part of an overall team of law enforcement personnel.
Officers are called upon to render aid to the injured and procure relevant factual data. Early interdiction by
the police, in reducing criminal opportunities, provides the basis for preventing criminal activity. Crime
prevention is a unique task of law enforcement. Criminals respond to the power, presence and prevalence
of police operations. The critical information and materials obtained from the scene concern the nature,
scope and extent of the incident. Policing becomes the art and science of “who done it” and “why done it”.
The primary mission of those actions taken relate to:
1. Safety and security of the scene and persons involved
2. Relevant tactical and technical information – security and intelligence
3. Establish the elements of the crime – parameters of the crime scene
4. Identify the persons involved – assess people, places and things
5. Develop the crime scene – ensure forensic applications
6. Secure and safeguard evidence and other property
7. Prepare, document and plan for prosecution
21
Wilson, O.W., Police Administration, (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963) page 51;
If crime prevention is the primary task, then crime solution becomes the secondary task. From school
campuses, to corporate board rooms, the police must be involved in the community they serve. Their
presence should be part of the overall crime prevention mission. Understanding how the community
operates, interfaces and functions is essential to crime control strategies. Such levels of knowledge serve to
enhance investigative processes. Crimes occur on school grounds as much as they occur in business or
residential areas. All aspects of potential or latent criminality must be addressed in lawful ways. From
simple infractions to gross aberrations, the police are the core of the social fabric by which we live. Savvy
police officers understand the power play in which criminals operate. When criminals act on their desires,
they come into confrontation with the police. Sometimes, this encounter is violent and the police must use
force to achieve lawful compliance.22
For the police officer, investigate processes must follow a logical sequence of legally constituted
procedures. This does not mean, of course, the police cannot be adaptive, creative and clever in their “crime
fighting mission”. Good police officers have to be visionary leaders on the cutting edge. Their cutting edge
is the art and science of practical criminology. They are the practitioners of the field of criminology. In
order to achieve their objectives, in the preliminary stages of an investigation, officers must exercise their
interpersonal communication skills. They must be capable of dealing with a wide range of people,
situations, places, conditions and behavior. These things necessitate unique abilities in oral, written and
critical thinking skills. Locating the pieces of the puzzle, and solving the puzzle, is part of the process.
The warrior’s quest of police work follows the pathway of who, what, where, when, why and how.
Officers need to be aware that human beings will express themselves in a variety of ways. Sometimes
these expressions seem normal and sometimes such things seem deviant. The investigative process will
rely on the officer’s ability to understand the aberrant capabilities of human beings. If the imagination can
conceive it, the mind will carry it out, one way or the other. As such, officer must be interactive in various
environments throughout the community. An effective officer must be able to utilize professional skill in
developing his or her investigative process. The competence to accomplish a successful investigation rests
upon a host of elements within the officer. These include personal self-confidence, knowledge, education,
training, experience, self-discipline, dedication and a focused determination to get the job done. Essential
to the application of these qualities are also self-control, lawful tactics and techniques, patient demeanor,
thorough efforts, and attention to detail. Seeing, perceiving and observing help transform the decision-
making processes. The investigative continuum combines the best aspects of both science and art into a
well-calculated systematic process of inquiry. This inquiry requires being as objective as possible and not
jumping to hasty generalizations. Avenues of approach avoid unsubstantiated conclusions not based on
facts. Deductive reasoning becomes necessary to this procedure, in order to develop critical decision
making efforts. To think and to know are not necessarily the same thing. Contradictions can cloud the
mind. Paradoxes of human inclinations can smoke-screen the truth. Politics can interfere with justice. The
media can sensationalize and confuse the investigation.
22
Samenow, S. E., Inside the Criminal Mind, (New York, NY: Crown Business – Random House, Inc., 1984), page 98;
To the complex mix of social intercourse, the investigation can be further complicated by so-called
experts. They come from academia, government and the private sector. The media is often good at finding
an “expert” for a few seconds of tantalizing sound bites. Often times, the “experts” have little or no
experience in the real world of policing. Their vicarious education has come from books, television,
movies, questionable theories and outmoded data. Deflection, deception and distraction stir the criminal
justice system in different directions. In the long run, the general public is hard pressed to separate fact
from fiction, myth from materiality and meaning from metaphor. So, the cops have to do their best in spite
of the gauntlet of socio-political interaction. Instead, cops have to stay focused on the mission at hand.
They must use logical deduction based on the facts.
Such reasoning depends upon a well-conceived progression of thinking skills. This includes the initial
development of a preliminary explanation of a working hypothesis. From a classical crime control model,
we know people commit crimes because they want to. Part of the mission is to determine why they wanted
to commit the crime in a particular case. It is the “why done it” of police work. The “who done it” falls
into place next. This relates in part to the fundamental law enforcement mission of protecting people and
property. In addition to the security aspect of policing, maintaining civil order and peace keeping, crime
solution is a vital part of the mission. When the preventive and proactive measures fail to discourage
criminal behavior, the next step is to investigate the relevant factors at issue. There are three major aspects
concerning basic law enforcement investigations. These include:23
1. Investigative efforts directed toward incidents involving criminal violations of statute and
ordinance.
2. Investigative processes directed toward personnel issues, actions and activities of an
organizational concern.
3. Investigative processes of community conditions and situations that may influence or provide
opportunities for criminal activity. May involve locations that promote deviant or anti-social
behavior, vice activities or organized crime
Investigations are conducted for a number of reasons. They represent an extension of the “police
power” of the government. That is, to provide for the safety and security of the citizens. In addition, the
police are charged with the responsibility and accountability for this public safety and security. This is a
fundamental notion of the police profession’s “service ideal”. As such, their mission requires they conduct
investigations into violations and activities that concern the community. Such inquires foster the level of
order essential to community life. This is a logical application of governmental resources. However,
effective use of resources is vital to policing. And, when an incident takes place, it is essential that the
investigation commence as soon as possible.
23
International Association Chiefs of Police, Police Reference Notebook – Second Edition, “I. Principles of
Investigation”, (Gaithersburg, MD: IACP, 1975), Unit 4C1, Training Key 3, page 4C1-1;
Investigating criminal activity concerns the application of governmental resources in pursuit of “deviant
behavior”. Such behavior is “deviant” to the extent that the police deal with aberrations of conduct that
violate the law. Again, these are willful aberrations whereby criminals make choices to commit crimes.
This applies to behavior that is contrary to the normative nature of acceptable community interaction.24 As
such, the criminal event follows a sequential set of activities. This begins with the perpetrator who searches
for targets of opportunity. Providing that he or she has the skills and ability to carry out a specific criminal
act, the criminal interacts with the victim in various ways. The interaction results in the commission of a
crime. To facilitate the process of solution and problem-solving, the police must utilize their resources
with efficiency. Sufficient personnel and materials must be deployed with shrewd effectiveness. In such
deployment, time becomes a crucial factor in every investigation. Each incident must be carefully
analyzed, assessed and accurately developed using every proficient means available. Law enforcement is a
varied and complicated organizational function, requiring accuracy and attention to detail. The
investigation of criminal activity necessitates involvement of competent resources in a sure and swift
manner. This is essential to the crime prevention task of the law enforcement mission. Executing the
mission in a professional manner provides the basis for an effective crime control strategy. This process
concerns two critical aspects of the mission, the preliminary investigation and the follow-up investigation.
These two integral components require proper planning and careful execution (i.e. proper planning prevents
poor performance).
The investigative process is a continuum that is directed toward the collection of information. Upon
evaluation of the information gathered (information identification, instrumentation application), other
avenues are explored as a result. Information development serves as the essential foundation building
process for constructing the case at hand. Typically, there are three sources of information, which include:
people, places and things. These three elements generally have an exchange process. That is, when the
criminal commits an act, something is exchanged (evidence transference). Each of these (people, places
and things) requires special talents, abilities and skills on the part of the officer. While the patrol officer
deals with victims, witnesses and suspects, the forensic officer addresses issues related to the evidentiary
aspects of the investigation. This part of the process pertains to the places and the things. One part of the
investigation, the people, represents the art and skill of practical criminology. Places and things represent
the science, or forensic aspects. This does not mean that the patrol officer should not have a good working
knowledge of critical crime scene tasks and skills. Each function is part of a whole process of inquiry and
discovery. The investigation is a team effort and each team member is just as important as the other.
Proper planning and coordination are very important toward the development of a successful investigation.
The patrol officer and the “crime scene tech” should view their efforts as being interrelated. The goal is to
gather relevant factual information and evidence so that an effective case can be prepared.
24
Schmalleger, F., Criminology Today – An Integrative Introduction – Fourth Edition, (Upper Saddle River: Pearson –
Prentice Hall, 2006) page 9;
Within this strategic and tactical configuration, the preliminary investigation attempts to utilize a basic
equation. The process relies on the “5WH” basic formula: who, what, when, where, why and how. This
may include an on-scene (or near the scene) arrest, or a pursuit of the suspect to surrounding areas. Efforts
depend on the situation, people, places and things. A “hot”, “warm”, or “cold” scene search is conducted.
This may extend from one room to an entire land mass. The search for information, as its relative weight to
the investigation, explores the relationship between people, places and things. Evidentiary value is
significant in terms of “things” and “places”, as compared with information obtained from persons.
Physical evidence, for example, is not affected by emotions, feelings, trauma, perceptions and so forth.
The preliminary investigation is concerned with the “theory of transfer”. When people, places and
things make contact, there is a transfer or exchange of material, substance or other matter. The
environment of the criminal act is changed in some manner. This provides the basis for possible
comparisons of transferred materials. In an investigation, people provide the foundational basis for
gathering information based on their perceptions and observations of an incident. They also provide
information related to personal feelings, relationships, emotions, experiences and so forth. Witnesses,
victims, suspects and complainants provide information related to:
Perception, observation and analysis
Identity of the perpetrator
Description of the perpetrator
Direction of travel
Method of travel
Motivations
Property taken
Method of commission
Who, what, when, where, why and how
By contrast, places and things provide details of a different nature regarding the incident. During the
commission of a crime, physical changes take place and materials are transferred from person to person,
person to object, object to object and so on. Injury occurs to the victim by some type of instrument, tool,
chemical, person or other type of object. This action resulted in release of body fluids, skin, hair and other
materials that may be of evidentiary value. In addition to wounds and bruises, other things may have been
damaged such as windows, doors, light fixtures, furniture, equipment, and so forth. Both interior and
exterior areas of a location could have relevant materials contained in them. Fingerprints, footprints, tire
impressions, hairs, clothing, marks left by tools, body fluids, and other items may be transferred as a result
of the action. The success of the investigation depends on the thoroughness, careful analysis and
systematic effort of the investigator. The earlier the investigation begins, in the preliminary stages, the
more effective the investigative process. This means that efficient and comprehensive efforts must be
directed toward the crime scene and the persons involved.
Investigating the commission of a crime contains several important purposes. Once on the scene,
officers endeavor to discern what happened. The case becomes both a “who done it” as well as a “why
done it”. Pursuing the angle of the “why done it”, leads in the direction of a motive. This in turns leads
toward the “who done it”. Careful documentation of the crime scene in gathering relevant information and
evidence contributes to the solution of the formula originally mentioned. Some practitioners in the field
would assert the major purposes of the investigation include:
The Three-fold Purpose of an Investigation25

Identify the perpetrator
Locate the perpetrator
Develop evidence to prove guilt
An Investigation Involves:
Conducting thorough interviews;
Conducting thorough interrogations;
Developing proper identification of evidence;
Utilizing appropriate instrumentation for analysis;
The investigation is concerned with the development of quality information and materials. This is done
so that every effort brings about a productive conclusion. As time takes its toll, multiple possibilities can
develop. These various aspects are part of a continuum fused into a complimentary process. All parts of
the process construct a puzzle. The pieces may not fall into place in a sure and swift manner. As such, the
investigation brings together witnesses and suspects, places and events through the association of various
types of evidence. These in typical fashion include: Confessions, Eye Witnesses, Circumstantial Evidence,
Associative Evidence, and Physical Evidence. To this end, the investigator should endeavor to be a skilled
and clever collector of facts. In a sense, the investigator is a hunter searching for prey. The prey is
information, identification and instrumentation of evidentiary elements. So that things stay on course, it is
his or her duty to ensure a logical approach to the development of information. In the early stages of the
investigation, he or she must assemble a working hypothesis. And, then it must be tested against the range
of possibilities in order to arrive at a useable conclusion. This whole process is a time consuming task. All
of which requires patience, dedication and determination. With the expenditures of such energies, the
criminal incident becomes a problem-solving focus. A beginning hypothesis becomes subjected to
variations of analysis. Until a provable conclusion can be established, a “narrative of the crime” continues
to unfold. As the investigative scenario evolves, investigators tend to rely on interviews and forensics to
pull the pieces together.26
25
O’Hara, C.E. and O’Hara, G. L., Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation, (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas,
Publisher, 1994), page 5;
26
Siegel, L.J., Senna, J.J., Essentials of Criminal Justice, (Belmont: Thomson-Wadsworth, 2007) page 159;
To the investigator, a number of key tasks are important to the investigative continuum. Some of
these elements include, but are not limited to:
1. Initial response – Preliminary Investigation:

a. Interviewing persons involved; taking statements;
b. Securing evidence; focus on the facts;
c. Documenting the initial process, recording actions taken;
d. Developing a preliminary hypothesis or theory of the case;
e. Assess the immediate crime scene(s);
f. Apply logical deduction;
2. Preliminary Investigation and Subsequent Follow-up Investigation:
a. Target area coverage, neighborhood canvass;
b. Critical observations, analysis of data;
c. Subsequent interviews and interrogations;
d. Pulling together people, places and things;
e. Assessing victims, witnesses and suspects;
f. Analyzing timeline, chronology, etc;
3. Information, Identification and Instrumentation:
a. Application of forensic tools, techniques and procedures;
b. Investigation of all forms of data storage: computers, cell phones, etc;
c. Recovery of critical components of information;
In the modern context, forensic tools are essential. Technology should be applied wherever possible.
But, technology cannot replace the investigative quality of the human factor. Thinking is also a critical
forensic tool. When dealing with criminological issues, criminal behavior, and subsequent criminal events,
may include a range of critical thinking processes. No single strategic or tactical method of mental analysis
should be considered the absolute best approach. A multi-verse of imaginative applications are important.
An integrated methodology of rational thought is probably more appropriate. Limitations placed on
thinking processes could adversely impact the overall investigation. Every conceivable angle should be
questioned, analyzed and evaluated. A thorough review of the crime scene should be undertaken as quickly
as possible. Every known element should be considered given its relationship to the crime. In this gathering
of the facts, data is collected from a variety of sources, including people, places and things. As information
is assembled, the implications are arranged so that some semblance of causality can be determined. The
direction of thinking follows a pathway towards the “burden of proof”.27
27
O’Hara, C. E., O’Hara, G. L., Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation – Sixth Edition, (Springfield: Charles C.
Thomas Publishers, 1994), page 22-23;
In the formulation of a hypothesis, a theory of the criminal incident is proposed. The hypothesis is
compared to the facts. A decision must be made as to the consistency of the data with the known
information. Testing the hypothesis is important to determine the validity of the information gathered. The
level of probability is gauged by the relevance of the information from the evidence at hand. Where
evidence changes the course of the inquiry, then a new hypothesis may be required. Additional interviews
and interrogations could become necessary as the hypothesis is tested, updated and altered. Efforts are
made to identify the criminal and ensure the facts prove guilt or innocence. After testing the hypothesis, a
preliminary conclusion is drawn based on the best evidence available. In making inferences based on the
results, the investigator must ensure a high level of objectivity. While a perfect state of objectivity is not
possible, every effort must be made to avoid any bias in the investigative process. An investigation is a
skillful art form. It includes both science and artistry. The artistic aspect stems from intuitive decision
making. Investigative insight emerges as a result of logical thought and careful action.
The investigative process is dynamic and should not be limited by preconceived notions, template
profiles or fixed formulas. It should be a flexible free flowing approach, where thought and action are
allowed to cover a wide range of possibilities. As the investigation moves along a continuum, information
and evidence may steer the process in different directions. At every step, additional data could offer
additional elements to consider. Time is always critical. Some investigations, over time, may run cold. But,
in the beginning, it is essential that the investigation start as soon as possible. Information needs to be
developed while people are still thinking about what happened. And, if physical evidence is present, it must
be gathered before contamination, loss or decomposition sets in. Preliminary assumptions and conclusions
cannot be rushed in the early stages of the process. The full range of human inclinations must be
considered. There is nothing in this world too bizarre for people to do to each other or themselves. If people
can image any type of behavior, then they are fully capable of doing it. There are no boundaries beyond
which people will go to achieve their own ends.
Investigators should be sensitive to the motivations behind the commission of a crime. Motives lead to
answering the question as to why something was done. People commit crimes from self-centered
motivations. The yearning or urge to commit a crime is sometimes viewed in terms of the seductive
aspects. A criminal’s individual desire, opportunity, motive and means represent a quadrangle of personal
inclination, proclivity and pursuit. The criminal’s decision to commit a crime relates to personal gain over
the risks involved. Within human nature, there may be a sexual dimension to the criminal behavior. For the
criminal, every event is viewed for the personal satisfaction to be gained from committing the act. Some
people act out their ideation in criminal ways. When they do, there is likely a sensual dimension to the
behavior. Crime might have a seductive quality for those who choose to be criminals. The cause and effect
relationship has potential plausible benefits to the criminal. There is a sense of hedonistic pleasure within
the realm of criminality for the criminal.28
28
Schmalleger, F., Criminology Today – An Integrative Approach – Fourth Edition, (Upper Saddle River: Pearson-
Prentice Hal, 2006) page 120;
Chapter 6: The Nature of Evil:
The nature of evil is often shrouded in mystery and misunderstanding as we labor to define it. Religions
often correlate evil with the personification of some demonic force. The demonic force, or forces,
according to this tradition, is led by a powerful evil entity. Yet, aside from mythology and the absence of
scientific evidence, what is evil? Where does it come from? Why is it here? How is evil related to human
behavior and criminality? Is it possible that evil is just simply another aspect of human nature. As some
would say, evil is the opposite of good. And, the manifestation of evil resides in the balance of good
behavior versus bad behavior.
Discussions about the balance between good and evil are historic. Down through the ages, from
philosophy to religion, we have tried to explain the nature of evil. Sometimes, when we don’t want to
comprehend the depravity that people do to others, we call it evil. This is almost too simplistic. What we
are really talking about the severity by which one person injured another. Often, we are referring to heinous
acts of cruelty. More often than not, we call things evil for lack of a better definition. In the minds of many,
such debates have continued through the centuries. The battle between good and evil has sought to explain
human behavior in various ways. But, frequently, we struggle at the definition of what constitutes evil. For
some, evil is seen as a way to describe serious aberrant behavior. Yet, for others, evil is a description of
negative behavior that has adverse consequences. Terminology has become confusing. Perhaps what we
are really talking about is human behavior in general. Human beings are capable of anything, both good
and evil. Such dark and devious acts span the spectrum of social intercourse. A disease can be
characterized as evil. Atrocities, such as the Nazi Holocaust, have been referred to as evil. Whatever the
discussion, we can usually bring the debate around to criminal behavior. Criminality has been referred to as
having an evil element. Some people cling to the notion that criminal behavior is motivated by demonic
forces.29
If we think about it long enough, the impression should surface that we don’t live in a good, friendly and
peaceful world. The global neighborhood is a dangerous environment. In the transnational community,
numerous instances illustrate the wide range of human criminal proclivities. From nature to mankind,
threats to safety and survival are always present. That should not come as a shock. Everyday, the news is
filled with such information. The world is a dangerous place. Bad behavior abounds everywhere. Not
everyone behaves in a decent way towards others. And, if evil is a part of us, the internal workings of
human behavior, we will never get rid it. The word itself carries something close to a kind of mysterious
darkness of human depravity. We seem to relish in the presence of such things. Our movies, television and
news stories are filled with acts of infamous behavior. Sensationalism, profiteering and glorification of
horrendous behaviors portray many acts of criminality. Our multiple media mechanisms are rife with what
used to be called “yellow journalism.” Nothing new exists.
29
Schmalleger, F., Criminology Today – An Integrative Approach – Fourth Edition, (Upper Saddle River: Pearson-
Prentice Hal, 2006) page 110;
In one sense, a certain act may be seen as morally flawed, wrong or harmful, and therefore evil. Pain
and injury are associated with these notions about so called evil behavior. When we think about the vast
reaches of the human imagination, we can always find examples of hideous, malicious and demeaning
ways people treat each other. Wickedness of one form or another dwells within the human thinking
processes. For a time in history, we personified evil in demonic forms. Today, due to overuse of the term, a
lot of things are characterized as evil. However, it is more likely that evil is the manifestation of human
thoughts put into action. Notions of bizarre cruelty reside there under the surface of human thinking. Since
we can’t know precisely what resides inside a person’s mind, we can’t know for sure what a person is
really thinking. For that matter, we can’t predict what a person will do from one day to the next.
At a basic level, evil is representative of ideas that become reality. In all probability, ideation most likely
becomes fantasies that have been allowed to go to extremes. Such behavior becomes an expression of
personal inclinations. Throughout history, extreme forms of individual and collective actions have been
characterized as evil. With regard to philosophy, evil provokes much discussion from a theological
perspective. In addition, a scientific viewpoint generally moves away from such debates. Such arguments
tend to focus on questions of why certain acts of malevolence occur. The “why” question is the most
difficult to answer by either science or religion. Overall, there is probably no consensus as to an exact
definition of evil. Ask any group of people to define evil, and you will get a number of varied answers. Yet,
an essential framework is perhaps a good idea. This would help so that most of us can deal with such
behaviors. Since human behavior spans the normal to the bizarre, some reference point would be
appropriate. That location starts with considering that all human beings are capable of evil thoughts and
evil actions. In fact, if we think about it long enough, we can conclude that anyone is able to do anything.
The foundation for such behavior begins with the fact that humans are imperfect. As defective creations no
one wants to think they are capable of heinous behaviors. On the contrary, however, aren’t we all so
inclined? From an investigative posture, when confronted by a significant criminal event, we tend think
about all the possible suspects. A number people may be involved, from complainants to victims. In the
course of the investigation, we often think that everyone is a “suspect” until the evidence proves otherwise.
That pattern of thinking and formulating a hypothesis of the crime may be essential to the solution.
The truth of what goes on inside the human mind is always elusive. Evil relates to criminal behavior
whenever others are exploited, degraded, humiliated and destroyed by selfish malicious desires. In the
words of one researcher on the subject, evil is an element which opposes life. The criminal commits
malevolent acts against others when he or she abuses them. Evil deals with the destruction of another
human being for personal gain. This injurious behavior concerns acts that slay the mind, body and the
spirit of another person. Evil is not limited to the physical murder. “Murder” is premeditated and carried
into action on different levels. Most of the time, we deal with horrendous killings that reflect the debased
debauchery of the human mind. Evil resides inside the human psyche.30
30
Peck, M.S., People of the Lie – The Hope for Healing Human Evil, (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1983) page 42;
To know evil, one must simply observe what people do to each other. Atrocities take place all over the
world everyday. Murder, rape, torture, bondage and assaults of all kinds define the world we live in. What
we must come to understand, is that people are capable of anything. They are not “sick”, demented or
abnormal. They are just people who decide to be criminals. Some decide to do extremely unusual behaviors
that other criminals might choose not to do. The type of behavior is a matter of individual preference. From
gangsters to terrorists, criminals perpetrate all kinds of heinous acts, inflict horrendous tortures, and subject
their victims to cruel agonies. And, while public service personnel grapple with such acts of violence, the
nature of evil has not changed since the dawn of time. Part of the challenge is developing early warning
mechanism, from law enforcement to the military.
Modern society must come to grips with behaviors that make most of us recoil in horror. For many, we
have become too insulated in our private lives to think evil is possible. Forensics sciences, law enforcement
tactics and problem-solving technologies have to evolve solution capabilities. Acts of selfish callousness
toward others must be dealt with in a sure, swift and certain manner. We must come to know that there are
people and groups who intend to do evil things. Understanding this, vigilance becomes essential. Letting
our guard down is unacceptable. When people act in criminal ways, the full force of the law has to fall
upon them. Consequences have to follow for aberrant behaviors. Criminal wickedness abounds within the
global community and must be confronted.
Murders, nuclear terrorism, torture and other human atrocities span the globe. No period of history is
absent some out of the ordinary exploitation of one sort or another. Given specific criminal behaviors, is
one more evil than the other? All are manifestations of human behavior that stem from internal inclinations.
Some would say such deviance is the result of social processes. Various notions of aberrant behavior are
every so often claimed to be the result of adverse conditions in our society. These misguided theories miss
the obvious causative factors, people abusing people. Others might point out that such behaviors are
learned from the interactive processes of society. Still some would point to the availability of certain
stimulating sources, like video games, movies and related visual media. In reality, and perhaps closer to the
issue, are the motives within the criminal. A person’s inclination toward horrific acts may be connected to
the interplay between nature and nurture. Regardless of that which cannot be proved, we are all responsible
for our actions. No matter how many excuses we can conjure, we remain accountable. As such, the ideation
going inside the person is more important than those things on the outside. This is a very broad application
of an attempt to explain why people do terrible things. Such considerations are not new. Centuries ago,
philosophers of one persuasion or another contemplated the wickedness of human beings. Not much has
changed, except may be technology, advances in the natural sciences, industrialization and so on.
Puzzlements as to the sadistic cases of one criminal act or another leave traces down through the ages. The
“bad seed” germinates from within the mind of the perpetrator. Society is all too often afraid to admit that
evil people are no different than the rest of us.31
31
Hillman, J., The Soul’s Code – In Search of Character and Calling, (New York: Time Warner Books, 1997) page
214-215;
The nature of evil can be found sometimes in the measure of extreme causes. Flying an aircraft into
an office building may, on one level, represent the excessive aberration of belief. As beliefs unfolded and
become excessive, unbalanced and oppressive, atrocities are possible. Intense belief systems within an
individual can span the spectrum from the harmless to the hideous. Religion accounts for many extremes.
When group or individual goals outweigh human value, life can be taken without remorse. The same
applies to abuse, neglect, assault and other crimes. Selfish personal glorification finds expression in child
abuse, for instance, or, in recent cases where school teachers demonstrate ill-treatment in their relationship
of authority and subordinate. Once caught, many are quick to blame the victim. Other criminals point to
their own abuse, as if to suggest their own victimization is an excuse for their perpetuation of malevolent
deeds. Popular psychology is quick to rush in and help the criminal become a “victim”. When this
happens, the “medical model” comes to the rescue. Now, the criminal has become not only a victim, but
also a “patient”. Criminality is excused and society allows itself to avoid punishment, retribution and
deterrence.
Evil is that essence of character within each of us by which we use to cause pain and suffering in others.
Our mind-set is capable of malevolent behaviors, from the basic ideation to the actual infliction. The
context of the evil in which it is committed provides the definition for the type of person we are. Malicious
undertakings are descriptive of our inner nature and define our motives, inclination and proclivities. These
exploits suggest the scope of our capacities to inflict horror on others. Our “evil Imagination” is beyond
precise quantification. At best, we can only guess as to the extent people will go to advance their personal
gain over others.
The Quintessence of criminal behavior is found in all of us. If criminal behavior is a reflection of evil,
then all of us possess it. At least to some to extent, the latent potential is there. When people decide to
commit criminal acts, their thinking becomes severely self-centered. Their “want” becomes a desire they
need to satisfy. A sense that the means justifies the ends evolves within the context of motivational
tendencies. The victim of choice, or target of opportunity, has something the criminal wants, needs and
expects to have. Every effort will be directed toward achieving that objective. For criminals, the motive is
attached to the “sexual” stimulation that such behavior harbors. The excitement of the chase, the hunt, the
pursuit provides a basis for the power and control issues that are far more important. Power and control are
sexual elements within the human dimension of life. Objectification of the other person illuminates the
fantasy associated with the ideation. The criminal attacks an object of his or her desire, opportunity and
ability. Degrading acts follow the capturing of the prey. A criminal uses his penis or her vagina as a
weapon. Conquering another person is an ever evolving aspect evil intention. Subjugation by the criminal
does not include empathy for the victim. Exploiting the victim may come by way of deception, force, or
seduction. Use of force is not uncommon as means to subdue and overpower the victim. The type of
technique may depend on the target of opportunity. Individual ideation holds the “bad seed” that may
germinate into an act of evil, an atrocity or even a holocaust.32
32
Samenow, S. E., Inside the Criminal Mind, (New York: Crown Business, 1984), page 102.
Crime flows from flawed human behavior in the sense that we make bad decisions. The choices we pick
relate to the inner nature of our imperfection as well as the fantasies we act out. Ideation can be positive or
negative. It is inevitable that finite human beings are going to commit heinous acts of cruelty. No matter
what we do as a society, people will find ways to be disruptive. Crime cannot be eliminated, only
oppressed, controlled and interdicted. Crime will occur at different levels of society, from the board room
to the street. From an investigative standpoint, the challenge is deducing the type of person who would
commit a certain type of crime. Assessing behavior is part of the process by which we analyze a crime
scene. The scene of the crime may give us clues. Then again, it may not. Crimes could go unsolved for
weeks, months, and years. We work with what we have available to us.
Imperfect people are not going to operate within a normal framework all the time. There ware going to
be aberrations of conduct. Yet, people are capable of all manner of evil, no matter what their status in life.
Broad spectrums of interpretations about human actions cover many areas of assessment. These various
varieties, often excuses, embrace the theological, social, psychological, and biological conceptions of
human nature. Plus, there are variations within many of those explanations. Some researchers have
concluded that evil behavior can be explained in terms of a few basic schemes. As such, reasons for such
behavior span the philosophical realm of debate down through the centuries. Some of these assertions have
included the following ideas:33
1. Human beings are flawed and therefore fallible, making the wrong choices.
2. The nature of evil is inside every human being, who is capable of evil acts.
3. Human beings are free to do whatever they want, with no fixed or predetermined nature.
4. Human nature is basically good, but humans make bad decisions which cause evil.
5. Human evils are the result of adverse social conditions, societal conflict and human interactions.
6. Evil is a byproduct of human development and inevitable in the process of human growth.
7. Preying on the weak by the strong brings about accusations of evil.
In an effort to attempt to understand human nature, it is possible that a combination of these ideas could
be merged. However, based on all the ideas rampant in modern society, no single best answer seems to
emerge. Not every act of violence is easily classified or categorized into simple explanations. Crimes
remain contingent upon the physical evidence at hand at related to people, places and things. Here, physical
evidence refers to the totality of information and artifacts gathered through the course of an investigation
(i.e. forensic aspects, interviews, interrogations, etc). We can argue that human beings are far from perfect.
Whether evil behavior is triggered from within or from the outside, is matter still hotly debated. More
compelling is the assertion that people have freewill. With freedom, people are free to make choices of
their own volition. When they choose to do certain things, others may get in the way or become targets.
Those choices, at times, may include horrible abuse, torture and murder of others.
33
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/phl303/lectures/lec18.html
Hiding behind a veneer of respectability, social status, philosophy or other clever veils of deceit,
criminals endeavor to justify their actions. Their fantasies are carried out in real life. Planning becomes part
of the thinking processes. Within the mind of a criminal, they develop templates for acting out deviant
ideation. To them, the ends justify the means, no matter what that might include. Power, control and
dominance remain significant themes in the thoughts and actions. People will mold their character and
adjust their personality according to their needs and their needs drive motives which are translated into
illicit acts contrary to lawful sanctions. This includes the whole range of so called evil acts of depravity.
Alleging evil has occurred, the public can somehow come to grips with deviant behavior. Myth, magic and
metaphor help to personify the nature of evil. Yet, everyone has the potential for such behaviors. But,
fearing this possibility, the public often reacts in horror, disbelief, confusion and anxiety in the aftermath of
a perceived horrid incident. At the same time, the public also relishes, with a kind of sensual vicariousness,
in the exposure to lurid horrors of criminal behaviors. Our media, television, video games, books, etc. are
filled with such portrayals. Movies capitalize on such societal atrocities and thereby merge fact with
fiction. The lines between good and evil, normal and abnormal sometimes get blurred.
Evil in all of us becomes the perversion of goodness by personal choice. As an aspect of human nature,
evil is an explanation for the bad things people do. For the public, politicians and the media, evil often
refers to serious outrageous of behavior that somehow upsets the “conscience of society as a whole”. As
human beings, we are predisposed to making decisions between right and wrong. Given our individual
inclinations, we can be expected to make selection among an array of alternatives. To choose an evil course
of action is self-willed. Such action is the perpetuation of something we have been thinking about. In
actuality, we put the thoughts into actions. Our fantasies can become depraved acts of immorality which
violate the law. When we choose criminal behavior, we carry into action our individual concern for our
own desires. Others don’t count. We view the world in terms of what we want. Often, doing a malevolent
act is weighed in the balance between gains minus the possibility of being caught. Sometimes, self-sacrifice
underscores the commitment to a belief in the perpetration of malicious behaviors.
To the criminal, evil deeds do not need to be justified unless caught. Once arrested, taken into custody
and questions, a host of excuses will be surface. Often, societal institutions, supported by misguided
assumptions, will transform the criminal into a victim, martyr or freedom fighter. When this happens, the
victims become the instigators of the criminal actions. Following apprehension, malevolence will be
explained away by minimizing and mitigating the unlawful actions. What we sometimes miss in our rush to
explain why something happened is the reality of the criminal mind. Anything can be rationalized.
Criminals will put into action all manner of behaviors in order to get what they want. The objective, of
course, is to impose one’s needs, wants and yearnings on others. The spectrum of wicked activities spans
the human imagination. In short, if the criminal conjures up the thought to do something, then to him or
her, it becomes necessary to commit the act.34
34
http://members.cox.net/samenow/conceptjanuary_05.html
A concept of evil, at various times, is difficult to define with precise human efficiency. Yet, many acts
occur throughout the world that is routinely identified as evil. People are in routine fashion hard pressed to
distinguish what is evil and what is just “ordinary murder”. We simply use the word in such a broad
manner that simple definition is not feasible. Would not the killing of another human qualify as being an
evil act? Could not this be possible, regardless of the manner by which the killing was done? Such acts are
called evil for what appears to be a lack of better terminology. Bizarre, vicious and heinous behaviors are
often termed as not being “normal” and therefore evil. But, what is normal? Is it because certain acts seem
so strange that we call them evil? Animals are not typically characterized as being evil. In general, we
reserve this designation for people. Natural forms of “evil” are sometimes described as famines, storms and
weather related disasters. By contrast, malevolent personal activities are ascribed to people. In the process,
with unfortunate consequences, religions, in particular Christianity, have fostered notions making evil into
a personification. This anthropomorphism has caused significant confusion throughout the world. It is
more probable, that our various conceptions of evil stem from our misunderstandings of ancient
mythologies, allegory and clever storytelling.
In western culture, we seem to be captivated by horrid, lurid and grotesque stories of bizarre behaviors.
Audiences can be found with appetites for just about any human proclivity. Our media is filled with such
tales. Although good storytelling is a skilled art of creativity, we often translate the unreal into the real. Fact
is blurred with fiction. Truth gets lost in hidden agendas and so on. We are entertained by writers, artists
and movie makers. Through television, stage plays and movie theaters we are enthralled by various stories
or the macabre. Viewers are attracted to a dark side of such productions. Perhaps, this is a latent aspect of
human sexuality. As such, film makers and television producers find ready and willing audiences. Some
members of the public wait anxiously for the next sequel to the latest horror story. Evil depictions in
graphic detail have become standard elements in a number of modern movie genres. Explicit
sensationalism abounds in nearly all aspects of what the viewing public sees and hears. From movies to
news reports, we see broad efforts to amuse us by whatever means possible. Such easy references to
fictional portrayals of malicious behaviors confuse real life issues. We seem to miss the point of what we
are viewing. If someone can think of immoral and wicked acts of cruelty, then someone can carry them out
in the real world. Our pretense at innocence is an illusion.
Regardless of the television and movie depictions, people are inherently composed of various degrees of
self-centeredness. And, as a byproduct, we are all capable of insensitive acts toward others. While some of
us deal with our self-centeredness, others tend to act out theirs by making bad choices. This acting out
becomes a very prideful reality. Their reality is translated into confronting anyone who represents a
challenge to their vanity. If a person has an inflated sense of their self-image, then threats might be dealt
with in harsh ways. Often, we desire to avoid the truth of ourselves or our group identification. To deal
with it, overcome the inadequacies and move on is somehow foreign to some people. Criminals decide to
act on their denial of the truth. Instead, they rely on their own lies to themselves and others. In a sense,
criminals fail to affirm the positive qualities of a worthwhile existence. They take it from others.
In dealing with evil, from an investigative problem solving standpoint, we must consider the wide-range
possibilities of human nature. There is always the probability that this nature is keyed to the individual’s
sexuality. To fulfill their sexual fantasies, people are capable of the most bizarre forms of interpersonal
action. Human behavior knows only the boundaries a person is willing to set on their activities. In terms of
case solutions, investigators must be relentless in identifying the criminal. He or she must be strong willed,
persistent and very patient. The pursuit of criminal perpetrators likewise requires diligence, study and
careful assessment of all the aspects of a crime in question. Criminals don’t always leave sufficient clues.
Whatever clues are available serve as pieces of a human puzzle. These parts or fragments fit into a pattern
that may not be easily discerned at the outset.
The challenge in confronting the evil acts of criminality involves facts and not fiction. Many facts are
essential to aid the investigator’s critical thinking processes. His or her abilities include creativity, logical
deduction and innovative strategies. Efforts are also reinforced by the various components of the forensic
sciences, including the medical examiner, criminalistics, etc. People, places and things should be studied
with careful observation and perception. On another level, the investigator must transform into a “hunter”
pursuing a “prey”. The chain of events has to be turned against the criminal. The criminal has already
selected, stalked and hunted down his or her victim.
Internal to the individual, in a philosophical sense, is the ongoing struggle between good and evil. A
person’s reality is comprehended on this fundamental basis of thinking. Choosing between right and wrong,
normal and deviant, law abiding and criminal, reflect a person’s ideation. A criminal’s belief system is built
upon his or her desires to take something that is not rightfully theirs. Abnormal behavior stems from errors
in the thought life of the individual. Each criminal endeavor is viewed as an opportunity to act out his or
her will from mental conceptions. Oppression of others is a way to get what one wants without use of
lawful or socially accepted means. This power and control effort represents the unique and personal
proclivities of the individual criminal. These are the mental fingerprints of each person. Their model of
reality is based upon their own inward inclinations. What a person consumes, sees, reads, etc, are not the
most essential features of their individuality. A more important issue is what the person thinks, fantasizes
and acts upon. The pursuit of selfish needs defines who they, where they are and what they do. When they
perpetrate evil, they are acting upon issues of personal gain.
Acts of evil suggest much about the character of a person. Everyone is capable of committing
malevolent deeds, regardless of age, income or other difference. The criminal sees nothing wrong with
stepping across another person’s boundary lines. Human evil applies to individuals, groups and countries as
well. Extreme forms of behavior have connections to various movements, associations, and allied
groupings. Whether by the group or the individual, there is typically an element of self-importance at the
expense of others. For reasons relating to several motives, from the economic to the spiritual, people
develop their thinking that maximizes personal gain. These motives usually relate to ultimate issues of
“love” or “money”. Such notions suggest areas relative to emotional needs as well as material or physical
acquisition. All share common association with power and are extension of human sexuality.
Chapter 7: Sexuality and Criminal Proclivities:
Investigating the connection between human sexuality and criminal behavior is not a simplistic process.
Some in the field of inquiry assert a very strong cause-effect relationship. There appears to be and resilient
association between criminal behavior and one’s sexual inclinations. The growing body of research that is
available offers insight into our ideation, fantasies and motives. As such, the data brings closer together
connectivity between intuitive progressions and free-will choice issues. Again, criminal behavior is
continually about choice based on thought processes. Yet, arriving at one solid theory over another is not
trouble-free. Caution is nonetheless warranted in any investigative inquiry. No matter what someone asserts
to be true, there’s the possibility of another explanation. Human nature is not easily codified into clear-cut
formulae, checklists or trouble-free typologies. Fanciful fads of quick solution seem to conjure illusions of
fiction replacing fact. Myth, magic and metaphor always surface in the murky waters of criminal behavior
theories. At a crime scene, for example, a multitude of possibilities exist at the outset. Once the criminal
event hits the news stands, anything is possible in the evolution of public story telling.
Meanwhile, back at the crime scene, the practitioner of criminology, the police officer, seeks to put
together a tentative hypothesis. This preliminary assessment becomes the foundation upon which the
pseudo-scientific method unfolds. Inferences are made and tentative conclusions assembled. While a
correlation may be drawn, various interpretations invite careful analysis. Limited data gathered at the scene
beg for more details. More facts, figures and fundamentals are essential to the evidentiary process. The
probability of a causal link between sexuality and the crime is compelling. Delving into this realm of
human behavior offers the probability of flights of imagination coming into reality. The association or
relationship between sexuality and criminal activity may be bonded to a number of psychological factors.
No matter what the relationship, a person still makes choices based on his or her individual ideation. In the
meantime, determining the linkages becomes part of the quest for solution.
Investigative daydreams into the power of invention strain the reality of solution. This sometimes comes
when researchers proselytize typologies of one sort or anther. While good intentions try to make case
solution easier, difficulties linger. People can’t be placed in a box. To say that an act of horrid commission
is either “organized” or “disorganized” does not put the “smoking gun” in the hand of the perpetrator. In
fact, such notions may only cloud the mystery further. Sleight of hand amusement with clever word phrases
also added to the darkness of solving the atrocity. For example, to assert that a crime is committed because
of “lust” only paints a colorful word picture. And, if you suggest someone has committed a “lust murder”,
then you’re fomenting faulty mental images. Such things belong in the fiction of novels, movies and
television. The facts get muddled and the solution gets elusive. An affirmation in this direction is
misleading at best. At worst, it’s dishonest to the investigation. Clarity, to the extent possible, is vital to the
inquiry at hand. The alleged reason of clever typologies are temptations to misinformation,
misunderstanding and misguided efforts. Declarations of truth must be tested to be shown valid in all cases,
at all times, in all places. Most of the time, such contentions bear no validation of rigid empirical analysis.
Caution is always warranted in the subtle encounters with the “mysticism of the mouth” and the “magic
of the power of suggestion”. So called experts in the hallowed halls of academia, or the government,
sometimes put forth interesting ideas. That is to say, when someone holds something out to be true, it
should not be taken as the literal truth. Instead, such assertions should be tested by valid inquiry. How do
you know and what do you mean? These initial questions should be asked. Thus, all things should be
thoroughly investigated to the exclusion of other possibilities, variables or attendant inconsistencies. Over-
simplification can be disastrous in the quest for solving complex criminological issues, incidents and events
of human interaction. With regard to sex crimes, both critical and creative thinking are essential. The
necessity of sensitivity in an investigative sense remains important. Concern for the need to protect the
integrity and confidentiality of people, places and objects should underscore the complexity of the
interpersonal dimension.
Human sexuality spans the unlimited realm of the human imagination. There are no limits to which
people will go to fulfill their individual proclivities. Whatever a person can perceive, he or she may act out
that particular ideation or fantasy. These actions may reflect an individual psychopathology. Such
behaviors may or may not be illegal by statutory definition. Some aspects of human sexuality activity are
personal and private matters. Other aspects are considered contrary to the criminal laws. As society
changes, so does our tolerance for certain kinds of expressive behavior. Today’s unlawful deviant behavior
may be tomorrow’s norm of acceptance.
In some areas of human sexuality research, investigators suggest a correlation between physical violence
and the repression of sexuality. Abnormal behaviors are seen by some as a way to experience the absence
of physical pleasure by other mechanisms. People will go to bizarre extremes to obtain the pleasurable
encounters they seek. Certain points of view are supporting the conception that suppression of sexuality in
general, surfaces in various acts of violent behavior. In other words, the oppression of experiencing
physical pleasures emerges in other behaviors that may be injurious to others. People, in making their
choices, will tend to search for ways to express themselves. In this process, if they live in societies that
send mixed signals about sexuality, other behaviors might surface. These murky areas of human fantasy
may conjure all kinds of activities from within the imagination. As a reaction to legitimate outlets for
personal gratification, a person might consider doing a criminal act. A connection may exist between the
two extremes of behavior, going from physical pleasure to physical violence. The experience of pain or
pleasure may bear linkage between the gains minus the risk of criminal behavior. For some practitioners in
the field of behavior research, “deprivation of physical sensory pleasure”, could be associated with the
expression of violent activities. Pleasure and violence could conceivably be a duality of the mental
processes by which we seek to satisfy internal urges. Satisfaction may come one way or the other. In terms
of sensory deprivation, as feelings regarding the human physical nature are suppressed, there appears
likelihood for the prevalence of aberrant motivations. The manifestation of emotional disturbances could
possibly lead to addictive behaviors, depression and so forth.35
35
http://www.sexwork.com/subcontents/violence.html
Materialization of emotional disturbance affects all of us. From one aspect to another, each of us
experiences a range of dysfunction over time. When these disturbances of thought become physical action,
we are capable of coldly calculated acts of behavior. In some sectors of research, the issues related to
“organized” and “disorganized” criminal behavior often emerges. Instead of these labels regarding murder,
why not “methodical” versus “dysfunctional”, or “unsystematic”, etc? In terms of deviant behavioral
characteristics, all our actions may have a basis in a fundamental notion of our individual sexuality. Once
we allow ourselves to be triggered in a certain direction, we are able to carry out well-planned actions
against others. At different times, under different conditions, we are likely to be chaotic, inept and
incompetent in getting what we want. Other times, we’re may be organized, precise and deliberate.
All of us have an innate capacity to be either “organized” or “disorganized” depending on which
direction we choose to go. In similar ways, we are also capable of being functional as well as dysfunctional.
Our approaches to dealing with other people carry different motives. At times, contending with our own
individual challenges, level of selfishness, and stress orientation, we may decide to “lose control”. If we
decide to strike out at someone, we may give into our deviant urges and act upon foolish impulsivity. Given
the relative circumstances, attendant conditions and personal proclivities, each person has the capability of
battering another. This is particularly the potential in the scheme of interpersonal relationships. In
criminological terms, the so called “disorganized murderer” may commit a number of lethal acts toward
another person. These have been suggested as the following basics:36
1. While physically beating the victim, a blindfold may have been used by the criminal. He or she
may inflict injuries to the face of the victim.
2. The act of covering the face, by use of a blindfold, could be suggestive of a need to depersonalize
the victim.
3. In contrast to an act of depersonalization, the perpetrator might believe the victim seems like
someone he or she knows. This knowledge of knowing someone else could suggest fear and anger
within the criminal.
4. Evidence of sexual sadism may be present and imposed after death. Souvenirs may be taken and
the body left at the crime scene. The body may be placed somewhere it is easily seen.
5. Physical evidence, such as fingerprints and the weapon(s), are generally found at the scene, or
close by.
6. Some have offered that the crime scene appears to be in disorder, turmoil or frenzied.
7. Researchers assert that the perpetrator may have come from an unstable family environment. This
of course, will be used as excuse when the killer is caught. As such, the suggestion is often made
that the perpetrator is “socially inadequate”, has a poor work history and failed to finish school.
And, low self-esteem is another characteristic thrown into the mix. However, it could be said, he
or she is managing to get by somehow, just like the rest of us.
36
http://faculty.ncwc.edu/TOConnor/428/428lect07.htm
The “disorganized” murderer is said to carry out his or her heinous acts in areas close to where they
reside and have a job. And, while these are broad generalizations, the descriptors contrast with that of the
so called “organized murderers”. For organized criminals, planning is purposeful. But, then again, that
could be said of all criminals. They have a purpose just like the rest us. While we may not acknowledge it
as such, the human sexual dimension is always at play. Some of their basic characteristics include:
1. In general, some would assert there is evidence of careful planning. This is said to be done in order
to avoid discovery, detection and eventual identification.
2. According to the conventional notion, the crime scene is selected for a particular reason. Efforts
are carried out to make discovery of the victim more difficult.
3. For the organized murder, it is suggested that he or she picks a victim because they signify
something in his or her mind. This insinuates an inclination toward a preference. Such ideation
could be associated with age, gender and lifestyle.
4. Interpersonal skills are considered to be good regarding the organized killer. They are more than
capable of using such abilities to engage others in social settings. Their kill at communication may
allow them to be seen as non-menacing and above suspicion.
5. They may take care in exhibiting an acceptable appearance in the way they dress and act.
6. The organized criminal may use a personal vehicle to carry the victim.
7. Sexual battery to the victim may take place prior to him or her being killed. Evidence of the
mechanism of death may be removed from the scene. This includes weapons, restraints and so
forth.
These two types of murderers are presented for the purposes of thoughtful introspection. How do we
know with absolute certainty what a particular criminal was thinking? At the time of the crime, anything is
possible in the reaches of the human mind. The brain fosters processes that are beyond the precision of
perfect measurement and prediction. In reality, we’re basically putting forward guesses within a logical
framework. While these are very general aspects of the proclivities of murderers, the basis of such notions
should foster deeper thinking. Critical assessment and analysis are crucial to solving the puzzles.
Regardless of the suggested type of killer involved, some criminals of either type may return to the scene of
the crime. They may be stable in terms of social interactions, live alone or have a live-in companion.
Killers, if male, might even have a complete family network, such as, a wife, kids and productive job. They
could even be prominent members of the community, involved in local politics, business activities and
social services. Their sexual inclinations are very much like the rest of us. We all have fantasies that span
the spectrum of normal to abnormal. We probably can’t know to a significant degree of certainty what
everyone in the population thinks. For one reason, we all have public and private faces we show. We share
different personalities depending on where we are and who we’re with. None of us tells the truth of our
complete reality, regardless of how many surveys we fill out. For another reason, we all would not be
perfectly honest if asked what really goes on inside our heads. Each of us wears on continual mask of
sanity, hiding our true feeling deep inside. Some of us don’t even know what those are.
If caught, criminals typically start laying the foundation for their defense. They will produce instant
alibis and reason why they committed such crimes. Again, the range of excuses runs the gamut of trickery
to mislead the police, social workers, the justice system, the public and the press. Yet, people make their
own choices as to the motives they develop. At crimes scenes, we may find a mixture of both examples.
Both the organized and disorganized aspects may be present. Each criminal event must be viewed in terms
of its unique characteristics. To try to contain the given characteristics within a pre-arranged template could
narrow the creativity of the investigative processes. Forensic evidence, and the context in which it was
found, should be considered in the totality of the crime’s commission. The “why done it” and the “how
done it” need to be assessed in view of the investigative continuum. Instead of attempting to make a
medical diagnosis of the criminal, criminologist ought to be enhancing the deductive processes of case
solution.
Practitioners in the realm of criminal behavior have to begin moving away from psychological terms
applied to criminals. For one thing, such efforts to diagnose the type of criminal lead to invocation of the
“health care model”. Or, perhaps what some would call the “medical model”. This is done as if to suggest
the criminal has caught the “illness of criminality”. And, by appropriate pharmaceutical intervention, the
criminal can be “healed”. In other words, we tend to make the criminal the victim. By making them the
victim, we evolve toward ensuring they become a patient. Once the criminal becomes a patient, and then he
or she can be “cured” rather than punished. Words like “sick”, “monster”, “evil”, are evoked to explain
what we refuse to explain or simply don’t understand.
All criminals have similar criminal inclinations. They share commonalities of insensitivity toward
others. If they were empathic, then they wouldn’t cheat, steal, rape or murder others. Criminals are quick to
learn how to overcome, adapt and improvise. They can be cruel, heartless and cold in their desire to gain
something that doesn’t belong to them. Criminals have a disdain for rules. That’s why they break them.
Their cunning manipulation comes in various forms, calculated to inflict injury. At any given time, they can
be intelligent or stupid. Although, the criminal, if so inclined, may try to learn as they commit additional
crimes. He or she may well desire to improve his or her skill set. As such, the criminal might enhance his or
her overall capabilities in the realm of criminal activity. The psycho-sexual dynamics are demonstrated
through motive and intent. The criminal tends to have certain reasons why he or she wants to carry out the
crime. These reasons are unique to the individual.
The “hunt” or the “predator” versus the “prey” adds flavor to the chase for the criminal. A criminal’s
excitement in the pursuit and eventual coercion of a victim stem from sexual dynamics. These psycho-
sexual expressions begin early in one’s life-span. The teen years tend to show a general emergence of such
behaviors with more intensity. While the formative years are developing, the criminal tends to put up a
good façade. Within this realm, fantasies provide the basis for patterns of behavior. From within the fantasy
world, emerge inclination to act out the physical application of abstract ideation.37
37
Whatever act of commission occurs, criminals decide that their urge for more activity is necessary to
their fundamental experiences. Within the mindset, more is always better. Surplus exceeds scarcity. The
mind can created and project whatever it conceives. Across the sphere of inner psychic experiences, people
share similarities in terms of motive, intent and desires. Among, criminals, likewise there are basic
motivations and personal proclivities. Desire, ability and opportunity swim in the same ocean of thoughts.
However, this does not suggest that human behavior is so easily predicted. While some would like to think
that, such notions are an illusion. Each person has the ability to alter, change or shift patterns of behavior.
In some people, a particular conquest may not satisfy the totality of the particular fantasy. Other criminals
may be satisfied and take time off. This individual realization might serve as the basis for pursuing other
avenues of behavior. Not for very long will some people contain the perceptional sensitivity within the
mind. Criminal activities may increase in order to fuel the flights of imagination. In this progression,
criminals demonstrate a particular mechanism for carrying out their crimes. This preferred method of
operation, or M.O., shows the “how” of the who, what, where, when, why and how framework (The 5WH
of investigative processes). The criminal, as so inclined, could favor certain crimes over others. However,
he or she still thinks of all types of criminal behavior. And, although the “how” provide clues to the course
of action, the “why” aspect may remain more illusive. Why remains the ultimate question. As long as
“why” is being asked in the course of the investigation, progress of some sort can be made. Yet, in the long
run, the ultimate answer may remain illusive. There are no definitive absolutes when it comes to the crucial
nature of human beings.
Every day mixed signals about the inherent nature of human sexuality are broadcast in various ways.
From school to work, we play at the pretense of being something else. On one side of the spectrum, we
pursue the mental apprehension of explicit and shocking sensations. Other the side of that continuum, we
recoil and rail at the vivid and graphic depictions. Yet, all in all, we still want to see and feel the decadence
around us. And, at the same time, we want to project an air of sophistication, moral uprightness and
civilized superiority. We think we are above such prurient yearnings. By varied means, commercial
interests throughout society send volumes of sensual messages. From news media “talking heads stars”, to
movie depictions of sexual promiscuity, we continually tantalize the American public. The duplicity of
oppressive actions perpetuates a confusing set of notions about the proper place of human sexuality.
Castigatory efforts are fostered by the agendas of ecclesiastical tyranny. To this, add the admonishments of
misguided academics from the so called social sciences. In perpetuation, the news media promulgates their
necessity of commercial exploitation. And before you know it, confusion over human sexuality reins
supreme. Inhibitions, suppressions and personal impotence compound the complexity. With such
misinformation, repression and subjugation of our basic nature, is it any wonder people make bad choices?
Is it a surprise people lurk, leer and lust for juicy pieces of gossip, gore and vicarious grit? For people, it’s
difficult to separate the connectivity between “spirituality, sensuality and sexuality”.38
38
Keen, S, Hymns to an Unknown God – Awakening the Spirit in Everyday Life, (New York: Bantam Books, 1994),
page 121;
Human sexuality is part of a continuum of human inclinations. Cognitive and emotional sensations are
attached to our sexual basis in a very profound human context. To segregate our sexual nature into a
separate compartment alienates the generic impulses within each of us. We’ll search for ways and means by
which we can release the tension. Fantasies foster the dimensional aspect of dealing with the inner
conflicts. The linkage between fantasy and reality may not be playing golf with the guys. Instead, the outlet
might be stalking and gutting another person. Such transformation to transgression becomes part of our
mode, means and method of merging fiction with fact. The fiction is in the mind. Fact is the reality on the
outside. We’re inside looking out. Trying to get out and explore the more salacious prospects of our
personal eroticism. Latent tendencies don’t go away. Emotional instability may be well-disguised, along
with detaching ourselves from our realty of the world around us. Withdrawal into the self affects all of us at
various times, places and levels. And, sometimes the scary part of our downward spiral endangers others.
Once we open Pandora’s Box, putting the lid back on is difficult. We desire to experience the woes we
have released. Yet, we make those choices within the scope of our individual freedom expression. And, we
write the clues to ourselves by virtue of what we say, do and otherwise leave behind.
Human sexuality can cross boundaries of acceptable and unacceptable conduct at any time. Preliminary
warning signs begin to emerge early in one’s life cycle. Clues are left by way of various forms of acting out
behavior. Fantasies stem from complex dynamics that personal and individualized. For those who select
sex crimes as their outlet for fantasies, there can be a continued inclination toward increasingly aberrant
behavior. Criminal activity, with sexual overtones, discloses clues to hidden motives behind the inventive
power of the imagination. In some cases, a higher level of intellectual capacity may be present in the way
the crime was committed. The M.O. may serve as a basis to discern the perpetrator’s proclivities. Such
aspects depend upon the nature and scope of the crime. For instance, the commission of a crime involving a
complex set of circumstances can portray a criminal mindset that is cleverer than the average. Once the line
is crossed there is little or no possibility that the criminal will ultimately stop committing crimes. He or she
relishes in the experience of committing the criminal event. The criminal is first and foremost a victimizer
of choice. He or she is not trapped in the helplessness of his or her own personal adverse environmental
conditions. The criminal victimizes by reason of his or her own flights of imagination. Criminal behavior is
their way of dealing with capricious desires to inflict predatory practices on others. In a sense, sex crimes
become the conduit by which the criminal carries out his or her ideation into the physical world. Their
reality is that which they create and perpetuate upon others.39
Within the nature of human beings is the basis for the developmental process of belief. These abstract
notions of mind evolve over time. From experiences within the cognitive and material realms, thinking
transforms along various lines of inclination. Based on a fact and fiction, ideation adapts to configure
thought processes unique to each person. While similarities exist from one person to the next, a sense of
individuality centers in one’s personal perceptions. As we collect, assemble and interpret data, we decide
how we’re going to react to the external world.
39
Douglas, J., Obsession, (New York: Lisa Drew Books, 1998), page 107-109;
Assessment, analysis and reaction take on the expressions of feeling, meaning and intention. The
content of what we know and believe translates into the reality we create. This evolves in response to
changes in beliefs systems. Idea, principles, convictions, and faith reside within our thinking processes.
Responses can surface in a number of external behaviors. From formative development, to the intervening
years toward maturity, people assemble, assess and assimilate data from various sources. None of us lives
in a vacuum. So, we are experiencing interactions everyday at different levels of intensity. What are the
sources and where do they come from? Depends on the interactions we have in the neighborhood of our
surroundings. Such items of intellectual exercise cover the nature, scope and extent of our individual
environment. Desire, opportunity and ability set the stage for our personalized assessment and selection of
various information sources. We take in and digest information coming into us from a myriad of cause and
effect relationships. Over time, the internal belief system is altered to fit the nature of the realty we project
at a given point in time. While we share similarities with others, we are different. Such a notion relates to
the paradox of human nature. Mental processes within us, at our instigation, format ways by which we deal
with external stimuli. The internal mechanism of thought paints the picture we want to view. Internal bias,
prejudice and preconception flavor our appetite for each day’s menu of life. Irrational, unrealistic and
aberrant thinking can be powerful precursors to executing acts of unlawful behavior.40
Pain versus pleasure in the historic calculus of classical criminology underscores our predilection
toward premeditation. Finding outlets for acceptable behavior sometimes becomes skewed in favor of
committing heinous acts of human atrocity. Early life sensitivity may well leave imprints of wants, desires
and yearnings that, to us, must be fulfilled. This is done in order to pacify the internal framework of
fantasies. Most people persist in finding ways to achieve pleasure-seeking conduits of mental-physical
activity. Such efforts become our daily pursuits in a mixture of numerous styles. Some, on the other, pursue
actions relative to their inclination for violence prone outlets. For them, sensory awareness and experiential
completeness, in their minds, have been stifled. Violence in some aspects is seen as a pleasurable endeavor.
Unlawful behaviors could very well be the outer expression of mental-physical deficits. In a sense, “sexual
aberration, drug abuse, violence and aggression”, are potentially the result of perceptions based on physical
deprivation. Difficulty in understanding the complexities of human actions stems in part from our efforts to
separate the mind-body connection. Instead of viewing each person as a whole entity of human
manifestation, we tend to look at parts. To solve crimes, and come closer to understanding the nature of
criminal behavior, we have to consider all components. Some studies suggest that an adult’s sex life, and
the pleasures derived, may reflect the nature and scope of early childhood experiences. In a sense, the
familial physical contact, closeness and openness could have a life-long bearing on violence and aggression
choices. The hypothesis offers the notion that physical pleasure might in some way control the urge toward
physical violence. If so, the crime-human sexuality connection becomes more relevant.41
40
Alexander, J.B., Groller, R., Morris, J., The Warrior’s Edge, (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc.,
1990), page 17-18;
41
http://www.sexwork.com/subcontents/violence.html,
Chapter 8: Sex, Aggression and Violence:
Sex, aggression and violence are avenues reflective of the choices we make. Our interactions with others
echo the subtle whispers of internal schemes we initiate in our thoughts. While some people tend to channel
their energies in acceptable ways, others may not be so inclined. Positive sexual experiences may very well
set the stage for a more productive outlook on life. Some research even suggests the correlation between
positive physical touch in formative years and diffusing aggressive tendencies in less violent directions.
Regardless, our activities tend to give some definition to our thinking processes. What we say and do
potentially gives a glimpse as to our intentions. Whether positive or negative behaviors are the result of
such foundational formations, we all express some aspect of our ideation. This underscores our motivations
and intentions in doing certain things. Our psychological makeup is apt to emerge to some degree in the
performance of day to day endeavors. We may express such inner mental life in the external way we drive,
work and play. At the same time, it can be offered that criminal actions also suggest a limited indication as
to out personality inclinations. Examining a crime scene, for instance, may allow us to observe certain
clues, physical evidence and other aspects of the criminality. From this, basic personality traits might
inspire further investigation analysis. That is, the possibility of a “profile” or a “behavioral assessment”
could provide the basis for an outline of what happened. A “psycho-sleuth” effort should entail analysis of
all aspects of the crime.
Making an assessment of the persons involved initiates as sequence of probability. “Profiling” or
“behavioral assessment” is not just for suspects. The same elementary notions of discerning personality
traits apply to victims and witness as well. We should never jump to conclusions about anyone for any
reason. Logical deductive efforts take us along a continuum toward a more generalized understanding.
Relationships exist within the course of action that has taken place. Understanding the method involved
points to the inherent personality. Comprehension in this regard is a starting point toward eventual solution.
Being familiar with people, places and things provides a foundation for appreciating the nature of the
incident. This entails awareness of backgrounds, histories, traits, characteristics and habits of people within
the environmental spectrum of the criminal event. Associations, interests, work and recreation may offer
further information as to the probable connectivity of people and events. The circumstances of the
particular criminal incident might suggest patterns of behavior that have been previously known. With
criminal behavior in particular, every possibility should be evaluated. Actions taken by the criminal can be
found in the composition of the crime scene. In addition, the nature of the crime and disposition of the
evidence also assist the assessment process. Each element of the crime, as suggested by the evidence, may
be viewed in terms of how the pieces fit the puzzle. Victims and witnesses offer information relative to
descriptors of persons, property and progression of the incident. Their background is as relevant as the
potential suspects involved. Connectivity might be interwoven in different ways.42
42
O’Hara, C. E., Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation, Sixth Edition, (Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1994) pages
684-685;
Conducting a “psychological autopsy”, or, “behavioral assessment”, on a particular person suggests we

have a subject in our presence. To some extent, we’re hopeful we have some field of view regarding
people, places and objects. That is to say, we have enough facts, figures and details to begin the
investigative process. The more information we have the better the process of deduction. This doesn’t
mean, of course, we can’t start somewhere with limited data. With regard to the area of sexual activity,
there is a complexity of influences. What is the cause-effect relationship between sexual identity and
criminal activity? How do we understand the psycho-physical-spiritual dimensions of love and lust? Or, for
that matter, what can we speculate about power and personal gain? Some suggest there is connectivity
between “psychobiochemical” processes and feelings of love, lust and “limerance”. Form some researchers,
some thirty years ago, a sense of a causal linkage between sexuality and human actions seemed plausible.
The idea of “limerance” ponders cognitive and emotional state invasive intentions. Stemming from the
ideation of desiring reciprocal responses from others, a person yearns to reach out and possesses another
person. Of course, possession might be perceived in different ways for different people. This need for
reciprocity of interaction foreshadows of a stormy sea of threatening relationships. The ideation taken
outside the mental realm, hints at a human sensitivity to interpersonal dilemmas. At one part of the
spectrum, a person harbors the potential belief of failure. At the other end, given the possible uncertainty, a
person may crave the mutual exchange from another. This kind of intrusive thinking may be at the heart of
the motives to act out a range of behaviors.43
In actuality, we may all have such inclinations of the so called “intrusive thinking”. How often could it
be that we secretly “stalk” another? And, for that matter, who would know? So long as we don’t act on our
inclinations. The secret stays hidden. If so, how do we go about dealing with the deviant aftermath? That is,
the outcome of “intrusive thinking” coming to fruition in a forceful subjugation of another person.
Interfering behavior results from an intense desire for another person to return the attention. The interest
one bears for another may not be reciprocal in nature. In fact, the other person may not be aware that the
other person has a feeling of reciprocation. Subsequently, there could be a development of a potent longing
for relief. The unreturned feelings may serve as the basis for a mounting buildup of difficulty. As such, fear
creeps in to the thinking processes. To counter the emotional stress, the perpetrator of the original ideation
may seek out solutions. Inventive possibilities might surface. To the criminal, everything is “reasonable” to
extent necessary to achieve person satisfaction. The acute nature of such sensual proclivities can always be
interpreted in a positive light for the criminal. To objectify the target person, the doer of dangerous deeds
can easily rationalize the aberrant behavior. The buoyancy of protracted feelings, over time, allows for the
acceptance “positive actions” to accomplish necessary ends. To the criminal, the ends always justify the
means. People are expendable to degree necessary for personal satisfaction. Where perception is power,
reality becomes reinterpreted to fit the scheme of the ideation. Repression of feelings, emotions and desires
tend to surface in other areas of human activity.
43
Pearson, D., Shaw, S., Life Extension – A Practical Scientific Approach, (New York: Warner Books, Inc., 1982),
pages 516-517;
Societal repression, based on certain belief mechanisms, may influence the acceptance of certain modes
of reactivity. Our reactions to repressive assertions about “normal behavior” could set the stage for some
people to interpret “normal” as they see fit. This doesn’t mean of course we can’t make the right choices.
We can, of course, make the wrong depending upon how we react to certain norms of behavior. To assess
the behavioral background of a person, or set into motion a “psychological profile”, we should take such
things into consideration. Our approach should be broad. As it affects criminal investigative processes,
structural and ideological changes may be necessary within a given organization. A strict hierarchal
organization may find rapid deployment difficult. On the other hand, a decentralized operation could be
more practical. Issues within the scheme of the behavioral sciences continue to evolve. Therefore, agencies
and organizations must evolve.
The assessment, analysis and overall response to criminal behavior incidents require total organization
cohesiveness. An “in the field” approach may be worth considering, as opposed to a compartmentalized
strict hierarchal investigative response. In other words, our approach to investigating criminal behavior
should be open-minded. Likewise, tactical and strategic aspects need to assert flexibility, forensic
applications, and innovative techniques. Above all, investigations must utilize effect critical thinking skills
for each serious case under scrutiny. Preliminary investigative functions begin at the line level. The first
responders are the first line of defense, as well as offense. That is, the patrol force goes in first. In dealing
with “crimes against persons”, the uniformed officer is generally first on the scene. As such, he or she
should be as well-trained as possible to initialize the “first on scene” examination. Organizational
considerations aside, the politics of bureaucracy, media relations and public pacification cannot be allowed
to interfere with criminal investigations. The public, press and politicians can simply be patient and let the
cops do their jobs. Politically correct ideologies and organizational necessities tend to cloud, confuse and
constrict imaginative inspection of criminal behaviors.
Critical thinking in the investigative process suggests that a number of possibilities exist with regard to
crime commission. Stereotypic causes found in hasty generalizations should always be regarded as
questionable. Criminal behavior defies precise prediction. And, analysis is not limited to the crime
committed, but also the causation behind the crime. Criminals should not be placed into a stereotypic
classification, absent sound evidentiary considerations. Perpetrators tend to be a very diverse group,
especially along gender, race and age characteristics. In the realm of “serial killers”, about twenty-five
percent are women. In addition, other unaccounted for deaths may be committed by “prolific killers” more
difficult to detect. These may very well reside within the sub-category of murders inside medical
institutions. Causes of death might prove difficult to precisely ascertain. There are examples in the
available research suggesting that medical personnel have sometimes killed dozens, perhaps hundreds of
people. A healthy attitude of caution is always necessary in consideration of analyses to fit a template. For
instance, the idea that “serial killers” are wandering nomads crossing state boundaries might be an
exaggeration. Most such murderers tend to remain in one locale.44
44
http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~caforum/volume3/vol3_article1.html
Crime solution requires decisive balance thinking. For itself, analysis must bear caution. Skepticism is
always a good policy when developing investigative strategies. This applies to theories, inferences and
preliminary conclusions. Theoretical constructs are needed to develop further understanding of people,
places and things. Yet, a healthy sense of skepticism is probably not a bad idea. We can’t be too careful in
how much information we process. No matter what some “expert” says, such as a “gee whiz guru of
profiling”, logical deduction is fundamental to solution. In assessing behavioral characteristics of criminal
activity, the procedures should be weighted by the value of verifiable facts, experiential assessment and
careful forensic examination. Analytical processes must not be influenced by political expediency. Within
the public arena, myth, magic and metaphor are always pressing to confuse the issues. In addition, we
should exercise due diligence in discerning cause-effect linkages, regardless of news media meddling.
Investigative efforts must be allowed to unfold in a natural and free-thinking atmosphere. Our
understanding of the foundations by which actions are planned, implemented and enjoyed or regretted,
relate to individual perceptions. Investigative acuity depends on the integrity of the investigative actions.
Slants of opinion regarding criminal behavior assessments usually contain biases of one nature or another.
Lately, some research tends to suggest a supporting relationship between the internal gratification (psycho-
physical pleasure) and how we express external behaviors. What was the manner by which a criminal
carried his or her behavior to meet internal rewards? And, how was that reflective of motive, opportunity
and ability. We don’t know to a significant degree until we can come into contact with the perpetrator.
A few behavioral investigators are looking at the scheme of “deprivation of physical pleasure” and the
articulation of violence to others. Human sexuality is often associated with this linkage. The idea that
humans approach the conduct of their behaviors in a “pain versus pleasure” context proposes the idea of an
intimate connection. According to some in the field of neuropsychology, there appears to be a continuum of
seeking pleasure through interpersonal interactions. This may be due in part to the so called “brain’s
pleasure circuits”. In certain lab experiments, animals, such as monkeys, have demonstrated tendencies
ranging between the two extremes, pain versus pleasure. Violence prone activities from such
experimentations seem to be inclined toward a reciprocal relationship. That is, one manner of behavior may
replace the other, depending on the circumstances involved. The inhibition of violence prone behaviors
could be triggered if more pleasures pursuits are available and sustained by the individual. As the theory
goes, the person inclined with the ability to satisfy pleasurable activities, could be more likely to exhibit
tolerable behaviors. This carries over to interpersonal exchanges with other people. Whereas, on the other
hand, a person who does not satisfy these urges, might carry out more violent acts. At this point in time,
this ideology projects one more view of behavioral assessment. As a tentative hypothesis, based in part on
animal studies, it may be a long way from defining the true nature of human inclinations. A person’s
“deprivation of physical pleasure” does not necessarily mean he or she is without control to avert intended
exploitation of another.45
45
http://www.scireview.de/prescott/article.html, from an article by James Prescott, “Body Pleasure and Origins of
Violence, The Futurist Magazine, April, 1975;
Unfettered by the emotions, feelings and bias of competitive interest, an investigation ought to evolve in
a manner consistent with good practices, policies and procedures. Assumptions about the method, motive
and modeling of behaviors offer opportunities for inferential considerations, after which, theories evolve
and develop for testing of credibility. Theories only suggest avenues of approach to eventual resolution of
the problem at hand. They are not definite but suggestive. The premise of the initial investigation may
change over time. Assumptions might be modified. In the commission of a crime, the criminal has some
level of understanding as to the personal reasons why the deed was done. In the long run, we may never
know to an absolute exclusion of all possibilities the ultimate why. We may get only fragments of the
reasons. None the less, a semblance of solution resides in a dissection of the available facts. Elements of the
case are essential to the initial investigative process. In our quest, we must never forget the real victim.
Once caught, the criminal will hoist up an array of defenses. Excuses will surface reflecting a myriad of
rationalizations. Public sensationalism will mire the process in folklore. The investigation cannot be
distracted by personal agendas. Real victims will get shuffled aside. Ensuring supportive interaction, care
and concern with victims and witnesses is a vital necessity. The collection, collation and examination of
evidence follow in this continuum of assessing people, places and things.
The evidence we find may point us in the direction of bizarre activities, beliefs and practices. What
triggers certain unsafe or perilous behaviors is subject to ongoing careful analysis. The endless journey of
personal experience may have no boundaries at all. We must be open-minded and think about the boundless
reaches of the human imagination. As either police or social investigators, we should have a capacity to
appreciate the strange, deviant and peculiar reaches of inner thought life. Criminal behavior assessment is
not as simple a task as some would have us believe. There is no doubt, in the regions of criminological
investigation, people can act very out of the ordinary. Going “inside the mind” of the criminal is easier said
than done. In fact, such a suggestion is altogether too simplistic. How do you enter something so complex
and hidden from the rest of the word? You can’t know with perfect insight and accuracy what’s going on
inside a person’s head. People can change, alter course, and move in opposite directions. There are too
many possibilities. The multiplicity of variables can become confusing.
Perhaps it is within this inner psychic realm of our personal mythology we find the “demonic” forms of
violence. This reflects the nature of our internal power of invention and projection. Letting the specters of
thought out into the physical realm offers the possibility of a kind of “roll playing” behaviors. People act
out different roles every day. These aspects of the personality may be reflected in work, recreation, privacy
of the home, and so forth. Many parts of the “real self” might exist in hidden recesses of the mind. A
person potentially manifests such inclinations when he or she takes certain risks in behavior. Risky
lifestyles or certain potentially dangerous behaviors place the “actor” in roles that reinforce the fantasy life.
For the rapist, as an example, his or her sexuality is expressed in the danger of the attack. The criminal
seeks to conquer the victim to experience the capricious notion of the forbidden.46
46
Samenow, S. E., Inside the Criminal Mind, (New York, NY: Crown Business – Random House, Inc., 1984), page
105;
On many occasions, some crimes are described as being “heinous” in nature. The conquering of one
person by another might defy societal understanding. Clear cut delineations of defined comprehension may
not result in precise, specific and easy to understand motivations. None the less, they are there, lingering
just below the surface of the fragile veneer of human nature. Crimes viewed as particularly strange, deviant
or weird, seem to challenge our notions about human behavior. That is to say, violence inflicted by a
criminal against another person somehow approached the irrational. The characteristics of the crime scene,
and the victimization, seemed shocking. We react by suggesting the crime was malevolent, wicked and in
some way evil. In actuality though, we should consider every crime of violence as “heinous”. When others
are victimized by the premeditated design of predators, our sense of moral outrage should be profound.
Instead, we as a culture look as if we respond selectively. Some crimes, we think are evil. Others become
statistical points of reference. In pursuit of such notions of forbidden reaches of the bizarre, the media
relishes in such apparent depictions. News portrayal of a peculiar act of criminality catches the public’s
imagination. In a very short period of time, that collective thinking can run in all kinds of directions.
Regardless of that, investigators have to stay focused on tracking down the criminal. Most of us try our
best to understand in concrete terms what happened. We endeavor to put the pieces together. The puzzle
may be complex. Yet, every effort is directed to gather the facts, generate a hypothesis and test the data
developed. At times, criminal activities may seem completely irrational. However, with human behavior,
no matter how strange a case may seem, there are always reasons. And, at the same time, there are plenty of
explanations as to the nature and causes of violence. They run the gamut. From inside the criminal to the
outside edges of societal influences, a vast range of excuses can be found. For every criminal exposed, a
whole set of justifications can be pled. The pretext of exoneration knows only the boundaries of the
criminal’s imagination. We sometimes fail to comprehend that criminals follow patterns of greed, envy,
and desire for power. The inclinations are willful and stem from individual selfishness. Physical, social, and
economic disadvantages are irrelevant when it comes to committing crimes against others. And, for the
police, we don’t have a particular concern about the criminal’s excuses in the process of solving the crime.
From an investigative standpoint, we want to know who did it and why. These two questions form the
continuum of solution. In reverse order, we may ask the question “why” up front. Once we know the
answer to that, then we can proceed to the “who”. In terms of violence, that’s a personal issue. It applies to
the criminal as well as the victim. In most cases, we can figure out what happened. Along these same lines,
we can know where the crime occurred. Given sufficient analysis, we can put together a timeline of when
the crime happened. Exploring the chronology in the chain of events sheds more light to the case. However,
the more difficult challenge is comprehending the core meaning of it all. With juvenile delinquents, for
example, sexual aggression means more than simply acting out adolescent curiosity in unacceptable ways.
As a process of human sexual development, the behavior becomes a byproduct of the transition into
adulthood. This becomes an outward expression of fantasy resulting in various behaviors.47
47
Taylor, R., Fritsch, E., Tory, J., Juvenile Justice – Policies, Programs, And Practices, Second Edition, (New York:
McGraw-Hill Publishers, 2007), page 425;
As Juveniles grow up physically, they try to become adults. Most are successful, but, others are not.
That is, like the rest of us, they make better choices than those who don’t. At the same time, we as a society
are hopeful young people become productive mature adults. While most eventually succeed in this process,
there are some who become problems. Those who choose not to grow up, a preference for criminality may
satisfy wants, needs and desires. Motivations of a murky and darker sort evolve. Their ideation remains
fixated on certain areas of thinking. Poor ideation processes carry over into adult life. For some, their secret
life of internal thought yearns for continued risk taking. As a result, they carry behaviors with them that
might become deviant, destructive and deadly. In the progression of intentions, unacceptable behaviors
could endanger the lives of others. If they don’t grow up psychologically, and their risk taking behavior
doesn’t change, their choices devolve into more sinister aspects of behavior. All too often, thinking remains
directed toward self-serving goals. From a problem solving standpoint, investigative procedure may want to
question the hedonistic aspects of the behavior in question. For example, who has the most to gain, and
why? Gaining power over another for “love or money” is an intrinsic element. Such things are unique to
each person.
Sexual misconduct and sexually aggressive behaviors tend to show up early in life. During the formative
years of development, indicators surface, precursor behaviors float up and inclinations emerge. We all have
a tendency toward “false mystification”. Men, for example, take a journey through the mystery of
discovering women. Through “sexual-spiritual maturation” most of us learn to love and respect members of
the opposite sex.48 Those who choose not to take this avenue in their life-long travels could decide to hold
others responsible for their own shaded failures. In which case, they will take what they want.
For some researchers, aggressive tendencies may be viewed as a “normal” process of maturation into
adulthood. A large number of juvenile delinquents continue such activities into adult life. Early warning
indicators are generally always present. As such, they will provoke societal sanctions in terms of deviance
and misconduct. Their choices transcend the shaping of their thoughts. Their motives pour over into
criminal behaviors that encircle what some call evil, heinous and depraved. The result will be seen in
predatory practices. These individual means to an end result in dangerous anti-social applications. Sexual
transgressions in terms of preying on others should be assessed as early as possible. In terms of the violence
potential, sexuality always harbors such possibilities. Sexuality in this sense should be considered as a
linkage to blueprints for more aggressive sexual violence as adults.
In terms of sex, aggression and violence there appears to be a connectivity of progression in following a
certain chain of events. Using underage perpetrators as an example, some findings offer a sequence of
activities. The series of acts against others eventually leads to more dangerous actions. According to
research in the area of juvenile justice, the suggestion is offered regarding precursor behaviors. In some
instances, juveniles seem to follow a pattern of misconduct that escalates over time. This succession or
evolution of thinking lends to pursuing other avenues of expression. Poor choices devolve into major
misconduct. These developments move from lesser offenses to more serious criminal behaviors.
48
Keen, S., Fire in the Belly – On Being A Man, (New York: Bantam Books, 1992), page 16;
Career paths between legitimate and illegitimate options begin early. Sexual aggression can be seen in
grade school. Lesser incursions of the law invade the rights of others in the pre-teen years. Minor offenses,
such as “obscene phone calls, voyeurism and theft” may serve as forms of antecedent conduct. As they
transition to other more deviant yearnings, the juvenile may choose to follow more adverse behaviors. The
juvenile criminal builds his or her own personal method of operation. With regard to sexual aggression, the
criminal youth, like the adult, has a way of doing various types of sexual activity. His or her tactics of
sexual proclivity also relate to the manner by which other crimes are committed. The criminal takes the
time to plan, study and assess the target of opportunity. Again, key ingredients within this circle of craving
include desire, opportunity and ability. Sexuality is often used a means to an end. The objective becomes
one of accomplishing a mission and fulfilling a goal. The sensual nature of crime satisfies the criminal’s
yearnings because of the other aspects associated with criminality. While the sex act may not be as
important as other elements, it is a means to accomplish the purpose of the criminal activity. Other
elements include the payoff the overall gain components. The gain is the criminal’s ability to satisfy what
he or she couldn’t have through normal processes. So, to be successful, the criminal, young or old, is
concerned with the reward, the ability to act aggressively and getting what he or she wanted.49
To act with belligerence toward another person, appears to be a process by which some people work out
their inner frustrations. The objective of satisfying the urges becomes essential to the expression of
violence in the mind of the perpetrator. Sexual compulsions may be created along a continuum of acting
out aggressive and violent behaviors. A criminal’s persistent preoccupation with certain fantasies might be
transformed into a physical activity. Acting upon urges and impulses circulating within the abstract world
of the mind is where the criminal endeavors to meet his or her needs. By means of their own problem-
solving agenda, with probable adverse consequences, criminals find ways to gratify their objectives. They
become persistent in the need satisfy sexual urges that involve objectification, suffering and humiliation of
others. A life-time of choices span the spectrum of confronting “normal”, “abnormal” and “moral” aspects
of human behavioral issues. In the progression from youth to adult, we attempt to define those things in
terms of our personality, preferences and proclivities. Some research suggests that we develop a personal
pattern of playing out the things we have come to know and understand. A kind of “sex script” is writing
within the realm of our individual thinking processes. A special and unique set of “stories” resides within
all of us in a personal manner. From fantasies to sex objects, images are “imprinted” in the thinking we
generate, pay attention to and otherwise act upon. Such mental activities floating around inside the confines
of our head follow us around wherever we go. While we are exposed to “acceptable” ways of expressing
these internal desires, we may choose not to obey them. The subsequent “sex drives” cannot be easily
codified. Such efforts in a “profiling” exercise become illusive and inconclusive. Yet, by itself, the linkage
between human sexuality and aggressive acts may have a strong relationship to criminal causality.50
49
Aronson, Inc., 1976), pages 183;
50
http://www.tc.umn.edu/~parkx032/syn-sex.html, The Sex Script Hypothesis, by James Park;
Chapter 9: Motives, Means and Methods:
Motive and intent usually surface in the aftermath of serious criminal event. All together, you also get
the notions of motive, means, and opportunity. The verbiage kind of runs together. These concepts are
linked to the core meaning of the criminal incident. Questions are asked concerning the universal query as
to “why” such a thing happened. The purpose of an action goes to the heart of our strange and mysterious
urges, yearnings and desires. To carry out the seeming impulsivity in dealing with others, we seek out a
range of behaviors. None of which is ever really impulse or sudden action. We are creatures of habit,
planning and premeditation. While we normally can conceal those hidden regions of the mind, some of us
display conduct that appears “out of character”. As time goes by, those of us who commit criminality let
our “sex drives”. We allow our fantasies to become an obsession born in reality. In doing that we tend to let
these so called impulses “out of the box”. Sexual urges, preoccupations and arousal of one form or
another, float to the surface of our intentions. Arousal is fascinating, intriguing and captures the
imagination. The motive becomes the rationale or the reason for committing the action of choice. We
behave in particular ways, sometimes peculiar, risky and dangerous.
The motive underscores the “screenplay” of our life that we are scripting. Putting ideation into the
motion of encounters with the real world bring out forms of experimentation. Testing the world with our
thoughts, we are motivated to do something in the neighborhood of interpersonal encounters. On various
occasions, the lustful inclinations cross the bridge between lawful and unlawful behavior. Our means of
doing the actions becomes our manner of “artful” manifestation. It is that which makes it possible to do
what we want to do. Tools, tactics and techniques illustrate the means of our endeavors. Opening up the
chance of an occasion to confront a target, we seek out opportunistic interactions with others. We search for
favorable circumstances or situations to do the deeds of intentions. As an undemanding starting point, this
trilogy can be used as a foundational premise. That is, motive, means and opportunity can be viewed as a
basis for preliminary argument. It should not be considered the basis of evidence for a complete conclusion
relative to human behavior. For some offenders the notion can be simple. Yet, for others, actions can harbor
more complex darkness of malevolent intentions. We must keep in mind that explanations for the motives
of criminal behavior are varied. Several are controversial.
In the meantime, we often hear the casual expression of “motive, means and opportunity”. The press, the
public and politicians seem to easily cast these words into the winds of causality. With such simplicity of
conversation, we often get the wrong impression. In the problem solving arena, we dash headfirst into a
template of quick solutions. At the same time, we somehow pick up effortless “facts” and hurry to a flash
of conclusion. Motive, means and opportunity are not always simple when it comes to human nature.
People are much more complex than a formula can render. Yet, what do these terms really indicate?
Crimes always have a motive. Criminal behavior is not motiveless. The reason is there somewhere. Such
aims of the criminal may not be apparent to the investigator. But, they certainly are known to the criminal.
From the basement of our beliefs, the pull of risk taking behavior reflects the subtle seductiveness of
criminality. The rational, premeditated choice of doing something wrong holds to the mischief making
pursuit of the “thrill”. The excitement in committing something offensive, taboo or dangerous chases the
sensual aspects of human wickedness. The immediate cause of an action expresses the subterranean world
of the criminal’s mindset. Intentions have floated to the surface with influential notions. On one level the
criminal may be reacting to societal constraints. On another, he or she might be mixing his or her motive
with the need to satisfy immoral urges. Such behaviors are not easy to categorize into a specific set of
standards. Understanding is motives, along with the M.O., can be misleading. For instance, some murderers
treat their victims in ways not easily defined. Mesmerizing, confusing and difficult to assess, is the
capability of a killer to be kind to his or her victim. Just before the murder and all the bizarre inflictions of
mutilation, the killer conveys a superficial benevolence.51
The mind is a complex confusing, illusive and perhaps non-existent paradox. Within in the brain of
human beings, there is a vast expanse of unexplored regions, territories and strange landscapes. This realm
of uncharted exploration holds things that live beyond the reaches of the imagination. We cannot know
every aspect, angle or inclination that resides in these wide opens spaces of other people. They will only
tell us so much. Criminals, for example, take joy in telling us whatever we need to hear. In the process, we
in turn will hear what we want to hear. Regardless, what we’ll reveal is just the tip of the iceberg of
consciousness. In reality, we’ll never know for sure what’s really going on inside someone’s head. There’s
no way to know with absolute certainty. At best, an assessment of criminal behavior, based on the fact of a
case, is good guess work.
All kinds of images, forms and templates exist inside the limitless boundaries of mental processes.
When a manifestation morphs into a material thought, the notion lingers in the vicinity of a motive. The
motive becomes the reason or the causative factor for carrying out the physical intention. Motive and intent
are related to each other. They form the basis for answering the “why” in the commission of a crime. The
cause, object or purpose, resides with the drive, aim or intent of the motive. The motive is found down the
“rabbit hole” in the thinking of the perpetrator. A good investigator must give chase and go where others
dare not go. That’s the place we must enter, crawl through and assess to find the rhyme and reason for the
core meaning behind the incident. Motive possesses the connection to the intentions of premeditated
designs to do something to another. It is the cause and effect of executing the necessary means to achieve
the desired ends. The drive from our chosen inventory of selected actions, implement a series of events
arising from a direction of purpose. Our motivation counsels our consciousness to make decisions. As such
we pursue tracks of seemingly logical undertaking. As such, the motive becomes the basis for the personal
gain. And, the intent transforms the motive into the willingness to carry out the deed. In every case, we
exercise the logic of our thoughts. On outside, however, many will assert their confusion out the nature of
our inner logic. To us, and only to us, is there a true and free understanding of our personal logic. To
others, our actions may seem bizarre, heinous and incomprehensible.
51
Samaha, J., Criminal Justice – Seventh Edition, (Belmont, CA: Thompson-Wadsworth, 2006) page 79;
Nevertheless, to the criminal everything is perfectly justifiable. In fact, if a criminal waits long enough,
so called “experts” will rush in and help build the basis for many excuses. There might be a profile or two
that implicates the wrong person. Some people have been wrongly accused and subsequently convicted
based on faulty inferences of nebulous hasty profiles. Later, their cases have been overturned and their
innocence proved. Caution is always warranted in any rush to suspicious or judgment. Plus, we can’t forget
to mention the news media. They’ll likely jump in also, go along for the ride and sensationalize for the sake
of the storyline. In the process, the press will likewise add to the confusion, mystery and mythology of the
criminal actions involved. As a result, the public will tend to misunderstand the motives involved. But,
before he or she is caught, the investigator plans, prepares and postulates his or her hypothesis of the case.
For the investigator, motive, intent and opportunity are abstracts by which reasoning evolves to identify the
perpetrator. These are a continuum leading to eventual solution.
Ideally, every effort is made to identify the perpetrator by use of all available means. Investigators seek
to utilize reasonable and logical methods of solution. Behavioral assessments are part of the overall
process. The implementation of such tactics may be applied to all persons involved in the investigation.
With regard to suspects, tactics, tools and techniques focus on narrowing down the field of possibilities.
Particular behavioral features may be evident by the manner and means related to the crime. Essentially,
the investigator is mentally walking through the crime scene. Taking in the full field of view within the
mind’s eye, he or she strives to discern probable linkages. Phases of thoughtful consideration include the
totality of the crime scene, including the role the victim played. The victim’s background cannot be
overlooked. For this part of the investigation, a behavioral assessment should be conducted as well. From
the overall circumstances of the crime scene, one moves toward an assessment of the nature of the crime,
people involved, evidentiary considerations and relevant information of witnesses.
In a particular crime, the perpetrator may have employed mechanisms suggesting manipulation,
domination and overpowering control. These aspects may be linked to the sexual proclivities of the
criminal. A murder, for instance, might have been perpetrated for the purposes (motive) of fulfilling intense
emotional needs involving the victim. Since there is a strong connectivity to sexuality and criminality, the
association should not be ignored. The choice of a certain victim, for a time, could be known only to the
killer. In the course of killing, the murderer is likely to develop a sense of boldness in the knowledge of
such fulfillment. The longer it takes to apprehend such a perpetrator, the greater the possibility the killer
feels empowered by such actions. As the killer gains from the experience, and the risk of capture
diminishes, the killer continues to fantasize the potency of the accomplishment. It is highly possible that
within the scope of the events, the killer takes notice of police efforts. If so, then the murder may perceive a
level of competition with the law enforcement community. He or she gains control over the interaction with
life in the scheme of a personal reality. The experience is exhilarating, encouraging and fosters exciting
prospects. While these are generalities at best, an investigator must consider as many facets of the
investigation as possible. No two suspects are exactly alike. Criminals can change their methods, while
motives may remain the same consistent intention.
All behavior can be rationalized, theorized and scrutinized to various degrees. Some explanations
seem to make sense, while others defy the imagination. The list of plausible reasons why people do certain
things is endless. On the outside of the perpetrator, observes often attempt to make sense out of the motives
behind the behavior. Researchers have theorized that if you know who the victim was, then you can know
why the victim was harmed. And, if you know why, then you can determine who did the crime. Certainly,
such notions are starting points to help develop a theory of the case under investigation. Knowing who the
victim was suggests understanding the victim’s background, associations and relationship to the crime
scene. Yet, motives are not always easily understood the realm of criminal behavior. The true pretense in
the criminal’s mind could be an elusive measure of their own inner protectiveness. Reasons can be shielded
by excuses, justifications or any number of ways to create a smoke screen over the real intentions.
Criminals learn how to adapt and mimic the expectations of social service personnel. Rapists, for example,
often attempt to substantiate their behavior by giving a “good reason” for the commission of their crimes.
These so called “justifications” may hide the real motive and the ultimate intentions. In their defense,
criminals will find a way to turn the victim into the instigator. At times, they may suggest the victim, in
some way, contributed to their own victimization. According to certain researchers, a series of “arguments”
are sometimes presented by the rapist. The subject matter often deals with means to circumvent the truth.
These include:52
1. Presenting the victim as the “seductress” in the criminal’s particular scenario;

2. Suggesting that when the victim says “no”, the victim really means “yes”;
3. At some point in the crime, the victim will “relax” and “enjoy it”;
4. Nice “women” don’t get raped;
5. The crime was simply a “minor wrongdoing”;
Mitigation of rational thought cover and conceals the motivation behind the act of criminality. To soften
or mollify the criminal behavior, perpetrators take the edge off their accountability by masking their true
motive. Their thoughts mirror a projection of what they feel needs to be done to the victim. A criminal will
learn quickly how to turn the focus away from him or her and back to the victim. In their fantasy of
thinking, the offender sees his or her target as someone who must be dealt with. While rage, anger, power,
control and so on, may be influential, these feelings cloak the true nature of the urges within. The sexuality
behind the crime is often camouflaged by acts of physical cruelty. For the criminal, the victim takes on the
role of the aggressor. As such, the victim “sets the stage” for the necessity of being targeted due to their
own behavior. In the mind the criminal, the victim is responsible for his or her own seduction. By efforts of
skillful denial, criminals resort to techniques that present deviance as normal behavior. Events are
reinterpreted to suggest conventional and acceptable behavior.
52
Adler, P. A., Adler, P., Constructions of Deviance – Social Power, Context, and Interaction, (Belmont, CA:
Thompson Higher Education, 2006), page 263;
Deducing motive from the crime scene should encompass a range of considerations. People, places and
things are crucial to the solution process. They must all be viewed in relation to the crime. Likewise, the
association of such aspects paints a portrait of the criminal’s proclivities, inclinations and reasons.
Dysfunction, disability and derangement struggle for identity within us all. The drives propel us along a
continuum to unhinge the confusion unfolding from the fantasies inside. A process of logical deduction is
essential to opening the doors to the “illogical addictions”. Everyone has them. Most control, contain and
correct the fallacies of inferential urgings. The “ghost speak” inside the head is dealt with in different way
by different people.
From the evidence to the victim, a number of facets should evolve into a workable hypothesis. As
always, the hypothesis is subject to change. And, based on deductive reasoning, a behavioral assessment
should reflect upon the available facts. Conjecture by the public, the press and others, must be evaluated
with care and caution. Investigators must demand attention to any prejudgment about the case. Bias,
prejudice and preconceived notions have to be controlled. Everyone and no one is a suspect. The balance is
struck between fact and fiction. One may lead to the other. But, fixation in a narrow-minded pursuit of one
ill-defined course of action is dangerous. Vague notions about what happened, and who did it, can be easily
manipulated by an overly emotional public. The “false prophets of profiling”, the paid consultants and so
called expert witness can deceive, mislead and guide the investigation in the wrong direction.
Available evidentiary information relative to the crime(s), the crime scene(s) and persons involved, must
be subjected to relentless analysis. Anything associated with the specific case under investigation should
be scrupulously investigated. Multiple crimes may have occurred with respects to the victim(s) involved.
For instance, with a residential sexual battery, a burglary, robbery and subsequent kidnapping may have
been committed. Likewise, various sexual practices might have been inflicted on the victim. In addition, the
victim(s) may have been killed at one location, and dropped at another. In the process, vehicles, vessels or
other conveyances could have been used. If so, a multiplicity of crime scenes might exist. All these
elements are necessary to be considered in the process of assessment. Deducing motives in an applied effort
is a process by which the investigator interprets forensic evidence. This includes items of essential
information associated with the crime scene. Victim profile, crime scene photos, autopsy reports and so on
are essential. Well-documented information based on the facts of the case support an informed assessment.
The linkage between the victim and the perpetrator is necessary to the process of logical deduction. The
question of “who” and “why” are just as important to knowing the victim as well as the offender. So, in
terms of motive, a “who done it” becomes a “why done it” for both the victim and the criminal. Why a
certain victim? Why a particular set of behaviors? Why a specific type of activity at the scene? The latter
issue some would call a “signature behavior”. With such behavior, the criminal is said to “sign” his or her
crime. This suggests the identifying factors of a person’s personality. These actions indicate the nature of
the methods employed in the commission of the crime. Certain identifiers may suggest the connection to
the sexual proclivities of the criminal. For instance, genital mutilation, bite marks, use of bindings, and the
exhibition of the body illustrate such linkages.
Assessment of motive should include the probable connectivity between the victim and the offender. No
matter how remote this linkage might be, in the criminal’s mind, there’s a reason for the selection of a
particular victim. The association between the victims, the criminal, the crime scene, the nature of the
criminal behavior, provides the basis for a relationship to the motivations involved in the crime. Each case
should be evaluated, assessed and analyzed with regard to its own elements. Investigators must guard
against adhering to preliminary conclusions that may need fine tuning, adjustment and updating as the
evidence unfolds. Caution is suggested in trying too hard to prove a theory too early in the case. A thorough
exhaustive investigation is a relentless process of gathering all the facts. Over time, things change,
including offender behavior. Criminals can alter their method of operation. Their individual motives evolve
as they define their thinking to fit their particular needs. Assessing behavior in view of sexual inclinations
is an exhaustive process, in which a quick solution may not be easily unveiled.
None of us do things without a reason, or multiple reasons. Sometimes our thinking about such actions
is hazy, imprecise and indefinable. Yet, we pursue the urges within, trying to explain the actions we take.
Motives are the heart in our body of thinking. In time, we will define the needs that are desired. Every
action taken should be analyzed in terms of the purpose behind the effort. An investigation should be
assessed with reference to the distinctive characteristics presented. Each case contains its own special
elements. Within the exclusive scope of our personal history, we evolve our behavioral attributes. As
criminals seek to maximize their gain over a situation, person, material goods, etc, this gaining power,
helps control and focus in their own lives. Human sexuality is all about power, control and domination, as
well as many others facets. To say that a criminal did a certain act out of anger, is also to say that he or she
did it out of sexual frustration.
If for one instant in time, we think we got the answers, we might be surprised really don’t. Nothing is
ever perfectly solvable or laid out in easily understood theorems. Open mindedness is important to the
investigation. We must be cautious with numerical abstracts that calculate clever statistical possibilities.
While these might be of some assistance, we may find our investigative efforts getting distracted. Playing
the numbers game, using theoretical templates and fusing emotion with factual reality offer disastrous
probabilities. Thoughtful analysis gives consideration to the method of operation in attaching meaning to
the motive. The M.O. is what the criminal carried out in order to accomplish the crime. An M.O. is in the
mind of its creator. A criminal develops his or her skill in a self-learning capacity. This is the criminal’s
mechanism by which he or she gets things done. The M.O. may alter, adapt and change over time. By
contrast, when a criminal “signs” his or her work, he or she is extending the process further from mere
methods. Their “art work” becomes a portrait of their abilities. As such, the criminal shows the reason for
the crime by the “signature” left behind. For this aspect, the criminal feeds the needs, or gains the
satisfaction of what he or she has done. Feelings are fueled to fan the flames of fantasy. The physical
accomplishment of the deed is one thing, while the emotional reinforcement is another. But, it’s all
connected to the sensual, spiritual and sexual continuity of personal identity. Overall, if the solution comes
too fast, then maybe it has arrived too soon. Things are not always as obvious as they seem.
Criminal behavior is an expression of underlying motives. The motives are connected to the ideation of
the individual. In a sense, we create from within and then test the creation in the outside world. Our sensory
exploration perceives, observes and defines the motives we intend to translate into activities. Our motives
sometimes relate to inner conflicts. They surface from the subconscious realm of the individual. It is the
internal environment of the perpetrator that behavioral assessment attempts to define. The roadmap into the
regions of inner conflict is not always easy to follow. There are signposts along the way: mental markers
such as motives, means, methods and the subsequent mayhem of action execution. Intrusion over the
boundaries of another’s personal space pushes the criminal’s intent beyond personal considerations.
Instinctive processes of one person often transgress the rights, liberties and privileges of others. Within the
individual, human energy yearns for utilization, implementation and ultimate release. In confrontation with
the external environment, a person strives to find ways to accomplish the satisfaction of such basic natural
internal power. Tension, frustration and stress build up inside. We search for appropriate avenues in order
to balance pain with pleasure and thereby achieve fulfill. For some, this is a positive, productive and
creative endeavor. For others, this is carried out in malevolent, destructive and negative ways. Most of us
find acceptable manners by which to discharge our inner energies. The concept of “innate energy” suggests
a behavioral model that translates internal urges into external action. A “discharge” of the internal forces
becomes necessary with interaction in the external environment. In dealing with the outer world, we step
out of our mental landscape and implement our methods of operation. In doing so, the criminal commits
crimes to justify the “inner psychic conflict”.53
To the complexity of the subconscious realm, we can surmise the necessity of satisfying sexual feelings.
Therefore, committing a crime equates to fulfilling sexual fantasies. Putting such things in plain easy to
understand language is often a challenge. Ultimately, the true motive remains in the mind of the criminal.
We may only get glimpses of that special inner world. For criminals, their thinking concerns any possible
way to satisfy their needs at the expense of others. Their motives travel a consistent route of poor choices in
life. They carry out day to day activities on the basis of their own unique mindset. To them, no matter what
socio-economic status they’re in, or criminal proclivity, everything revolves around accomplishing their
agenda. Facts can quickly fade to fiction in order to get what they want. Cruising down the highway of their
own mental conflicts, they make decisions based on their wants, desires and needs. Committing a crime
becomes symbolic of internal thought processes. The “seduction” of the criminal act lurks in the mind of
the perpetrator, to lure thinking toward the accomplishment of something forbidden. Criminals make
choices to realize the attainment of the “sensual” feel of moving in a direction others would avoid. The
motive for the crime lies in what it means to the criminal. For humans, sex is power. It is found in the thrill
of the hunt and not necessarily in the sex act alone. From power come control, domination and possession.
Diverting the infrastructure of one’s mental matrix toward criminality concerns the gratification one gets
from his or her trek toward malevolent proclivities.
53
Jeffery, C. R., Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1971), pages
96-98;
Motives serve the needs of our inner self. We express our deep hidden recesses of psychic knowledge in
many ways. Over the scheme of the human landscape, we can’t possibly know with any degree of absolute
assurance what the true motives are. People are uniquely deceptive. They adapt, overcome and improvise
with time and tenacity. We’ll hide behind a mask of reality, concealing our true nature deep inside. At best,
we can only guess what the true meaning of the crime clues really indicate. Rat oriented psychology cannot
predict with absolute certainty the each outcome. When change from one animal to the next you get
different results. Each species is exceptional. Likewise, so are humans. Statistics can tell us just about
anything we want to hear. Research, case studies and clever generic templates cannot answer ever possible
question. Neither can such things give pure accurate predication with flawless precision. All research is
inherently flawed by the bias of the researcher and varied inclinations of the subjects being studied.
Criminals will tell us anything. No matter how trivial, far fetched or bizarre, they will tell us what we want
to hear. For some in the field of studying serial killers a number of motives have been suggested. Whether
“organized” or “disorganized”, guessing is still the root of the investigative tree of information. The often
suggested list includes sex, power and control, money, material goods, pleasure, hatred, anger, mental
defect, cult, and so on.
In the available data of serial murder, sex appears to be the most significant motivating factor. A
majority of case studies suggests sexual themes, motifs or similar aspects. So, if sex is a dominant theme in
most cases, then wouldn’t seem logical to pursue this conduit of motive explanation? Instead of “profiling”,
we should probably pursue assessment as an alternative to the constraints of a “profile”. Since profiles can
be wrong and point to an innocent person, then we must make good use caution. Ever wonder what we did
before the invention of “profiling”?
Human actions are distinctive within the mind of the human actor. The challenge is figuring what’s
going on inside that vast reservoir of electrical impulses. As the brain operates over vast highways of
integrated circuitry, mazes of intentions formulate. Manifestations of life and death instinctual urges yearn
for expression. Repositories of created collections repress to the storehouse of the subconscious realm.
Later, these will surface in various ways so that we can carry out the necessity of expression. A motivated
unconsciousness strives for release. Everything we do transmits from the ideation inside the brain’s potent
generation of cellular procreation. Our actions, thoughts, verbalizations and emotions transcend the
resonance of the brain’s depiction of mental activity. Symbolically, we call this culminating process the
mind. Drives, urges and desires fulminate in the mind and struggle for articulation. To reduce anxiety from
the compounding frustration to release the built up energy, we find mechanism by which to alleviate the
stress. A complex continuum of myth, magic and metaphor provide a smoke screen of serious reflective
intentions. The primordial urges of deviant human behavior find rest in the sensual, sexual and spiritual
aspects of humanity as a whole. Since the “mind” is a metaphor for what the brain does, problems arise for
literal interpretations. If the “mind” really doesn’t exist, then there are difficulties in the precise
understanding the illusion. So, if you’re a “mind hunter”, does that mean you pursue something that does
not exist? Such is the nature of discerning motive, means and opportunity.
Chapter 10: The Folly of Profiling – Challenges of Solving Crimes:
A “compulsion model” of “mind hunting” can cause problematic reactions for case solution. Some
alleged experts are purveyors of the Hollywood mystique of what criminals are “really like”. You know,
“like on television” and so forth. Fiction merges with reality. Self-centered public servants do that kind of
stuff. They’re in the game for themselves not for the service. In the meantime, the public, the press and
politicians don’t have a clue. According to one of “Gonzo’s unwritten rules” of public service, when
politicians get scared, they do stupid things. An example is their meddling in police operations during high
profile cases. In reality, they don’t have any idea as to what police work is all about. In the process, notions
about criminality, the case in question, the type of crime, etc, get out of proper perspective.
Crippling confusion can confound the investigative process, stifle resource allocation and cloud the
solutions. Crime solving includes the tactical necessity of leadership. From tactics to strategy, effective
leadership is crucial to any operational endeavor. This includes crime solving procedures. Without
innovative direction, case management becomes bullied by bureaucracy. Good competent leaders are hard
to find. They are few and far between the cracks and crevices of the organizational structure. Whether
public or private, every organization suffers a leadership vacuum. Managers, supervisors and administrators
are plentiful. Yet, efficient, proactive and creative leaders are scarce. Pretenders of all types can be easily
identified and catalogued. Some are outright incompetent to command anything other than a desk. Others
are cloaked in various disguises of hidden agendas and personal motivations. In the field of criminology,
you find either real-world practitioners or office-bound theoreticians. The latter are often excellent at
reviewing cases, doing research and postulating statistical templates. Yet, case solution depends on
creativity, imagination and daring. Leaders are those who are on the cutting edge of thinking in profoundly
analytical ways. They’re usually not the “corporate type”. And, you won’t find them being “politically
correct”. Most likely, you won’t find them very concerned about what the press or politicians think.
Leaders realize the value of experience, education and qualified skills. They know that being tactically
correct is as important as being technically efficient.
Dealing with misperceptions, myths, and mental mayhem in the public arena is challenging for
investigators. Tempting as it is, we must be careful not to become too mesmerized by easily solutions. And,
we must be especially wary of the “guru bearing gifts”. You know them when you see them. They are the
so called “private consultant” alleged to be an “expert”. We must always check their bone fides. It is
important to know whether or not they have any police experience whatsoever. Otherwise, they are simply
theoreticians who’ve found a good way to make money. Caution is essential. Crime solving, and by
extension, criminal behavior assessment, require time, patience and vigilant introspection. To be a
“profiler” and chase “monsters”, often conjures up images of gothic notions with dark castles and tortuous
dungeons. Mixing myth, magic and metaphor in criminology is no doubt a scary prospect. Following an
almost vampire-like model of investigation nearly drives one to purchase a stake, holy water and silver
bullets. Instead, investigative weapons include effective, logical and efficient thinking processes.
Conscious efforts to be meticulous, open-minded and flexible are important to the overall process. Let’s
get back to basics. Instead of “profiling”, why don’t we try saying things like “crime analysis”? Make it
more general and less precise. Later, as facts fall into place, then we can get more specific, probable and
accurate. Perhaps we could even use “behavioral assessment”. We start by saying that human behavior is
more complex than we can imagine, predict or even pinpoint with great accuracy. There’s much about the
brain we’ve just begun to understand. Then, to this, we add the notion that people do things for different
motives. Not everyone is the same. Over time, people can change, adapt and modify their behavior. Neither
nature nor nurture is a curse. Plus, environment is only a small fragment influencing our thoughts. We’re
not predetermined to follow specific well-defined patterns of conduct. People, in a sense, create their own
reality. There’s one on the outside and one on the inside. And, perhaps there are more possibilities beyond
that. Maybe dimensional aspect we can’t begin to comprehend. The characteristics of human behavior
suggest patterns of thinking, believing and carrying out behaviors based on hidden motives. Much like an
iceberg, the mind, conjured by the brain, betrays only so much going on inside. The rest of our invisible
self is hidden down below, deep within the brain’s structure. Neural activity of the brain stores a vast
volume of perception and memories. The illusion of a “mind” is the result of the complex cerebral
processes. As a result we exercise control, decision-making and choices, taking inner activity into the
physical realm. Fractions of seconds transpire as we decide on a certain course of action. We can choose to
stop unacceptable urges. Or, we can carry them into action. In time, we can delude our thinking into a
belief pattern that suggests what we’re doing is correction action. The possibility exists that part of the
brain’s functioning is to foster illusions. This aspect may be essential to individual survival.54
So, if the “mind” is an illusion created by the brain, then how can we call ourselves “mind hunters”?
Inside the brain, from consciousness to subconsciousness, thoughts, feelings, desires, memories and so on
“watch” and “mirror” each other. From this mix, personality evolves in an effort to balance the conflicts.
Confrontations develop between “pleasure-seeking” desires and societal imposition of rules. In
microseconds, thoughts formulate action plans to execute wants based on internal urges. Calculating the
gain minus the risk, you take action based on the emotional necessity acquire what you want. Sometimes,
the desire for the gain supersedes the willingness to obey societal constraints. As a result, you do
something you shouldn’t do. We all hide something in the darkest corners of our thinking. For some, it is
the reality of satisfying an enlarged ego in order to gratify basic drives of success. This may result in
asserting simplistic approaches to solving complex puzzles, like crime. For others, such actions may be the
commission of heinous crimes. We can be either people-centered or self-centered, with other strains of
consciousness in between. As such, our thinking does not reside in a constrained vacuum. It is for this
reason that criminals can lurk and lie in wait for the right time to strike. We may not even know they’re
there, stalking their next target. Too much hype, rhetoric and television magic clouds the serious realm of
crime solving. Distorted concepts of what criminals look like and how they act are promoted for various
public agendas. The media is full of them. Sound bites and “TV stars” supersede the facts.
54
Czerner, T. B., What Makes You Tick? – The Brain in Plain English, (New York: Wiley, 2001) page 70-71;
However, facts must serve to substantiate the best, boldest and brightest aspects of the case. Details of
critical information garnered from the scene add to the verity of discerning the crime causation. To this mix
of methodical painstaking efforts, motives and methods of operation are pulled toward the human
continuum. Human nature is a gamut of based on scale of intensity. The level of interaction with the crime
scene bears a resemblance to the connectivity between suspect and victim. Psycho-sleuthing begins with
evidence and leads to crime analysis, behavioral assessment and so forth. The rule of threes is called for
here: a secured crime scene or scenes, sufficient skilled-experienced investigative team and forensic
laboratory capabilities. The forensic aspects of the case can only go so far. In the crime analysis process,
the key people are the cops. In the lab, a scientific examination of evidence assists in revealing essential
data. Conduits of connectivity associate such efforts to the crime. At this juncture, we may get lax in our
efforts. Sometimes, we rely too much on technology and too little on critical thinking skills. Overall, it is
up to the investigator to define the cause-effect relationships between suspects, victims and evidence.
While evidence is subjected to forensic scrutiny, the investigator must put the puzzle in perspective. In
short, forensics supports the investigator in helping to solve the case. But, solution is ultimately the
responsibility of the investigator. In other words, the investigator does not support forensics to the
exclusion of his or her investigative capabilities. Crime analysis, behavioral assessment or psycho-sleuthing
is first and foremost the cop’s job.55
Nothing is being said here to minimize or downplay the role of criminalistics or forensics. Yet, a perfect
world, like seen on TV, does not often exist in the real world of human nature. A number of things happen
to a crime scene that complicates the process. Unlike the fictional depictions of movies, science and
technology may not have caught up with most police departments. Often, you simply do the best you can
with what you got. Many times, sufficient amounts physical evidence are sketchy a best. Perhaps, no
evidence exists at all. There may be no witnesses or anonymous complainants. And, fingerprints may
belong to everyone except the perpetrator, including cops at the scene. At the same time, DNA may not be
present or minimal at best for full scale analysis. Footprints and suspected pieces of evidence may actually
belong to reporters. Added to this convergence of physical and mental actions are emergency personnel
who contaminate the crime scene. Or, fire fighters who hose down and wash away all the evidence. So,
contrary to the distorted media image of murderers, reality takes a different pathway. Many times we
become so fascinated by the fictional portrayals, we forget about the real criminals out there. Television
and movies pump and push the scientific method of sure and swift solutions. There fantasies are often
based on perfect profiles of “perfect criminals”. We allow ourselves to be seduced by good acting, effective
screen writing and reporters fixated with stardom. Real criminals elude definition because there are no sure,
certain and swift ways to “type cast” the so called “typical criminal”. Plus the fact, that evidence may be
limited in so many ways. Every criminal and every crime scene is different to greater or lesser degrees.
Complications always arise. Things are not neat, clean and foolproof.
55
Fitzgerald, M. J., Handbook of Criminal Investigation, (New York: ARCO Publishing Co., Inc., 1969), pages 191-
193;
Procedures take time. Patience is essential. Psycho-sleuthing for the cop is found in collecting as much
evidence as possible and, taking the time necessary to assemble the data. Often, that means following up on
time consuming tasks and eventually pulling all the information together. Gathering all the relevant
information from the crime scene reinforces the essential function of logical deduction. Crime analysis is
all about thinking, supported by tasks that assist in case resolution. Looking and perceiving goes beyond
mere observation. Thinking about the crime scene, developing a theory of the crime and assessing behavior
do not suggest easy quick answers. Evidentiary processes necessitate laborious efforts. The collection of
vital pieces of information requires painstaking efforts. And, to this mix, one must consider the
shortcomings of human nature. Mistakes happen and problems disrupt the continuum of activities.
In addition to the imprecise aspects of human interactions, crime scenes may cover huge amounts of
territory. At times, they may cross geographical boundary lines. There might be multiple crime scenes that
include vehicles, vessels and aircraft. People, places and things move. With all the players in a given
scenario, communication skills could falter, breakdown and create conflicts. Evidence may get lost,
contaminated, misplaced and mishandled. Bodies decay and evidence deteriorates. In the meantime, as we
clamor to secure the scene, answer basic questions, and garner the remains, we may find nothing at all.
Crimes scenes may be completely sanitized. The criminal may not have left sufficient traces of his or her
presence. Add to this progression of sorting out the crime scene, the probable notion that we many not find
sufficient quantities of evidence.56
Other complexities darken the haze over confusing and distracting investigations. The investigative
processes are multifaceted. These functions of fact and fiction are involved and time consuming. To do
things right, time is of the essence. Good leadership is required at all stages of the process. A myriad of
issues, from politics to public pressure, could shade the efforts. Again, good leaders are necessary within
the “corporate” layers of the organization. Investigators need support from their leaders. On some
occasions, officials may issue nebulous concerns about clearance rates. A preoccupation with immediate
success diverts talent, energy and skill away from critical tasks. Too much reliance falls upon quick and
easy solutions. We’ve taught ourselves to expect a “fast food” and “immediate gratification” mindset.
Quenching the thirst for fast success with easy templates distorts realty. Such questions and concerns, as
related to crime solving, give mixed messages to the public. And, administrators, who are not really
leaders, infect the organization with doubt, hesitance and potential failure.
In terms of success or failure in the investigative process, leadership is at the top of the list of essential
needs. Creativity of imaginative thinking follows the pathway of good and effective leadership. To find the
nature of the criminal, we start by understanding the paradox of human nature. Both good and evil reside
within the psychic realm of each person. Criminals are us and we are them. So, if we’re looking for the
“mind of the criminal”, we start the trek by using our thinking skills. From crime analysis to criminal
behavior assessment, “profiling” is a misnomer for the process of logical deduction.
56
http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/profiling/s_k_myths/4.html, “The Real Serial Killers”, an article by Pat
Brown;
“Elementary, my dear Watson”, is a phrase often attributed to the fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes.
The creator, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, a medical doctor, had keen insights into the investigative processes.
Anticipating modern day “profiling”, Doyle expressed a range of investigative abilities in the character of
Sherlock Holmes. Through the profound sense of intuitive powers, the detective uses “memory,
observation and deduction” to solve the mysterious nature of criminal behavior. While others were
seemingly baffled, Holmes sets out to shrewdly assess every aspect of the crime. Painstaking efforts of
thought and action culminated in an assessment of the physical evidence, witness information, and human
behavior inclinations. This Holmesian eye for minute details, keen insight to critical observations, and an
understanding of the proclivities of human nature, assist in the crime solving process. Perhaps, from this
example of creative writing, we should study more factual fiction and less fiction of the factual.57
Such writings suggest the didactic, or instructional, quality of the critical thinking. Analytical capacities
are not common. They do not follow a simplistic rubric of forms, images and templates. These qualities are
not easily understood in one seminar on “how to profile”. These are exceptional capabilities that good
investigators teach themselves. The competence layers over a foundation of personal ability, character and
profound sense of job related aptitude. Most of us have simply forgotten how to think in logical terms. Or,
how to rationally gather puzzle pieces of precise postulations. This does not mean we won’t experience the
ravages and struggles of our own biases. It means we simply deal with our shortcomings and move on. We
have to be good cops with the power and control over preconceived notions. As we move along the
continuum of human activity, we focus on the objective to accomplish the mission.
Such exercises of the inner psychic realm of skillful analysis are not devoid of distractions. Surprises,
temptations and diversions emerge during the course of the investigation. Intense focus is of great
necessity. The freedom to think and think freely becomes important. What we have to do is work to
overcome those issues that don’t contribute to solving the crime. Whether the politics of panic, or the
pressure of the press, good investigations stay well-organized and focused. Our efforts do not rely in
totality on an absence of external influences. We just have to be prepared to deal with interference.
The necessity of viewing the external world with open mindedness brings in the possibilities of greater
creativity. It is a progression that must be appreciated in terms of what we do along the way. We might
prefer to suggest that this process is an artful skill of cerebral diagnostics. Criminal sleuthing follows a trail
of the “rabbit down the rabbit hole”. This is an engrossment in the aftermath of a tragic event called crime.
Pursuing the elusive nature of the criminal is an act of the “psycho-sleuth” in the application of criminal
behavior assessment. Entertaining a variety of notions, the sleuth ponders the connections between the
victim, the perpetrator and the crime scene. The sensuality of the human sexual motives pervades the
essence of the method of operation. The task falls upon the investigator’s ability to diagnose the cause and
effect of the transference of criminality from the criminal to the victim. Critical observations possess the
key to the lock in the door, behind which hide the facts of the case. So, we gather the facts and ponder the
relevance of the evidence to solve the crime.
57
http://www.bartleby.com/59/6/elementarymy.html
Keeping the case in motion is essential. The flow of energy by dedicated personnel reinforces the
necessity of getting vital information solidified and connected. In addition, knowing the necessity of
perseverance is critical to finding a solution. The ABC’s of the basics still find sound residence in the
investigative process. Could this be called an “Assessment of Behavioral Characteristics”? Or, could it be
called “Analysis of Behavior and the Crime? And, such a process connotes the totality of efforts in solving
one crime, or a series of crimes. But, what gee whiz technique out there is applicable to every possible
crime committed? Is it a technique that cuts across the spectrum of human criminality? In other words,
suppose we’re not looking for a serial killer. Let’s suggest we’re looking for a serial burglar. Would the
press, the public and politicians maintain an intense interest in that pursuit? Maybe, and then again, maybe
not. The fashion statement of criminal profiling has sex appeal when the crime is murder. That’s one reason
why the media has taken the idea and run with it. Killing possesses the mental notion of vicarious
excitement for those not grieving. In time, we forget the horror of the criminal act and lose sight of the
victim. By contrast, movies extol the sexy hero or heroine “profiler” who cracks the case based on limited
information. Why do they always look like they stepped off a page of GQ Magazine?
Crimes against property are committed at a rate ten times greater than that of crimes against persons.
People suffer the toll of huge financial losses. Pain and suffering run deep in the aftermath of personal
injury, property damage and stolen goods. What sexy crime solving process do we use in these cases? For
most hard working cops, it’s called good old fashion police work. No high profile publicity, well-groomed
press conferences, or a vast array of grim faced experts, just dedicated hard working cops looking for clues,
gathering evidence and trying to solve the crime. Yet, when we say “profiling” we think of the glamorous
end results. The dashing star of the show, against all odds and no physical evidence, saves the day by
identifying the bad guy. In less than hour, minus commercials, the beautiful profiler has once again made
the streets safe. And, all this was made possible because, according to the script, the local cops were
incompetent. They had to be rescued by some post-adolescent psychic who’d never seen the inside of
central booking. Has fact merged with fiction to create a non-reality in an unreal world?
Whatever happened to the basics? You know, the elementary essence underlying the importance of
doing a thorough investigation. That is, gathering the facts, assembling the pieces of the puzzle for analysis,
and assessing the parts of the whole for answers and building a workable hypothesis by being creative in
thought and action. At the same time, taking care to be aware of preconceived notions, bias and prejudice
as well as avoiding the pitfalls of too much reliance on unsubstantiated opinion. Or, jumping off the corners
of conclusions, or arriving at the crossroads of fallacies of inference. Such traps can be dangerous. Any
investigation deserves the dignity of sticking to the basics of good police work. Fundamentals include the
indispensable trilogy of interviews, identifications and instrumentations. You could make this the “3I’s”, or
“4I’s”, depending on your perspective. Some have said the process includes interviews, interrogations,
identification and instrumentation. But, let’s keep it simple and combine the interview-interrogation
process into one. In realty, they both mean the same thing. We just adjust with regard to whom we’re
talking to. So, what do we know and how do we know it? Questions ignite the process.
During an investigation, we can never ask too many questions too often. Check things out. Size up the
situation no mater where you are. Be it crimes scene, squad briefing or press convergence, know who’s
there and why. Think, plan and proceed. Develop your own equation and place yourself within the
parameters. Be careful how close you walk the edge of “peer pressure”. Others may try to discourage,
dissuade or distract you. Don’t take someone else’s opinion as the final word on a matter of interest. Go
there yourself. Never let someone else have the final say. Make sure everything is verified in concrete
terms. Not broad generalizations. See for yourself if things asserted to be true are really true. Test it all and
prove things to be either true or false. Use your brain. Save the brawn for the gym. Remember, the mind is
an illusion the brain creates. If you’re a “mind hunter”, then you’re looking for something that doesn’t
exist. And, if you’re “hunting monsters” be sure to take silver bullets, a cross and holy water. That’s what
they use in the movies. Observe, look, listen and pay attention. Think long and hard about everything.
Sherlock Holmes was right. It really is elementary. That is, from a straightforward uncomplicated
perspective. Basic concepts, influenced by innovations in technology, support the investigation. And, just
in case all else doesn’t fall into place fast enough. Most cases are solved because of the information flow.
Good interviews leading from one thing to another. Then, a “concerned” citizen turns in a tip. Perhaps
some of the profilers could be assigned to the phone banks.
But, keep in plain view and close at hand the urgency of the press, the public and the politicians. This
trinity of misguided intentions takes out their perceived frustrations on the cops. In a “fast food immediate
gratification” environment, elementary may not be quick enough for most tastes. The press has deadlines
for stardom. The public is easily made fearful. A fact criminals and terrorist know all too well. Politicians
are special creatures of habit. They can be relied upon to do whatever is necessary to stay in office. Some
are professional bureaucrats, while others get appointed or elected to their position. A few understand the
time, resource and manpower constraints. Most don’t. An investigation may take time to develop.
Criminals don’t fit into the fast track of stereotypic templates. Evidence may be scarce or non-existent.
Some criminals adjust and change their method of operations. Overall though, human criminal behavior is
connected to human sexuality. Crime is about sex, whether from the actual commission or vicarious
extension. We are fascinated by the serious bizarre acts people do. It is the sensual, sexual and spiritual
expression of personal proclivities, inner desires and transcendent needs. From this internal dreamscape,
fantasies form the basis of ongoing ideation, striking at the heart of motives and intentions. Issues of “love
or money” or both could be central to the theme of the crime.
To fulfill needs, human beings overcome obstacles, adapt behaviors and improvise strategies to get what
they want. We need to evaluate information from people, places and things. Both the animate and
inanimate can tell stories. With the former, you interview. In the case of the latter, you make observations.
Speak on different levels to different sources of information at different times. Then, at some point, you
identify the evidence, submitting the artifacts for forensic analysis. That forms an evidentiary continuum of
logical action and creative deduction. Working through a rat’s maze of maneuvers, you interview, identify
and apply the instrumentalities of examination, in pulling together the forensic processes.
The gamut of the causal continuum configures around the assessment of the behavior of criminal
inclinations. In the initial stages, the analysis of the crime initiates the process. Crime analysis suggests the
variety and scale of the culmination of motives. The end result is the criminal event, the crime and the
injury inflicted on the victim. Psycho-bio-sexual frameworks of thinking have come to bear on a specific
victim. This vortex has climaxed at a specific juncture in time. Fantasy has become reality. The integration
of cause and effect melded into the actions taken. Cognitive aspects of mental aberration came alive in the
real world. Emotional states of desire, yarning and urge settled upon a target of opportunity. Who was the
target and what was the opportunity? The questions never end and the answers might remain elusive.
Human sexuality floats near the surface of human actions. We only see the tip of the iceberg at any
given instant on the stage of human affairs. During our thinking, we conjure a range of predisposition
within the brain’s mysterious functions. People develop an intense obsessive desire for the objects of their
infatuation. Holy virtues struggle with deadly sins. The battle rages inside over a life-time of thought and
action. Pride, envy, anger, dejection, gluttony, avarice, lust, power and evil culminate into the duality of
“love or money”. Translation slants toward central motives. Taking the fantasy world into the real world
becomes a major objective. Peering from the inside outward, we view the world of amazing deviant
opportunities. Defining normal and abnormal becomes a matter of personal reflection.
The intensity of obsessive desire for our object of infatuation helps persuade the inclination. The
daydream becomes a flight of the imagination into the reality of execution. With the power of imaginative
invention, reality becomes skewed in favor of personal gratification. The infatuation forms a formidable
adversary, fostering corrective action in the satisfaction of significant desires. Since we all think along
these lines, we don’t have to think like a criminal to catch one. All we have to do is think like a human
being. Psycho-sleuthing based on crime analysis factors suggest possible directions of travel. The trek
points in the direction of criminal behavior assessment. Gathering the facts lends our efforts to sorting
things out and forming a theory of the cause and the effect. Theories are based on inferences drawn from
the fine points of paying attention. Our worldly environment is filled with the obvious. Many times, due to
a myriad of distractions, we miss them. But, observation is key to understanding the facts as opposed to the
fiction. Our labored concentration wraps around the evidence at hand. In the process, the strength and
intensity of thought focuses on the depth, degree and span of the totality of circumstances. Evidence may
become transient. Over time, facts, figures and features of the case may deteriorate, dissolve and disappear.
Alterations occur that may skew later assessment. Thus, the folly of profiling, a misnomer at best, a
stumbling block at its worst. The basis for which relates to those who think it is the most important aspect
of the investigation. Profiling is limited in nature and scope and applies to a very small percentage of
crimes, such as serial murder, serial sexual battery and serial arson. For many, it is the answer to solving
crimes, or the silver bullet for criminal behavior. To a few, it is merely one more general tool that may or
may not aid in the crime solving process.58
58
http://www.adherents.com/misc/hsk_CriminalProfiling.html
Chapter 11: Crime Scene Interactive Assessment – Focus on Crime Analysis:
Can we hope to solve every crime? No, not really. That would be unrealistic to think that every case can
be cleared. Some crimes will go unsolved for a long time. Perhaps, they’ll never find closure. But, we try
anyway. Give the case our best shot and invest the passion of what good cops do. At the same time, we
must realize, solving crimes by reading crime scenes goes way back in history. Neither new nor nifty, cops
have been putting the pieces of the puzzles together for centuries. We just reinvented history to suit the
press releases. Call “new processes” by different names or clever slogans. Yet, the painstaking process of
deducing the criminality goes on. The quest never ends. As such, we know that the presence of clues guides
us toward other clues. And, the lack of clues doesn’t necessarily mean a lack of direction, or no clues exist.
It means we have to think. A preliminary hypothesis leads to the development of serious speculation.
Deductive analysis requires us to analyze what we have. Sort out the details and move in constant motion.
We come to focus on the essentials and the basic fundamental facts that provide some elementary truth.
Setting aside the unnecessary distractions, pertinent issues surface from which we must sift the vital factors.
The minor gives way to the major findings. Our mental matrix sorts out the causality of the effects. Facts
are tested against the fiction of what is true and what is false.
Fitting the findings to the explanation of what happened may be challenging. Analysis is a daunting
task. After eliminating the things that don’t count, the residual holds the eventual plausible results. As we
go about eliminating the things that are nonessential, we poke around for that which is most probable.
When the impossible can be shown to be unconnected to what we seek, then we might have found our
answers. Puzzle pieces pose probable placement when sufficient positive explanation can be assessed.
Police work is an exercise in intellectual expression. This progression becomes more of an art form than a
highly scientific template for every possible occasion.
At the scene of the crime, we used to consider the M.O. as one overall aspect of criminality. Today,
some would assert a trifurcation of this elementary scheme of human behavior. To keep things simple and
straightforward, why don’t we just say that the M.O. is a continuum of human expression, a manner that
expresses external modes of behavior? At the same time, a mechanism that asserts itself in an articulation
of motive, intent and desire. The M.O. continuum could contain a range of interconnected behaviors, some
general and some specific. These include the major factor of the M.O. plus the personalization of the crime
scene by the offender. Then, by virtue of ideation, the criminal “signs” his or her name to his or her
obsession. This comes in cryptic ways, by special means in particular point of reference. All too often, as
investigators, we try to separate out and identify individual characteristics. To our own distraction, we
make things more difficult than we need to. In reality, these all might be a conduit of connectivity or,
strands of human behavior that follow a pathway into the psychic realm of cognition. Modus Operandi, the
singular nature, is approximated from Latin meaning “mode of operation”. The plural is Modi Operandi, or
the “modes of operation”. And, the concept describes a criminal’s characteristic patterns, styles of behavior
and nature of causative action. So, why does this progression have to be some complicated?
One guesses that if you make something complicated it somehow seems more “scientific”. That’s not
necessarily true. After all, you’re dealing with human behavior. There are no absolute predictors of precise
perfect outcomes. In our society, often is the case that symbolism takes precedence over substance. When,
in actuality, following the evidence, the substance, is a passage to further clues and clarity of conclusion.
To analyze a crime scene takes thought, skill and experience. While “crime analysis” is much more than
just looking for evidence, the progression of actions must be seen as well-organized, methodical and
logical. Setting boundaries, taking notes, shooting pictures, drawing sketches and collecting what’s
available form the basis for the crime analysis mission. Naturally, it goes without saying, that evidence, if
any, requires the security of protective preservation. Such leads to the importance of good crime scene
decision making. In the process, “Bagging and tagging” become the hunt for the essentials. Separating the
necessities from the trivial is an art form of creative investigation. Slow thoughtful collection of artifacts
from people, places and things, speak to the relevance of the many tasks at hand. Once in motion, a case
summons the response of various levels of service. Responding instigates the safety of a tactical arrival on
scene. Caution against rushing in is always good advice. Ambushes, traps and setups can easily be
constructed, endangering the officers. But, the thinking elements are in motion long before that. So, officer
safety takes place early on. On scene, the continuum activates the orderly coordination of techniques, tools
and training. Sometimes, it seems things unfold or transform in threes. Such as, arrive on scene, process the
facts and follow-up the clues.
Likewise, so do pitfalls, setbacks and miscalculations. For instance, we can’t rush to a solution, forcing
the crime scene to be processed too quickly. At the same time, we can’t bow to public pressure to get things
done and arrest a suspect without evidence supporting the facts. In conjunction, we have to avoid failing to
properly coordinate the timely flow of information. These factors summon the attentive inclusion of proper
planning, staffing and communication. Command, control and communication set the stage for the rest of
the parts that fit the whole. Within this configuration, dealing with the press becomes a matter of clever
innovative strategy. How the response deals with the media depends on the case. Tactics may dictate the
delivery of details. Press releases should be carefully crafted to avoid interference with the investigative
processes. Leaks have to be plugged before the dripping actually starts. And, while some information may
be protected by statute, other data might depend on the requirements of the case.
Multiple crime scenes require multiple tactics. Each has its own unique characteristics, with boundaries
determined by proper decision making. In addition, the extent to which each is searched and processed
might be determined by the type of crime involved. The comprehensive manner of hunting down evidence
from a major scene to a minor scene is incumbent upon the investigators. Where the inner perimeter
focuses on the primary criminal event, the outer perimeter can be seen as less labor intensive. Yet, as the
perimeter grows outward, and becomes more extended, the importance of finding evidence does not
diminish. Rooms become structures or buildings, while buildings become associated with outer
appurtenances. These lead to streets, alley ways and surrounding neighborhoods. Neighborhoods become
connected to traffic ways and so on.
Expanding outward from the scene of the crime, the traditional basic format remains the same: Who,
what, where, when, why and how (5WH)? And, although generic to the crime analysis process, the
continuum of thought and action should be flexible. Plus, are thoughtful extensions of “psycho-sleuthing”
in the overall configuration. For instance, for each question of the “5WH” there are a multitude of
additional questions that could be asked. The issue of “who done it?” takes in a broad range of
probabilities. Likewise, who the victim was connects to the “who done it?” This is the art, craft and skill of
“crime fighting” in a nutshell. But, such capabilities can’t stay hidden beneath the shell of a hardened nut.
The seed must be planted, cultivated and harvested. You gotta “crack a few nuts” to get to the inner core of
the seed. Pull out the pit and germinate the productivity. So, perhaps there’s another element we can add to
the classic prescriptive principles of our investigative modus operandi. The “5WH” require the underlying
resources of logical well-reasoned innovation. Maybe we can include the aspect of “Imagination”. If we do
that, then the process becomes “5WHI”. Or, pronouncing the acronym differently, “WHY” as “WHI”.
The letter “I” of course, can represent a number of conceptual frameworks related to the investigative
process such as imagination, intelligence, interviewing, identification and so forth. This fosters a kind of
security to the steadiness of the course of action. Bringing stability to the investigation is part of this
operational component of “crime fighting”. Naturally, reference to “crime fighting” means an allusion to
the process of problem-solving in the law enforcement context. Stability is essential in the unwavering
pursuit of balance, awareness and cohesiveness in an investigation. Constant vigilance is an associated
partner with stabilizing the process. These two team work together to enhance operational attentiveness.
Upon arrival at a crime scene, “attacking the objective” would not initially be a good tactic. One reason is
the necessity of gathering critical data, or intelligence. And, another would be, taking the time to assess the
situation. A third issue considers the perimeter in terms of security. Perhaps a series of “what ifs” come to
mind. What if there is a danger to the investigating officers? What if a terrorist has “planted” secondary
devices? What if bio-chemical hazards threaten the immediate environment? And, so the list of possible
dangers continues. The phrases “scene safe” or “officer safety” relate to this initial practice of applied
tactics and techniques. The steady focus of careful calculation proceeds from the internal ideation of
thoughtful crime scene analysis.
From these factors flow the follow-up of preliminary activities. The basics relate to assessing the crime
scene in relation to people, places and things. Time, date and place relate to the sequential progression of
dealing with the factual assessment of the scene. Officers strive to note the timeframe down to the tightest
possible configuration. This stems from the initial call, from complainant to communications personnel to
field officers and everyone else involved. First officers on the scene record impressions, thoughts and ideas
relative to the crime. They secure the area and aid the injured. At the same time, notations have to be made
about the circumstances present. The “5WHI” applies from the moment the action begins. All the senses
and then some are in play. Sights, sounds, smells, intuition and feelings commingle to suggest perceptions
based on observations. From line officer to detective, the continuum should flow together in a causal
connectivity of planned precise actions.
Intuition is one of those unique human attributes often misunderstood and overlooked. Thinking about
feelings derived from ideation in response to issues at hand brings about other possibilities. The concept
involves the ability to think in imaginative ways about the nature of the crime. Crime scene analysis in the
process of criminal behavior assessment balances upon thought, action and deliberation. One sees all the
components and wonders at the cause-effect relationship. The route of practical application centers upon
the overall character of what some call “applied criminology”. This is the art and skill of the practitioner in
the real world of human behavior. Acuity in regard to the “big picture” may not discern every aspects of the
landscape at one time. We might miss the forest for the trees. Or, strain at the gnat and not see the elephant
in the room. What does our “altered sensory perception” tell us? Sometimes fiction shadows fact and the
two merge into a confusing transformation. At other times, theorist may mislead the investigation with
faulty information delivered at the wrong time. Opinions may cloud facts. But, insight flows from intuition.
And, intuitive inclinations cannot be discounted by all the distractions. It cultivates an imminent notion of
something just around the corner. Or, the unique impressions garnered from the sensory array of critical
thinking. The action fosters the “enlightenment” of the case. Intuitive awareness springs from the careful
assessment of people, places and things. Police work is a thinking person’s game. Scrutiny of the situation
and circumstances could revolve around the following configurations.59
General Factors under Investigative Consideration:

Crime analysis = human behavioral assessment = victims-witnesses-suspects =
People-Places-Property = Forensic evidence = problem solving = applied criminology
Three Stages of Investigative Development:
Preliminary – the beginning – foundational premise construction – first layer
Intermediary – the mid-point – developmental hypotheses – second layer
Tertiary – the conclusive endeavor or final disposition – third layer
The preliminary process is the initial arrival on the scene, fostering the early stages of the “WHI” or the
“5WHI” process. It represents the culmination of the beginning stages of foundation building. From call to
arrival, the construction project is in motion. Within this rubric, officers conduct approximately six (6) key
tasks. These include at least the following: 1) initial recording, recovery and restrictions; time sequence,
attendant conditions; 2) establish scene safe and secure conditions for all persons, places and properties; 3)
render aid, begin assessment and control access; 4) victims, witnesses and complainants are collected,
compartmentalized and correlated; 5) ensure identification, isolation and information relative to evidentiary
necessities; 6) request additional resources, backup and protocols as required to establish primary
command, control and communications, crowd control. Of course, these are generic parts of the continuum.
Each component can be expanded as necessary to the fit the attendant circumstances.
59
O’Hara, C. E, O’Hara, G. L., Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation – Sixth Edition, (Springfield, IL: Charles C.
Thomas Publisher, 1994), page 23;
In the aforementioned overview, to say such a procedural arrangement focuses around a “profile” falls
short of the complexity of the process. It’s all interrelated, from the first officer on the scene to last
submitted report, or processed piece of evidence. Varieties of scale, large and small, field the range of
possibilities. Sketching the silhouette of the who done it is a bit part in larger stage play. Much more
matches the compounding nature of the interactions expressed in the causality of the events. A “profile”
can be seen as simply a beginning point in the solution puzzle. Not a cure-all, quick fix or final answer to
the problem-solving issues at hand. It is an outline of the most basic nature. Taking a side view, making a
short bio-sketch, or setting a template, the “profiling” is just field notes. Similar sketches of brief duration
flow together in the assessment of the MO and related elements of the criminal action. In the long run,
crime analysis goes much farther, encompasses a range of interrelated activities. We develop our theory,
generate a tentative hypothesis and formulate a plan of action. Later, we hope to bring everything together
to solve the mystery. On many occasion we know who did it. But, on other occasions we don’t. Such
efforts suggest we follow the evidence. Where does it lead or not lead?
When anthropometry of the 19th century gave way to dactylography, a more definitive approach to
applied criminology evolved. The pursuit of criminal identification became a more “scientific” process.
However, this should not be confused with the not so scientific aspects of human behavior. While forensics
can extend the scientific basis to evidentiary factors, nothing is perfect and foolproof. This is especially true
when it comes to human nature. Surprises, swindles and scams abound at every turn. Facts can be clouded
by the rainy days of confusion, haste and misguidance. While the scientific method is helpful, criminology
is a field built upon the philosophies of different schools of thought.
Leadership, management and proper supervision flow into and out of the process. Thinking is critical.
Often, we rely on computers, forensics and lab results to do our thinking for us. But, the cop is the major
component. This brings into fruition the intermediary components, or, the second layer of definitive
actions. Supervisors posture for the right position of supervision. They assemble the data elements the first
officers accumulate. The building blocks that can be determined are piled up for sorting out. Six more
aspect fall into place: 1) comprehensive assessment of the scene, time sequences, weather conditions; 2)
command, control and communications, along with a command post (if needed); 3) crime scene perimeters
secured and protected, logs are set up, witnesses prepared for interviews, statements taken, description
gathered; 4) evidence protection, hazmat issues and custodial necessities ensured; 5) coordination of job
tasks, assignments, documentation and reporting; 6) team development, patrol, detectives, crime scene
personnel, incident command process, etc. The situation and the mission of executing timely tactics should
foster a coordinate effort. Stabilizing the critical elements into a cohesive set of procedures remains
fundamental to the investigation. Good leadership is expected at all levels of police operations.
Interpersonal interactions have to be balanced in favor of solving the case. Cohesiveness in thought and
action must be tempered with the concentration to focus on the requirements of the particular investigation.
Leaders will have to be aware of who’s doing what, when and where. Mistakes will be made due to human
inclinations. But, they will be minimized in most cases, contingent upon command and control structures.
Crimes scene assessment and interaction can be seen as a continuum of many connecting points. From
initial arrival on the scene to the culmination of conclusive results, a stable, well-managed and organized
investigation brings together competent personnel to put the pieces together. Organization of the
investigative processes relies upon effective leadership. Knowing, doing and being attached to the response
expresses individual and team connections. This interaction with the crime scene means a multi-level
approach, posing a sense of equilibrium, as opposed to chaos. At the same time, a preliminary
investigation relies on the flow of information, timely responsive tactics and safety of all concerned. To and
from appropriate sources, data goes back and forth within the confines of the police. Keeping law
enforcement organization and management in tact is extremely vital. Once on the scene, concentric circles
people, places and property, ebb and flow outward. Extending from the immediate point of controversy, to
the surrounding vicinity, ripples of connectivity have taken place.
The investigation is a journey through a portal in time, involving spatial relationships and past, present
and future interactions. A crime, and the attendance crime scene or scenes, is an “incident command
system”. The setting pulls together an assortment of resources in terms of people, agencies and processes.
From the intermediary level to the tertiary level, the process transforms. The third layer involves: 1)
ongoing assessment of scene conditions, time sequences and resource allocations; investigative processes
mesh with first responder levels; 2) all personnel present and accounted for, and inventory of resources,
coordination of task assignments; 3) division of labor, determination of the sequence of events; command
and control issues further refined; 4) neighborhood surveys, victims-witnesses interview/history, evidence
processing and control; crime scene search management; 5) public-media coordination of critical issues; 6)
suspects, notifications, interagency coordination. The system develops as layer upon layer of investigative
resources adjust to the necessities of the incident. Command and control personnel define the investigative
resources, such as the primary or principle investigators. These could be patrol or detective personnel,
depending on the agency organization and philosophy. Some agencies utilize more efficiently line officers
for certain investigative functions. It is vital that all personnel collaborate in an effective manner. Thoughts,
ideas and suggestions warrant consideration relative to the criminal incident in question.
In the initial sequence of events, the scene must be secured in every way manageable. The first level of
incident development allows for the opportunity to ensure proper field security and safety. Hazmat and
contamination issues are an important consideration to deployment. Officers may not be able to gain access
to the crime scene until such dangers are dealt with. This means, adequate definition of boundaries
becomes an essential piece of the puzzle. Things have to fit together in a sequence of planned protocol
activity. In the meantime, the media, citizens and all other nonessential personnel, must be controlled with
respect to boundaries, roped off areas, command post access, and so on. Routes of egress and ingress have
to be identified. Protective measures are put in place to ensure crime scene safety and integrity for
evidence, victims and personnel working the scene.60
60
Eliopulos, L. N., Death Investigator’s Handbook, (Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 1993), pages 1-3;
First response becomes second response, then third response, and so on. The layers of investigative
action compose the orchestration of the definitive parts of the whole. A preliminary investigation blends
with a follow-up investigation, until a conclusion can be reached. The multitude of interactive components
is pulled together for critical examination. We follow the trail or each trail that becomes exposed by further
inquiry, inspection and identification. While the pseudo-sciences may be helpful (psychology, sociology,
etc), forensic applications are more persuasive in terms of telling us what the evidence says. Cops scan the
locale, do walk-throughs, assess boundaries, compare actions taken by perpetrators, and expand operations
as good judgment dictates. Technology is brought to bear on the crime scene, with a camera’s directed
toward relevant issues at hand. The “techno cop” of today has many more capabilities than ever before.
Coordination and application of such abilities become crucial to assessment of the reality of applied
criminology. A reconstruction of the historical events pertaining to the crime scene flows from a fluid and
flexible approach. From searching to collecting, tagging to bagging, the artifacts are assembled in a logical
manner. As boundaries extend or pull in, people are identified, scrutinized and analyzed. The human
language of physical, verbal and record nature is appraised with care and special consideration. Actions and
words get keen evaluative processing. All the while, the attendant theory of crime causation is guided with
careful course correction as needed. The “5WHI” receives continual updates. Sensory awareness is
expanded to encompass a global view of the totality of the circumstances.
Intuitive decision making becomes critical at every stage of the investigation. Hunches, feelings,
perceptions pervade the thinking process of skilled investigator. Some would call it “instinct”, which
relates to an innate natural ability to use “psychic energy” for creative thought. Such a notion should not be
confused with the “occult”, “mediums” or “supernatural” expressions of other belief systems. Instead, what
is meant here is simply an association with the capacity for deep inner thinking. Intuition is the “point man”
for optimal surveillance in the abstract analytical application of thought. The investigator is thus a “point
man or woman” alert to the possibilities. This is a willful process by which suspicions are correlated to
probabilities to search for meanings of questions and answers. Our senses help define, distinguish and
discern the connections between people, places and properties. That “inner voice” of insight, instinct or
inkling, provides the basis for linkages across time and space. For some, we realize that human behavior is
connected to our mental-bio-physical makeup. This, in turn, is bonded to our sexuality, or the emotional
state of obsession with personal objectives. The sexual, sensual and spiritual complexity of personalities
stem from fantasies. These are taken into the deadly reality of the crime and the crime scene. As to the
perpetrator, the relationship can be both creative and destructive, a duality influencing human actions,
behaviors, and intentions. But for the “point man or woman”, the “sixth sense” of investigative abilities
flows around a capacity for solving the crime. It is an “inner knowing” about how things fit together, what
happened and why it was done. It is the added component of the “5WHI” continuum. At times, the process
of thinking by creative “point men or women” may seem eccentric, odd or illogical.61
61
Alexander, J., Groller, R, Morris, J., The Warrior’s Edge, (New York, NY: William Morrow and Co., Inc., 1990),
pages 113-114;
Yet, the processes conducted by the protocols of the crime scene are far from being illogical.
Components are in place to ensure an organized and well-managed investigation. We have to be careful
though. A reliance on templates, checklists and “standard operating procedures” might disrupt the inspired
imaginative ways by which investigators can be artistic, inventive and resourceful. Following a “profile” of
a formulistic approach too closely, often guides us down a straight and narrow path. On the trek, we miss
the “forest for the trees”. Analysis a crime scene and assessing human behavior cannot be constrained by
formulas. The “5WHI” must be seen as just a guideline, not an exhaustive template that must be followed
without deviation. A crime scene involves much more. Such terrain includes at least the six aspects
mentioned earlier. Most of which involves interpersonal communication skills. Gathering the facts (layers),
interviewing people (suspects, witnesses, victims), examining places (crime scenes), and processing
property (evidence). The “keep it simple” concept is appropriate to the extent the boundaries established
are covered as comprehensively as possible. We could come up with a myriad of steps in the totality of the
process of crime scene analysis. All of it involves careful thought. But, we’d get sidetracked worrying
about following the steps. Anxiety would deplete the reservoir of conscious originality. Worry ponders the
watchful eyes of supervisors, who also worry about the “politics” of an investigation. The continuum is not
about steps in a set of protocols. It’s about thinking in a logical manner. Here, logic can be read as the
artistry of ingenious creativity. The kind of stuff Sherlock Holmes did. And, his actions seemed to upset the
established mechanistic way of doing things.
Crime scene analysis concerns issues of command, control and communications. Someone takes
command, controls the processes and ensures the communication flow. There are, of course, different
levels, or layers of this progression. But, control, in particular, is essential. This correlates to controlling the
mind, the environment and the process involved. That is to say, assessing what happened and who was
involved requires open-minded thinking, not constraint of ideas, innovations and imagination. We have to
suspend or otherwise control biases, prejudices, hasty generalizations, urban and rural legends, non-factual
influences and everything else that robs the thinking processes. Then, efforts have to be directed toward
effective and efficient case management. This requires good leadership. Everyone has to cooperate in the
effective attempts to successfully resolve the case. All communication efforts are directed toward a
determination of the facts relevant to the analysis of the criminal activity involved. Discussions held with
other officers and techs, ideas exchanged and notations made should be considered confidential in nature.
Clues, evidence and theories are to be protected at all times. We have to stop, look, listen and think about
what we’re doing and where we’re going. Protecting the crime scene is absolutely crucial. Safeguarding the
facts falls right behind that. Thorough documentation reinforces the findings that are discovered. In our
interaction with the crime scene, we endeavor to follow the clues, the evidence trail, and the actions of
people. Sometimes, we get swept away by the tendency to over use statistics, equations and formula laden
templates. Too often, we’ve forgotten the profound ability in using our mental skill set. Crime scene
interactive assessment is all about thinking.62
62
Wilson, O.W., Police Planning, (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1973), pages 443-444;
Chapter 12: A Synopsis of Sexual Motivations and Inclinations:
Do people really think about what they’re doing? And, at the same time, do they premeditate their
subsequent actions? In the process of attempting to think, do people have freedom of choice? Or, are they
in bondage to the slavery of their personal history, family relationships, and environmental conditions?
Maybe a better question is do people actually think at all? Some of us believe people know exactly what
they’re doing. In the ecstasy of freedom of expression, people act out what they want to. As many
constrain, control and conserve their endeavor, others don’t. The multitude of schools of criminology
would offer an abundance of explanations. Within the filed of the so called social sciences, an army of
theorists charge the fortress of beliefs. Some would consider these excuses for behavior. And, if there are
always excuses for behavior, then we don’t have to be responsible for our actions. But, people think in
various degrees to different extents, following ideation along diverse pathways. Ah, but exceptions will
always be found, as psychics and pseudo-scientists abound, posture and infect the world of applied
criminology. Yet, what are the real motivations and proclivities of human beings when it comes to crime.
The age old question of “why” pervades our investigative time. Many rush in with answers, only to
provoke more questions. So, do we determine our world, or is it determined for us?
As a philosopher has said, “I think, therefore I am”. Is that true? For some of us, yes, it is the reality of
who we are and what we do. We think and then we do. To think is to reason and contemplate actions. It
involves belief, imagination and sensory awareness. Of course there are processes that take place between
those two points of the start and the finish line. When people decide to be criminal, the thinking is not
suspended. In fact, actions are weighed against gain versus risks. Personality concerns the interaction
between “psychic energy” and the brain’s creativity.
Now, some could make an argument that many people suspend thinking. Become detached; let others
assume responsibility so they can’t be accountable for their actions. May be that’s’ why the Nazis got away
with some many heinous and horrific atrocities. Plus, the subsequent “Nuremberg defense”, “it’s not my
fault, I was just following orders”. We’ll blame others, scapegoat or stereotype just to escape the fingers
pointing back at us. People stop thinking, you think? Neural networks transcend time, space and
dimensions to foster a host of intentions. Motives formulate from within to become realities on the outside.
Criminals commit crimes because they do think. At the same time, they make bad decisions. To say
behavior, and by extension, criminal behavior, is a combination of nature and nurture is too simplistic.
There’s more to the story. While genes may build the neural networks, our spiritual essence or soul,
provides the programming. Every day, we can see actions people take that seem thoughtless, anti-social and
careless. Did they think before they did? Yes, they knew what they were doing, because they suspended
good judgment, or discretion or effective decision-making. When caught, they might say, “oh, I forgot, or I
didn’t mean to”. The act of suspending itself demonstrates choice. Crime causation is a choice. Knowing,
thinking and doing are aspects connected to our personality.63
63
Descartes, Rene. The Columbia World of Quotations. 1996, from www.bartleby.com, January 5, 2007;
In making choices, we express, define and illustrate our behavioral mannerisms. At a crime scene,
criminals describe their behavior in various sordid fashions. While criminals vary in tactics and techniques,
some are more expressive than others. While a certain number will leave clues, aiding the support of the
theory of transference, some leave no clues at all. Historically, we have come to believe that something is
always left behind at the crime scene. There are occasions when we can’t find such artifacts. Circumstantial
evidence may be the only evidence to surface in the course of an investigation. Yet, overall, an
investigation remains an organized, systematic and methodical process of creative incubation. Our
methodology of intuitive analysis transcends conventional notions. No simple stereotype, template or quick
fix solution can rush our careful study of the facts. Following the evidence is essential. A thorough forensic
analysis is necessary to an assessment of the behavioral implications.
In terms of motivational factors, human beings are a set of complex interactions. Within the context of
brain, brawn and beauty, men and women experience the world in uniquely individual fashions. In many
ways, and for a multitude of reasons, we are drawn to the “dark side” of human inclinations, activities and
interests. Every day we can see this in assorted behaviors. From the midway of the country fair, to the
roadside scene of an accident, people gawk, stare and rubber neck. The public steers their way through a
maze of vicarious pursuits. Movies, television and the news provide a means to experience the horrors of
human habitation. Psycho-physical aspects of the human makeup are influenced by sexual identity. These
structural components paint a picture suggesting the multidimensional nature of human beings. As such,
given the nature of individuality, predictability of behavior is difficult. Internal experiences and external
expressions are connected to the dimensional aspects of each person. Human sexual identity relates to sex,
gender and sexuality. Sexual preferences stem from a connection between sex and gender. As people look
in the mirror of everyday life, they define what they see. They transform the image into modes of
expression in preference for a particular sexual orientation.64
Personal identity connects to the thinking processes. Thinking is ongoing at different stages of
consciousness, from being awake to being asleep. From thinking to doing is a short journey. While
criminals may share similar threads of expression, or method of operation, motives tend to reside within the
individual. A person’s personality, choice of criminal activity and individual characteristics are unique to
him or her. Behaviors of one sort or another emerge based on ideation. Forms of thought encompass a wide
range of fantasies, or mental projections along a dimensional continuum. Motives, intentions and desires
stream along this pathway of behavioral inclinations. We motivate ourselves to accomplish the inner
desires that we formulate. Concepts of good and evil evolve within this cerebral context. The brain creates
the illusion of the mind, from which flows the cause-effect relationships. Intensity and frequency serve as
precursors to motivations. As a result, we make choices between right and wrong. This we do in order to
fulfill the wish list of ideas we’ve developed. Criminal behavior is the short-cut to fast tracked quick and
easy solution to wants, desires and yearnings. Motive, means and moment work together.
64
http://zimirk.wordpress.com/2005/10/24/sexual-identity-and-the-human-condition/, Zimirk, D., “Sexual Identity and
the Human Condition”, October 24, 2005;
Sexual identity expresses who we are, from rape to robbery. Pillaging, plundering and pilfering, we seek
contentment in exploring our ideas against the real world. Hedonistic tendencies reflect the pleasure
principle of human inclination. The blissful enjoyment of harming others rests at the tantalizing feeling of
getting what you want. Gratification is a sexual dimension that transcends the mere notion of physical
pleasure. As criminals formulate ideas, their contentment to be satisfied goes to sensual levels of
amusement, recreation and diversion into criminal proclivities. Thinking allows for opportunities to
formulate plans of action and rationalize intended behaviors. And, no matter how bizarre the behavior, the
motives remain at the core of the thought processes. All of us, whether we’re using words or hand gestures,
communicate some portion of the thoughts going on inside. While we’ll never reveal everything, we
express body language to greater or lesser degrees. Along these lines, our inclinations are likely to surface.
Superficial aspects of our interpersonal communication skills float on the periphery of subtle motions.
These emerge in the way act toward others.
Criminal behavior expresses a form of deviant behavior that has sexual overtones. It’s behavior that
violates law on one hand, and suggests our inner sexual nature on the other. Deviance covers a gamut of
human activities. Bizarre types of behavior are only the tip of the iceberg, for the mind harbors unlimited
possibilities. In some cases, researches have said that “deviant behavior” is activity that is contrary to
“social norms”. Yet, once again, you might ask, who decides which is which, normal or abnormal? There is
a behavioral overlap. Some forms we accept, others we don’t. We generally agree that agree that when it
comes to children certain behaviors toward them are off limits. That is, until they reach adulthood.
Otherwise, most adult behaviors are tolerated to some degree.
Human activity, and in particular, human sexual activity, sometimes crosses boundaries. Fantasy
becomes reality. Myth merges into the interpersonal realm of conduct. Experimentation goes beyond
safeguards and people get hurt. Law enforcement intervention becomes a necessity. Overall though, as
society evolves, changes and transforms, normal behavior fails to be defined with a sense of precision,
efficiency or understanding. We encounter certain behaviors and recoil in disgust. Yet, we’re dealing with
people that have reasons for what they do. In a community, when human sexual activity becomes more
openly discussed and debated, more proclivities will surface. Change occurs in the frankness of
differentiating types of activities in the real world of acceptance and tolerance. Laws and criminal sanctions
are reviewed and evaluated. In terms of enforcement, nullification and redefinition, things change from one
location to another. Acceptance varies depending on the locale. For instance, college campuses share
unique expressions that may not be readily observed in the non-collegiate community. Jurisdictional
boundary lines further the confusion of lifestyle and unconventional forms of behavior. Something legal in
one place may be illegal in another. A state of flux floats on the surface of societal acknowledgement of
who can do what, when and where. The norms of society evolve, and, at the same time, influence human
behavior. But, it’s a two-way street. Human behavior influences the norms of society.65
65
Schmalleger, F., Criminology Today – An Integrative Approach, (Upper Saddle River: NJ, Pearson-Prentice Hall,
2006), page 9-10;
On a very basic level of human nature, there is a trail that leads to the notion of individual sexuality
connected to the reality of inner fantasies. Feeling, emotions and despair run high. Tensions build up and
yearn for release. Certain inner impulses acted upon become criminal behaviors. Violent intentions are
demonstrated across interpersonal dimensions. Who wears the face of evil? Why kill in devious ways?
Oppress others in horrid manners? Bully the weak in gratifying expressions power? Do such things come
down to the fearful plight of personal frustration over biological nature? Are power and control issues
really related to sexual identity? Is power and control issues an extension of personhood on a very personal
level? No one can say with any certainty what really lies below the surface of the human psychic iceberg.
We only have theories of one sort or another. Arguments and debates are never ending. Yet, the
circumstantial evidence seems clear that there is a cause-effect relationship between sexuality and
criminality. And, at what point does the individual cross the line in terms of sexual proclivity? It seems
pretty evident that human beings exhibit, practice and explore a vast array of sexual activities, some normal
and some not so normal. From acceptance to deviance, we humans do an amazing array of things.
Tracking down connecting points between sexuality and criminal behavior occupies a very small area of
criminology. From some perspectives, there are certain modes of behavior that are reflective of sexual
deviance leading to criminality. When these are carried from fantasy to fact, they become behaviors that
harm other people. Some types of deviance are dangerous and result in violations of the criminal laws. But,
they all connect to the inner world of the individual that has dark, devious and dangerous places of internal
blackness of the human spirit. In some cases, a mom realizes she can’t openly date because of child rearing
responsibilities. Sexual expression, sensual connectivity and spiritual evolution are thwarted. So, she kills
the children. She might drown the little ones and feel the claw marks of final struggles to survive. Then, she
makes up some excuse about how the kids are better off in heaven. Or, she concocts some nebulous notion
that the devil told her to do it and somehow God acquiesced.
Then, you have the killer who wants to rid himself of his family obligations. He’s bored, selfish and
egoistic. Self-seeking, he desires to be with his new found lady friend. So, he kills the wife and child. Puts a
hammer through the wife’s head and strangles the baby. Makes it look like an intruder did it; lies to the
police; covers his tracks. And, sometimes, extreme acts of violence are expressed. Stuff that defies
conventional thinking. A person is horribly tortured, mutilated and cut in half, bound and gagged and
dumped in open field or under a bridge. In all of these, what are the sexual implications? What is the killer
trying to tell us? That he or she is powerful, willful and has control over their victim? No kidding, they
certainly proved it by what they did. That’s a no brainer. Don’t need a room full of profilers to tell us that.
But, what does it really mean? You know, down deep. The truth of it all is still buried deep inside. We may
never know for sure. An army of psychologists could be marched in, and we’ll never completely
understand with a perfect degree of certainty. So, basically, we can give good guesses. Make a
“scientifically wild ass guess”. May be that’s close enough for government work, because human behavior
is not an exact science. Inner conflicts are difficult to measure, predict and assess. Self-seeking people
perpetrate all manner of self-centered motives toward others.
Sexual repression has the potential to become a potent force in the expression of intimidation, infliction
of pain and eventual death of others. Our biological natures can be carried out in a number of
manifestations. Some killers, for instance, worked in rape crisis centers counseling victims of sexual
battery. That represents one aspect of their lifestyle. On another level, in a different aspect, they may
experience difficulties in their interpersonal relations. The issues of underlying sexuality remain compelling
in terms of dealing with external intimate associations. If a relationship falls apart the inner feelings of
disappointment, frustration and fear may foster a range of malevolent motivations. Our human existence is
filled with examples of ways by which such manifestations are executed in the real world. The implication
hints at a cause-effect relationship between biological nature, mental processing and personal proclivity. As
such, perceptions, observations and inclinations surface from the depths of repressed ideas. These stems
from an illusion we loosely call the mind. Our fantasy world resides there in the cavern of our thoughts,
which surround issues of sexual identity. Yet, a clear and complete understanding is not always easy to
ascertain. People will never be perfectly forthcoming in exact honest details about the essentials of the
truth. Yes, former G-men can race to the prisons to interview the serial killers. They can tote inside all
kinds of theoretical baggage, cloaks of research and coat hangers full of statistics. But, unfortunately,
inmates typically tell you whatever you want to know and the truth remains elusive.66
In the end, the trek on the road to solving criminological issues stays on the trail of the evidence. It’s the
evidence, from people, places and things that contribute to the solution. Most of the time, it comes from
information sources, like tips from informants. Sometimes, the criminal doesn’t leave a significant amount
of evidence behind. This is contrary to what we often see portrayed in movies, television and the media.
Criminal nature is not easily typed cast into the public’s “spoon feed” conception of a screenplay. Not so
obvious, sometimes sly and cunning, the criminal can find ingenuous ways to mess up a crime scene. And,
so can the police, paramedics, reporters and the victim’s family members. Plus, we can’t forget the “rubber-
necking” public. They’ll shut down an inter-state system just get a peek at someone else’s misfortune.
Human nature spans the strange realms of the imagination. There are no boundaries over which people
will trespass. The subtle and not so subtle things that happen within the brain processes are difficult to
understand. But, we act out certain types of behaviors regardless of whether or not full comprehension is
available to us. The brain produces processes that are not fully understood at the present time. There might
very well be a sexual basis to a continuum of ideation, thinking and fantasizing. This thinking may find
release in behavioral illustrations representing both good and evil. Whether honorable or evil, we project
our inner self to the outside world. And, if we put certain things into action, there are always motives for
what we do. Sometimes, the manifestations of our thinking remain hidden in the depths of our mental
dungeons. Other times, we let them out. The demons are given a free pass.
66
Steck-Flynn, K., “Bite Mark Analysis”, related to the crimes of Ted Bundy, Crimes and Clues – The Art and Science
of Criminal Investigation, 2006, http://www.crimeandclues.com/bite_mark.htm;
Yet, all things considered, the evil within our inherent sexuality resides inside our own personality. The
format transforms as we redesign, allocate energy and otherwise pursue the “limerance” of our own
obsessions. Our sexual dysfunction provides the fertile ground for the ideation of selected motivational
inclinations. Proclivities come in many forms. Some of us are more sexually oriented than others. This is
not to say sexuality is evil by any means, on the contrary. Reference here is toward only that portion that
inflicts harm on others by it potent misuse. Sexuality becomes weaponized for some people. As a result
they commit criminal behaviors. Most conceal their inner most feelings, desires and yearnings for releasing
the fantasy. We all hide behind mitigation, with the rationalization of every possible excuse. As some of us
commit crimes, the rest of us find alternatives. However, once caught for the commission of some anti-
social act, the criminal asserts it’s not his or her fault. A myriad of excuses unfold. A few quickly blame the
failure of rehab or faulty child-rearing practices. May be they’ll say their father was abusive or absent.
Others will point an accusing finger at mom. All of this to say they were sent down the road to the ill-
defined nature of their own criminality. Public figures usually claim the defense of an “error in judgment”.
We don’t make mistakes, we make motives. And, therein resides the challenge of problem-solving when it
come to crime causation. With abundant examples of “sexual hypocrisy” in American society, it is little
wonder we encounter so much confusion about our own sexual nature.
In “sex-related offenses” investigations, we often see broad categories of criminal activity. Precise
definition and enforcement may vary from one locale to another. Likewise, what is perceived as deviant,
abnormal and aberrant changes depending on the sub-culture. At the same time, a “two-faced” public view
can be found in almost every community. At one moment, we fight the evils of what we perceive as the
adverse aspects of human sexuality. In the next instant, we’re hiding in the secrecy of our own self-
indulgent gratification. Hypocritical notions cloud the real issues of human sexual expression. Essentially,
there’s nothing wrong with our sexuality. But, what becomes wrong is our misunderstanding of the role it
plays in our lives. This is often followed by exploitation, abuse and mass merchandising. As fostered by
politicians, the press and the “priesthood”, public and private inclinations mean two different things.
Hypocrisy abounds in every media aspect of our society. Sex sells and it sells very well. You find it in the
news, filling pages of magazines, on television and in the movies. Conversations at parties, meetings and
sports events are colored by the tone and tenor of sexuality. In spite of that, we still, somehow, try to hide
and cover up the reality of sex whenever we can. Sexual innuendos proliferate in everything we say or do.
Clothing, body language and facial expressions portray its nature.
For instance, a politician caught in bed with an underage same sex partner, might be a public crusader
against child pornography. His or her colleague in another office could be sleeping with the wife or
husband of a staff member. And, just across town, at the local motel, a minister could be found with a
prostitute. You can bet he or she preached a volume of anti-adult entertainment propaganda. Then, there’s
the reporter. The one who pursues the politician or the priest and helps them find excuses for their
behavior. Or, there’s news person who hounds the police for a solution to a sex crime. He or she thinks
crimes should be solved as quickly as those on television.
Now, regardless of how much sex is on our minds, we find clever ways to deny it. Advertising is full of
sensual depictions. From cologne to mountain climbing, we are bombarded with the fascination of our own
seduction. Then, some criminal act occurs. We struggle for explanation. Chase after the instant gratification
we’ve taught ourselves. And, we want to think sex had nothing to do with it. That is, unless of course, the
crime has overt indications of sexuality. In fact, some practitioners in the field don’t believe sex was
involved unless the sex act was consummated. If we find contrivances suggesting some kind of “sex toys”,
then we might conclude sex was involved. Nonetheless, the motivation to punish, injure and maim another
can be thought of as sexual frustration transformed into the bludgeon of physical violence.
From nuisance offenses to sexual battery, we have codified various behaviors believed contrary to
normal interpersonal relationships. Indecent exposure, voyeurism and public displays of nudity appear on
one end of the spectrum. On the other, the more serious abnormalities occur, such as sexual assault, torture
and murder. In between, the imagination fills the boundless expanse of human proclivities. Some activities
seem harmless, while others appear dangerously devious. Toward the other end of the sexual spectrum,
where the lesser offenses reside, investigative action tends to be more reactive than proactive. That is,
action is relative to the necessity of manpower, resources and law enforcement priorities. However, the
closer the nature of human activity approaches the extreme end, the more serious the investigative efforts.
As a result, some in the field have developed various approaches to further understand such behaviors. In
the “sexual murder” category, a few practitioners have suggested power and anger play significant roles in
the perpetration of certain crimes. Again, these are expressions of violence carried out to satisfy the private
fantasy. We have become quite creative in offering various classifications about such human motivations.
Could it be, however, that power and anger are just different ways of expressing repressed sexuality?67
Somehow, it seems, regardless of what goes on inside our head, we tend to separate ideas from reality.
The connectivity from the inner world to the outer world doesn’t suddenly break off. At times though, we
embrace a disconnect. If an act takes place, witnesses and physical evidence might suggest criminal
activity. Then, for some reason, we appear to detach. In a search for the clear impression of the obvious,
our efforts seek answers elsewhere. The obvious may not be the answer, which might be hiding behind
misconceptions, illusions and deceptions. Many of us try to distinguish two separate forms of realism. One
is our thinking. The other is what occurs on the outside in the real world. We might try to keep on track by
seeing the cause-effect relationship between the psycho-biology of human nature. We think and then we do
things. Our reward may be at the expense of someone’s person, property or privacy. People do things
because they thought it over. Premeditation is at the center of our actions. Doing something in the heat of
passion is deceptive. At some point, we thought about first. Weighing the consequences against a balancing
process, we considered the gain less the risks involved. The objective is to satisfy the internal urge of self-
gratification. Assessing the sequence of events may be helpful. From initial approach to final act, the
continuum reflects the thinking going inside.
67
Swanson, C., Chamelin, N., Territo, L., and Taylor, R., Criminal Investigation – Ninth Edition, (New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2006), pages 330-331;
It’s highly possible that the inner world of thinking can have a significant impact on the external world
of interpersonal actions. Human sexuality is connected to this continuum. Once we get beyond the double
standards, hypocrisy and dishonesty that permeate our society, perhaps we can consider what’s really on
our minds. Personal identity of a sensual, spiritual and sexual continuum is part of our ongoing ideation.
The internal struggle over sexual identification, resolution and its attendant clarification in thoughts of each
individual creates levels of conflict. Variance in the discord of such dissonance will eventually find release.
Sexuality is one of the most significant aspects of human nature. And, by extension, it is an essential
component of the thinking processes. Sexual repression is significantly exploited in numerous ways
throughout every layer of society. Extremism fosters abuse, misuse and malevolent tendencies. People
pursue consequences of their adverse ideation to the destructive ends toward others. Our psychic energy
contends with the expenditure of built up resources. Outlets must be found in either positive or negative
ways. Sometimes, we choose dangers alternatives. Taken to the extreme, the inability of one to carry out
acceptable means of dealing with fantasies may surface in a range of sexual perversions. Character issues,
flaws in thinking, transcend the balance between good choices and disastrous ones. Criminality is one step
away from the delicate balance of between normal and abnormal decisions.68
Criminal behavior assessment should be a course of action that’s applicable in every aspect of criminal
nature. That is, every crime should be subjected to some component of assessment, analysis and appraisal.
This goes along with all the other aspects of crime scene processing, criminalistics and forensic
applications. The process of so called “profiling” should not be restricted to serial killers, mass killings or
spree murders. The drawback to these limited types of case studies is that a lot people have to die in order
to assess a pattern. Such tools, tactics and techniques ought to be applicable to all situations involving
human criminality. Again, there are shortcomings to any effort to theorize about criminal behavior analysis.
For the most part, it’s a matter of good guess work. Sometimes, the guesswork’s not so good. And,
investigators get led in the wrong direction. Or, go after the wrong person. There are occasions where an
innocent person was convicted on the basis of a criminal profile.
At the scene of a crime, the character, content and collective discord presents the expression as to what
the perpetrator intended. There are sexual implications in criminal behavior as there are in other forms of
human manifestation. Motives for the behavior could be discerned on some superficial level. Then again,
perhaps not at all. People are deceptive, elusive and conceal the truth behind their activities. The cerebral
processes contain the depths to which the actual meaning hides. His or her method of operation (M.O.) may
or may not be discernable from the evidence. In fact, no evidence may be found. The crime scene may be
sanitized so that a connection to the criminal might be absent, non-existent or misunderstood. Investigators,
consultants and all the criminal experts have to caution themselves. No one can say with absolute certainty,
perfection and finality who did it and why. To this end, different ways of looking at a crime scene becomes
necessary. Critical thinking skills should be applied in the direction of the nature of human sexuality in
terms of motives, proclivities and inclinations.
68
Reich, W., “Sexual Repression, Exploitation and Fascism”, http://www.ecologielibidinale.org/en/miel-cadre-en.htm
Chapter 13: The Nature of Sexual Deviance and Connectivity to Criminality:
From a human perspective anything is possible. Complexity of brain activity challenges the best of
scientists. Meanwhile, cops pursue the trail of evidence collecting behavioral bread crumbs as criminals
disguise their true intentions. The center of individual motivation revolves around the chase for personal
gratification. We only need take the time to look in mirror and study ourselves. We don’t need to get inside
“the criminal mind”, just analyze our own. Getting past all the rationalizations, justifications and personal
sanctifications requires serious insight. Thorough self-introspection may never find and honest an honest
endeavor. Naturally, people, including defense lawyers and criminals, look for ways to exonerate the nature
of criminal behavior. From social conflict and interpersonal strain, disadvantages, abuse and so on, the list
is endless. We’re good at making things up and crafting fabrications about how the devil made us do it.
Some of us hide behind the mask of deception, while others take action.
Brain chemistry is potent. The processes remain under intense examination by the scientific community.
By expression of our individual willfulness, it has the power to be aggressive, violent and destructive. We
can be very inventive when it comes to oppressing others for our own needs. Humans find creative ways to
be destructive. Most find socially acceptable manners by which to channel internal motives, desires and
cravings. The energy inside can be helpful, constructive and industrious. Depends on what we want. Yet,
contemporary assessments of human behavior assert an array of mitigating factors. The pseudo-sciences are
filled with them. To the contrary, the bottom-line hits the notion of personal responsibility for individual
actions. Regardless of potential excuses, accountability is essential to interpersonal relations. Lines must be
drawn in the shifting sands of human feelings, emotions and sensory perceptions. Whatever excuse is
invented, people are still responsible for everything they do.
Masks of personal expression conceal real motives. No one knows for sure what the brain’s mirror is
really projecting through the illusion of the mind. Our inner sources of fantasy are often held back. What
one sees on the outside of a person is not necessarily what’s taking place on the inside. Sexual energy is a
force we encourage to fulfill the liveliness of who we are. We don’t always tell others how we feel for one
reason or another. But, we carry out our motives through various avenues of release, relaxation and reward.
Sexuality underscores the psychic features of fruition, frolic and frustration. Sometimes the energy comes
out in criminal behavior. The innate nature of human sexuality provides the basis for exchange
relationships among people. Where sexual inclinations are repressed, distorted or ill-defined, in one way or
another, inclinations to release the ideation will surface in other areas. Impulses of such things become
defined by various activities that may or may not breach the legalities of civil society. Human sexuality
delineates the demarcation of our identity. Sex plays an all-encompassing role in our daily living. It is
influential in our decision-making in terms of thinking, expressing, recreating, flirting and making love.
“Psycho-sexual disorders” represent one of the largest areas of psychotherapy in the U.S.69
69
Maxmen, J.S., Ward, N.G., Essential Psychopathology and Its Treatment, (New York: NY: W.W. Norton &
Company, 1995) page 320;
The human sexual dimension of criminal behavior raises numerous criminological questions. If
repression subverts selective expression, then it should follow that neurotic tendencies emerge. With
emergence of such inclinations held within, inference suggests the probability of alternatives. People will
find a way to release their inner tension. Arming themselves with an array of possibilities they will seek out
the path of least resistance or opposition. Abusing children or the elderly, manipulating stocks and bonds,
conning the electorate, or murdering multiple partners, we’ll find outlets for our own self-gratification. As
autonomous beings, we are capable of the voluntarily commission of atrocious acts of behavior. The more
upstanding we appear in the community, the more we solidify our justification for fulfilling sordid
expectations. As though we can hide behind the mask of respectability, we expect special treatment based
on the magic of instant excuses. So, in the quest to consummate the competent investigation, investigators
must follow the gather the facts. In the process, look deep into the bizarre nature of human behavior.
Following the evidence pursues the process of logical deduction. Avoiding the pitfalls of politically correct
assumptions, gee whiz fads of the moment and insinuations of easy solution, good cops follow leads.
One of the interesting aspects of human behavior is the gullibility of our thinking processes. We are
capable of thinking, saying and doing anything within the limitless boundaries of the imagination. Our
thoughts become the translation of intentional actions. Very easily we can wear a “mask of deception”.
Getting through the facade of defenses requires investigative persistence. The dogged pursuit of fact over
fiction invites the careful handling of each piece of information. Sleight of hand tactics by suspects delay
the process of debugging the deceptive actions. Always, we must look closer and magnify the way we see,
hear, touch, smell and sense the unfolding of the evidence. People are legerdemain of agility in trying to
fool others with their own self-conceit.
In so doing, we fool others, convince ourselves and plot the schemes to cover our tracks. Evidence
leaves a trail. Sometimes, not much of it can be found. So, the investigation becomes a prolonged process
of patience. For criminals, the search for ways to release the inner urges continues. The basis for the actions
can be associated with the fundamental drive of personal expression. The force of feelings forges our inner
obligation to explore erotic pursuits. For “love or money”, our prurient nature can be called many things.
The focus of which often confounds conventional notions of normal behavior. However, no one can deny,
in truth, the thoughts they think. Arousal of unwholesome interests in certain inclinations resides within all
of us. We initiate a variety of actions in order to satisfy inner urges, yearnings and desires. This assemblage
of cerebral data strives to assess the various proclivities we possess. Concerning the nature of human
sexuality, we yearn for experimentation, testing and possessing of one form or another. Underlying this
effort is the conception that everything we know, do and express connects to our sense of sexuality. There
is a profound linkage, whether we accept it or not, between sexuality, sensuality and spirituality. Such a
perception has been oppressed by religious and other institutions for centuries. Our sexual nature has often
been discouraged, adversely influenced and threatened to the tiny corners of our minds. However, freedom
of thought and action craves to be fully appreciated, understood and accepted. A host of inhibitions have
clouded the real issues of societal understanding. Criminals find ways to defy contemporary beliefs.
With regard to investigative perception, we should think of all people as having the same drives, urges
and subsequent motives. Intuition serves as a key element in the investigative continuum. Creativity rests at
the core of the extra-sensory aspects thinking. In fact, our thinking about a crime, the victim and suspect,
along with the scene, should be a labor of serious critical introspection. Bias will not be absolutely
eliminated. Yet, we endeavor to be as objective as possible. We will be affected by our personal ideas,
reflective of our individual personality. Also, we might be influenced by external factors, such as the “latest
trend” effect. That is, the impact of the last seminar we attended may linger into our consciousness. At that
time, the instructor may or may not have overly swayed our thinking processes. Possibly, the most recent
craze or what’s in vogue could be persuasive. In the field of criminology, the mass media and techno-
innovations have a way of inspiring us to various distractions. Sometimes, we lose track of our own ability
to logically deduce the possibilities. Bottom-line though, it’s still up to us to decide our course of action. A
healthy sense of “suspicion” to question everything and everyone is probably a good posture to practice. No
alleged “expert” or “guru” knows everything. We must listen carefully to every probable issue at hand.
Then, follow what we think, regardless of what others think. Question the motives of everyone to discern
what the real “agenda” is. At least one is on the surface, while another is hidden. Politics pervades the
procedures, as people posture around other persons, places and things.
The investigative process of thinking through a crime scene attends to the issues of problem solving.
Putting the pieces of the puzzle together necessitates careful cautious analysis. It requires taking off the
“mirrored sunglasses” of preconceived notions, prejudicial ideas and creating a newer thought paradigm.
It’s a matter of thinking about what you’re thinking. From there, we ask, does what we perceive fit our
concept of what happened? Who was involved and what do they know? And, the challenge demands
tossing away of the quick solution fashion statement of contemporary illusions. We know deep down, there
is no simple answer to the complexities of human behavior. The line separating normal behavior to the
reaches of abnormal behavioral is a very thin line. Our efforts focus on the evidence. The physical evidence
establishes the elementary issues of crime causation. Elements such as body fluids, hairs, fibers, bodily
impressions (fingerprints, footprints, bite marks, etc) may be present. Then again, may be not. These
concern the primary sources of the “who did it” aspects related to the crime scene, the victim and suspect.
These are the three aspects of connectivity related to the sexuality of the criminal activity. A systematic and
methodical set of procedures should ensure an organized approach to the crime scene and the people
involved. Thorough documentation is critical.70
The exemplar of investigative contemplation is an applied artful effort, invoking training, experience
and education. This is the deliberate focused intentional application of higher order thinking. It summons
the energy required for insightful analysis, synthesis and inferential reflection on the evidence at hand. The
psychic stretch goes beyond the conventional to embrace problem solving recognition, assessment and
evaluation of relevant information. This is the artful pursuit of independent practical skepticism.
70
Ogle, R.R., Crime Scene Investigation and Reconstruction, (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2004),
pages 208-209;
Skeptical assessment contends with the rush for fast easy answers. But, behavioral assessment of
criminal causation takes time to develop. This is especially true when there are issues of individual
sexuality. Personal proclivities run the gamut of diversity. Often, such occurrences strike at our own
beliefs, customs and norms of acceptable behavior. Incidents challenge our perceptions of what constitutes
normal. Aside from that, what’s really the essence of the crime under consideration? We have to detach and
focus. The sexuality of individual expression interacts at all levels of society. So, people act out in different
ways. They do things that are very bizarre, most of which, we seldom hear about, or even desire to know.
All walks of life are included. Everyone, no matter what their lofty status in the community, is capable of
the most extreme forms of debauchery.
Collecting and collating evidence entrails patience to ensure the tasks are accomplished with calculated
determination. Care, caution and collaboration oblige us to compel our reason toward lawful deductions.
Rationality must prevail in our investigative exertions. Strategy commands the tactical deployment of
skillful techniques. At all times, these should remain within legal guidelines and legitimate frameworks.
Clever antics mimicked from movies and television should be avoided. In the real world applications of
artful diligence, good police work requires tactical proficiency and technical ability. Going from reel to
real, in evidentiary development, could be detrimental to the investigation. Instead, efforts are directed
toward proving and disproving the theoretical concepts generated. As each inference is tested against the
overall theory of the crime, innovations are postulated to clarify the conclusions. We can develop as many
hypotheses as necessary in order to resolve the investigation. Approaching a crime scene, along with
attendant circumstances, addresses the expectation of connecting a suspect or suspects to the victim or
victims. We don’t have to stick with our initial impressions of what happened.
People, places and things change over time. Evidence can be elusive. People alter their statements.
Crime scenes deteriorate. When evidence is gathered, analysis in the crime lab is essential. For this reason,
forensic analysis is an important supporting role to the logical assessment processes. But, sometimes, we
don’t have enough physical evidence. And, latent investigation becomes problematic in quest of a solution.
When there’s insufficient evidence, or the evidence available does not support the investigator’s
hypothesis, then an alteration is necessary. Updates are in order. Change becomes inevitable. And, new
theories are needed that meet the test of the evidence available.
But, with limited or non-existent evidence, trouble for the investigator looms over the investigative
horizon. The nifty theory of “exchange” between the criminal and the victim works great in a television
script. In reality, the investigator may only have his or her thoughts to work with. This situation applies to
many real-world cases. Absent an effective assemblage of evidence, followed by a secure chain of custody,
a case may not make it to court. As such, sometimes, we leap to the conclusion that the criminal was clever
in leaving no traces and, therefore “baffled” the police. However, sooner or later, the public’s
misconception of the “brilliant criminal” (aka Hannibal Lector) is corrected by the eventual capture of the
perpetrator. If they’re so smart, then why do the cops catch them?71
71
http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/profiling/s_k_myths/5.html, article by Pat Brown;
Humans are subject to issues of trial and error. Applying our sense of sexuality against the pressures of
the real world can surface in actions that reflect our sensual proclivities. Basic instinctual desires linger in
the vast reservoir of internal motivations. While testing the interpersonal fabric of fantasy, people come
into contact with others. In time, they make errors in thinking and create opportunities for their own
demise. People are self-destructive and fulfill their own shortcomings. Cops have to be alert for the clues,
cues and hints of suspicion. People leave their physic bread crumbs for others to follow. These tidbits come
in the form of various kinds of behaviors. We have to be alert and pay attention to the manner by which
people express themselves. From assault to theft, people are looking for ways to act out certain behaviors.
Like the rest of us, cops commit slip-ups too. As criminal investigators, we make mistakes,
miscalculations and misjudgments about people, places and things. This happens especially with criminal
people. That’s part of the investigative processes, to see but not perceive or observe with perfect clarity of
senses. However, at the same time, we don’t have to “get inside” the “criminal mind”. Or, “hunt monsters”
in gothic castles or darkened caves. Crosses, stakes, holy water and silver bullets are not necessarily
required. Just attention to detail interfaced with proper planning to prevent poor performance. What we
need to do is ensure a quality competent investigative progress. Our course of action should follow a
logical framework of both tactical and strategic application.
Metaphors of deception create false impressions and potentially mislead investigations. Sleight of hand
illusions often sound great for press conferences. As humans, we’re already on the inside of the “human
mind” because we live there. We just have to think, comprehend and use our skill sets as good cops. And,
in so doing, we have to realize that so called “cold-blooded” or “senseless killings” represent
misapplications of logical deduction. They are good quotes for fictional story telling. But, in the application
criminological sanctions, they don’t make a lot of sense. In the course of an investigation, caution is
warranted with regard to statistical correlations and case studies. People don’t fit easily into
compartmentalized categories. Because of such rampant misuse of figures of speech, we sometimes fall
into the traps of urban legends. Gossip, rumors and false conclusion jeopardize good police work.
While chasing “monsters”, we miss the obvious. That is, a witness may have seen the criminal. Yet, we
discounted the information for one reason or another. Maybe the issue was political or the suspect had
connections. Then again, there are occasions where investigators have overlooked good leads. And, at
times, we’ve discounted or thought a suspect didn’t fit the profile or seemed like the “right type”. There are
instances in many criminal incidents where early warning signs were in place. Red flags popped up, but
were simply ignored. In some cases, we ignored the evidence, as witnesses expressed their suspicions of a
particular person, circumstances and causal connections. Also, in a number of cases, solutions occurred due
to effective and efficient patrol efforts. Behavioral analysis that focuses on an assessment of the crime
scene is important to overall progression of the investigation. It is potentially questionable to weight down
the process by over reliance on profiles based on guesswork.72
72
http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/profiling/s_k_myths/5.html
The nature of sexual deviance, or the pursuit of certain paraphilias, has connectivity to the nature of
criminal behavior. Controlling impulses linked to sexual fantasies remain under the willful management of
each individual. Some control themselves, while others do not. Objects, activities, situation, and the people
associated with them, are sources of potential stimulation. Words such as “kinky” or “perverted” may be
relative to the individual’s personal expression. However, when such behaviors violent the criminal laws,
then social boundaries of safety and security have been crossed. Unfortunately though, due to the
oppressive actions of others, our sexual, sensual and spiritual elements are often separated. By attempting
to exclude the normal nature of human sexuality from “public view” and “consumption”, stresses occur. In
reaction, we suppress internal desires until outlets can be appropriated. When we do this, we are likely to
bring them out in other ways. Our personhood, for instance, may be the result of what we think and do to
transform ourselves. Some of us, as a result, commit crimes against others.
Human nature possesses intuitive as well as physical necessities. Not to mention, of course, the
likelihood of spiritual dimensions as well. Thinking is multidimensional. By extension, so is behavior.
Biological, spiritual and mental capacities transcend the expression of various behavioral pursuits. Sex is a
significant component of the total person. As such, acting out can result in everything from auto erotic
death, to terrorism and sexual battery. Therefore, basic drives to meet needs can be exemplified in a variety
of forms. What is abnormal in one person is most likely considered normal in another. Allowing for such
proclivities, may allow us to comprehend the motives behind why people commit certain acts.
Needs not met may be hunted down taken by force. Violent aggressive acts are the effect of selfish
desires to satisfy personal wants, desires and yearnings. Possessing, controlling and otherwise dominating
what is not theirs, becomes the self-righteous pursuit of the criminal. Within all of us resides drives that
transform into motives. Motives represent inclinations. The drive to satisfy these proclivities influences the
manner by which we achieve our personal gratification. Unmet, ignored and stifled, such intuitive
structures transcend into the conscious reality. With some of us, we find productive means to transform our
obsessions. For others though, that conversion becomes violent and other people suffer. In criminality,
there is always a motive for actions taken. Understanding the M.O. becomes the investigators challenge.
As biological persons, with our own unique identities, we act toward the world in varied patterns of
thought and action. The sensual nature of experience reflects the “fingerprints” of thinking. Regardless of
the clashes and conflict with others, we behave as we think. Our thinking considers influences that enter
our cerebral processes. We ponder how we should respond. In particular, it seems as though we are
fascinated by our sensual nature in the course of our contact with the rest of the world. This fascination
flirts with a kind of “gothic” intuitive allure to the dark side of human inclinations. When deviance occurs,
there is a reflection inner sexuality. From an investigative standpoint, we ponder the scope and sequence of
the resulting actions. Who did it and why? Just as important also is what did they do? At the same instant,
who did they do it to? When and where? And ultimately, what does our “sixth sense”, intuitive abilities tell
us relative to the crime scene, the victim and so forth? These become the beginning points of the
investigative continuum. What is the connectivity of it all?
Well, that’s the silver bullet for the malevolence of criminal nature. Aside from the sleight of hand
distractions of theoretical diversions, people are connected to their sexuality. Whether we like it or not, we
are sexual beings who express ourselves in sexual ways. Sometimes this is very subtle. Other times, such
actions are very overt. Without a complete collection of physical evidence, the difficulty lies in connecting
the dots. Since the public has accepted so many illusions about the nature of human behavior, it’s difficult
to transform current trends in criminological thinking. None the less, motives pertain to ideation. Wishful
thinking, the bias of hidden agendas and self-deception about human nature has led us away from the evil
that lives in each of us. We don’t want to think out loud about sexuality. It’s one of the most difficult topics
for people to discuss. People lie about sex, not only to themselves, but to each other. So, why do we think
we can trust what incarcerated criminals tell us? Or, for that matter, we’re likewise going to trust the
theorist or the therapist? The collective societal consciousness doesn’t want to consider that heinous acts of
criminality can be done by anyone. Our society projects the hypocrisy of our obsession with our individual
sexual nature. Instead, we’ll find ways to come up with excuses. We’re not likely to see the symbolic
connection between criminality and sexuality.
Our investigative processes are sometimes driven by what some call “confirmation bias”. If we come up
with a “profile” to support a theory of the crime, then we’re likely to chase evidence that supports our
assertion. This means, we could prejudice the case in favor of our preconceived notions. Instead of using
information to challenge our theory, and test our hypothesis, we sometimes let our ego lead the way. Every
piece of evidence has to be assessed in light of the connection between people, places and things.
Multidimensional thinking is going on inside each human being. Sexual fears, frustrations and inadequacy
plague the thoughts of everyone, whether one chooses to say so or not. The nature of sexual deviancy flirts
with the instinctual motives toward criminality. The psychic struggle between life and death traces
connectivity to expressions of our sexual nature. Reacting to the formation of deviant fantasies begets the
necessity of physical expression. Sometimes positive and sometimes negative the connection to criminal
behavior transcends the world of inner fantasies. Criminals strike out at that which they can’t have, because
someone else has what they want.73
When the excitation from fantasy stimulates instinctual urges, people search for ways to release the
stressful pressures. Resulting conflicts, frustrations and anxieties influence the development of adaptations.
Departure from socially accepted behaviors, like murder, represents extreme expressions of releasing the
inner urges, motives and intentions. Intimate weapons used such as knives, ropes and guns, reflect an
insinuation of sexual frustration acting out the fantasy inside. Sexual inadequacy strikes at the core beliefs
of individual thinking, acting and behaving. In the cerebral processes of the killer, the necessity to exact
retribution for his or her own dysfunction attacks the sexual fulfillment of others. Lacking social skills to
form intimate relationships fosters an obsession of accepting attention wherever one can get it.74
73
http://skepdic.com/news/newsletter15.html, Skeptics Dictionary Newsletter, Issue #15, November 9, 2002,
“Profiling”;
74
http://mysite.verizon.net/douglas.oswell/essay1.html, Douglas, O., Essay 1, Part 1, “A Common Psychological
Profile”, In re: Zodiac Killer;
Sexual aggression that transforms into deviance of a criminal nature may be recognized by the attendant
circumstances at the scene. That sounds obvious on the surface of initial thinking. However, it’s what’s
below the surface we often cannot see. In the process, we consider the condition of the victim, the crime
scene and whether or not witnesses know anything. The presentation of the victim or state of injuries could
be indicative of the criminal’s motivations. Lacking clothing, torn, or otherwise displayed in a certain
manner becomes part of the probability of essential considerations. To this process of behavioral
assessment in reflection of crime scene evidence, the trail follows the facts of the case. If sexual organs
were exposed, injured or removed, and the victim “displayed” in a particular manner, then there’s
connectivity to the human sexual dimension. Criminals play out their fantasy life by real-world activities.
The perpetrator may also have presented the victim in a revealing or provocative way. That also states
something about his or her proclivities. In projecting the symbolic nature of their sexual dysfunctional,
criminals carry out motives related to their own shortcomings. Positioning and posturing a victim addresses
inner feelings of criminalized ideation. Objects inserted, used on and placed inside the victim, indicates the
further expression of dominance, power and control in an aggressive fashion. Vaginal, oral or anal
indications of sexual intercourse may occur before or after the death of the victim. Post mortem injuries
further address issues of the weaponized aspects of sexuality. Bite marks, for example, assert the
perpetrators exhibition of oral aggressiveness, dominance and punishment. This is likely to be a substitute
activity for the individual’s sexual inclinations.75
Investigative processes endeavor to assess the nature of the overall scene of the crime. Identification of
the victim and determination of the crime scene locations, relate to issues of target selection. Desire,
opportunity and ability address segments within the thinking of the criminal. How the victim was targeted
gets to the notion of interrelated activities connected to the perpetrator. Extent of the attack, type of
injuries, and degradation of the corpse reflect the inner thinking on the part of the criminal. Thus, the
comprehensive documentation of the scene assists in laying out the pictorial array for visual analysis of
such aspects. To this end, critical forensic examination supports the development of the investigative study.
Points of entry, windows and doors, bathrooms and bedrooms, all collude to tell a story of what happened.
Then again, they may not. But, every element must be considered. Also, missing property, parts of the
victim’s anatomy, and other items, might be part of the perpetrator’s artifacts of collection. These may be
discovered later, subsequent to a search of the suspect’s premises.
Understanding the victim and the scene are important to the identification of the criminal. The linkage to
sexuality between the victim, the scene and the perpetrator tie together a cause-effect relationship. Killers
are obsessed with their “life and death” struggle over their sexual identity. The confusion, chaos and
calamity of personal expression associates with the pleasure derived from the murder. The death process of
another becomes fascinating to the perpetrator. He or she “gets off” on the infliction of harm to another
person. Like the rest of us, criminals are hedonistic and seek the gratification in striking out at others. As
such, sexual deviance has connectivity to criminal behavior.
75
Eliopulos, L. N., Death Investigator’s Handbook, (Boulder, CO: Paladin Press,1993), pages 187-188;
Chapter 14: The Seductive Nature of Crime and Criminality:
Hedonism fuels the purging of mental activities fostered in fantasies. Beliefs become transformed into
reality, some ingenious, other pure adulterated madness. All linked to the biological aspects of the
individual and the ideation of personal penchants. In the meantime, myth, magic and metaphor cloud the
consciousness of public policy. This continuum of perception relishes in the dark and gothic notions of
criminology. Often times, political considerations infect the proactive processes of effective police
investigations. Urban legends, false conclusions and stereotypic depictions divert from the reality of human
nature. Compounded by the persistent inclinations of news reporting redundancy, the media entertainment
world pushes the outer edges of sensationalism. These humanistic forces, politics and the press, along with
the egotistical drives of the players, present a showing of fictional performance in the pursuit of justice. In
the process, the sensual nature of the criminal act is oppressed to the absurdity of other criminal behavior
explanations. Assertions are made about a “sick” mentality perpetrating such heinous acts of criminal
brutality. We forget that people, seemingly normal, commit atrocious acts of depravity. All of which has a
connection to the seductive nature of crime and criminals. Deviance in us all spans the spectrum from one
minor aspect to an extreme perversion. In chase of our aversion we miss the point of the perversion.
Memory serves the archives of the mindset. The brain catalogs the mental compilations of
neurochemical activity. The mind reflects the conceptualization of these complex interactions. As an
illusion of the processes going inside this hidden world, one’s personality decides each course of action.
Seeing through the looking glass of the mental projections extends the thoughtfulness of the motives. To
know, do and be the acting process of the fantasies touches the fabric of individual proclivities. Disliking
the harsh realities of the truth, we seek legends, stories and sleight of hand diversions from the true nature
of our inclinations. As sexual beings, we urn to express the feelings connected to that association. For
criminals, it’s a matter of possessing something they can’t have. That might be another person, in body,
mind and soul. Faster than the imagination can behold, “brains, minds and personhood” have interacted in a
cause-effect relationship to bring about intended actions. The result of such cerebral interface interacts with
others for better or for worse. Sometimes one’s curiosity does not kill the cat, it kills other people instead.
At times, that obsession with possession leads to physical aberrations toward the victim. In the performance
of brain functioning, distortions of the inner fantasy life can reach out to the external world. And, while
brains are rule bound, connected to physical laws, subject to rule-based natural processes, likewise, so are
people. Each person is fully capable of comprehending the rules and regulations of society. But, given
individual differences, freedom of action can result in distortions. Falsification in individual thinking
encourages the selection of poor choices. Poor choices extend to those things we want, crave and believe
we need. The elements of deceitfulness, impulsivity and aggressiveness conspire in the mix of our anti-
social tendencies. Overall, our goal is to get the object of our obsession.76
76
Gazzaniga, M.S., “My Brain Made Me Do I”, Chapter Six, The Ethical Brain, (New York, NY: Dana Press, 2005),
page 87-89;
The pursuit of the obsession can be negative in the execution of the aggression. Human sexuality
transforms by our own design, desires and demands. This is especially true in time of instant gratification.
Chasing a fantasy to the culmination of heinous criminal activity follows a path of personal sexuality.
Everyone’s proclivities are different and some more peculiar than others. Our fascination for our fixations
is the private passions of uniqueness. Yet, internally, for each of us as individuals, they are just as viable as
any other form of freedom of expression. What seems normal on the outside may be very strange as
configured on the inside of the cerebral processes. The end result may seem to some as an expression of
bizarre behavior. And, while most people will hide behind a pretext of being surprised by such actions, they
are, in all probability not really surprised at all. Neighbors, friends and relatives often relate, in the
aftermath, how nice or mild-mannered the criminal seemed before the crimes were committed. Most of us,
who choose to live in accordance with conventional constraints, decide to reside in our fantasy about life.
Our pictorial mindset is colored by a view of the world as a “nice safe place” as one without dangers,
predators or evil. While this illusion stays close to the myth, magic and metaphor, it belies the reality of
human nature. We want to think people are basically good and that evil is some external force.
Sexual fantasy can transform into human destructiveness of one person at the hands of another. Some
killers will say that their fantasy included the complete degradation, destruction and dehumanization of
their victim. Criminals have also indicated that “desexing” the victim means mutilation of the victim’s
body. Power, control and possession are part of the obsession. Devaluing the other person is elemental to
the criminality. To the extent necessary, to satisfy the needs of the criminal, he or she connects thinking to
the sensual aspects of human nature. Grotesque carnality may or may not be present in every case. It’s one
thing to kill the victim and another to carry the actions beyond the point of overkill. And, at the same time,
killers are not all the same. Most do not fit well-defined profiles of what a killer is supposed to be. The
challenge of an investigation becomes more laborious should we decide to reduce the key elements to the
simplicity of stereotypic behaviors. Methods of operation, signatures and other expressions of a criminal’s
behavior may change over time. He or she may alter his or her actions toward others.77
Criminals commit crimes for personal gain. The gain has different meanings depending on the criminal.
They are very calculating. Some steal and some kill. Whatever their manner of expression, they are in
control of their actions, motives and intentions. Assessing the nature of a crime involves pursuing the
evidence in a critical fashion. So, from an investigative standpoint, a crime scene can be viewed as one in
which the criminal or criminals had something to gain. While there may be multiple crime scenes, the scene
is the starting point. From there, you walk through the process of deducing who, what and the why. Actions
taken by the criminal are parts of his or her decision making process. Regardless of how redundant certain
crimes are, the criminal goes after what he or she perceives is the necessity of fulfilling his or her on
objectives. Freedom of choice remains the underlying factor in all cases.78
77
Douglas, J., and Olshaker, M., The Cases That Haunt Us, (New York, NY: Pocket Star Books, 2000), page 60;
78
Samenow, S.E., Inside the Criminal Mind – Revised and Updated Edition, (New York, NY: Crown Publishers,
2004), pages 128-129;
Freedom is a fearful force. Being free to express one’s sexuality is even more potent. People exert their
expression of freedom by dealing with life and death issues in a variety of ways. The very notion is scary to
us. For one reason or another, as defined by our own mindset, some of us will take it to different levels. In
the process, we commit heinous acts and do devilish things. Acting out a sensual dance of the macabre, we
endeavor to grasp the reinforcement of our hedonistic ways. Whether young or older, teen or senior, we
will flirt with life and death issues by threatening the lives of others. At times, we cross boundaries and
chase the ghoulish gothic and grisly cravings in those malicious regions of human desire. Some criminals
talk about how they enjoyed a particularly violent event in degrading another person. They have claimed
that committing the crime was an “exciting sexual experience”. Or, they may assert that the act fulfilled an
urge that needed release. After some murders, criminals have said they “smelled the blood”, wanted to
“drink it”, or even “licked their fingers” and “could smell the blood”.79
Others experiment with dangerous practices that may be life threatening to them alone. For instance,
autoerotic asphyxiation (AEA) can become lethal when mechanisms of personal pleasure malfunction. This
is a practice whereby a person cuts off flow of oxygen to the brain by design of various contraptions. The
intent, during sexual stimulation, is to amplify the pleasure received from orgasm. We invite infliction of
all manner of derision upon our physical person. To reach out and touch an alien word, the brain conjures
an array of reactive responses. Ideation begets the necessity of securing the freedom of our thoughts. From
here, anything is possible. Depending on where we are, at a given point in time, we are capable of anything.
Experimentation augments the exploration of reaching out to the world. At the same time, the manner by
which activities are carried out expresses inner stirrings. And, there are occasions when testing the reality
around us become demonic, dangerous and deadly. Human nature is restless. We yearn to be authentic on
our own terms, within the reaches of our own mind. This of course, knows no boundaries. Sometimes, we
open doors, through which, we should not enter. Yet, the tantalizing notions of what hides there have strong
pull and appeal. Thus, the range of human sexual activities covers a vastness of thought and action.
The exposition of criminal behavior possesses a sensual nature. The seduction of crime lets us walk on
the dark side of temptations. Clothed in the seductive character of our own proclivities, aggressive wishes
find a manner by which we assert ourselves. Within the unconscious realm of mental activities, the
“grossest of contradictions” reside. In dreams, which connect to fantasies, we permit ourselves the range of
possibilities we might otherwise suppress. Decency, goodness and virtue struggle with the contradictions of
our character in the deep recesses of nocturnal journeys. We produce connecting linkages from fantasy to
reality. As a “wish fulfillment”, we have the ability to carry things from mentality into the reality. By our
physical behavior, instructed by thinking processes, we image how a particular sensation might feel. From
feeling, meaning is attached and application results in implementation. As the criminal interprets the
fantasy into translated certainty, he or she can delve into the actuality of personal inclination.80
79
http://www.mayhem.net/Crime/manson.html; from comments ascribed to Manson Family member, Susan Atkins;
80
“Are Freud’s Dreams Coming True?”, an article by Psychology Today Magazine, for the January/February 2000,
pages 50-53; from a translations by Joyce Clark, edited by Ritchie Robertson;
To prove our potency, in the exhibition of the freedom of choice, we’re capable of committing
seemingly deranged acts of debauchery. We do such things because we know we can. Teasing the edge of
various enticements, people will transgress upon the tempting landscape of assorted taboos. Along the way,
during the course of the private journey, symbolism has an important role to play. The crime scene can be
viewed as a virtual reality drama of symbolic gestures. Fictions of the mind become factual depictions of
one sort or another. The challenge is in the deciphering the cryptograms left behind. Signs, symbols and
coded expressions of behavior take on special meaning to the criminal. The secret language of sexual
manifestation may or may not be present. Evidence might have been washed away, destroyed or altered.
The perpetrator could’ve had the skill set to leave nothing behind. Whether or not a criminal conceived of
an “organized” or “disorganized” crime scene is suggestive of skills, abilities and proficiency. Ability
levels reflect the criminal’s “competence” in the execution of the criminal event. Displayed imagery of
certain criminal actions is seen by some as signatures because at some point, the killer may do things that
weren’t necessary to the primary scope of the murder. He or she may inflict torture, do pre-mortem or post-
mortem cuttings to the body, leave bite marks, indulge in necrophilia or cannibalism, etc. regardless, he or
she is putting his or her personal stamp of approval on what happened.
On a continuum of causality, the interactive nature of ideation transcends subconsciousness levels to
connectivity with consciousness. The linkage becomes one of personal interpretation, influenced by one’s
emotions and feelings. People will go to great lengths, make complicated plans and do exceptional things to
get what they want. Subsequently, practical necessities pervade the senses, searching for solutions. At a
certain point in time, thoughts must be put into action. In short, the act of committing a crime becomes a
seduction for various forms of criminality. In order to fulfill the innate desires, covetous cravings and
obsessive needs, the criminal aspires to carry out his or her motives. A real life role play transforms to
whatever extent necessary for the criminal. To defend him or her in support of the position taken, he or she
may inflict various degrees of degradation to another.
By tampering with the “unknown”, a person sets the stage for his or her own seduction. Challenging his
or her own potency, the criminal wants to be lured into criminal activity. He or she falls into a struggle for
his or her identity, seeking clearer definition. Such notions possess a sensual nature, since the criminal is
his or her own seducer. In response to perceptions, these challenges walk among the dark regions of
humility in the face of confrontations. Being deviant, doing what others don’t do, and touching taboos bring
the perpetrator into contact with his or her sense of “morality”. The “feeling of thrill” takes the criminal
into newer areas of self discovery. The objectification of the victim becomes a part of the scenario the
criminal desires to play out. Stalking, testing and attacking the victim presents the opportunity to obtain
what the criminal wants. It is a “romantic encounter” to assert one’s power over another. In the attainment
of the objective, the criminal needs to reduce the tension. “Uncertainty” about who he or she is finds
dangerous expression in relation to the victim.81
81
http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/301/301lect12.htm, in reference to Jack Katz’s Seductions on Crime, as presented in
the discussion entitled, “Labeling Theories of Crime”;
Within the realm of questioning his or her own abilities, exploring their particular deviance, the criminal
goes about developing a “relationship” with his or her target. He or she has planned his or her reaction in
response to the “objective”. In some cases, the criminal will desire to “break down” the victim, and bring
him or her to their level. Terrorizing another person make take on different tactics for each individual
criminal. While one is a sadist, another might be a seducer. And, perpetrators might mark, disfigure or
otherwise desecrate the victim’s body in demonstration of their power, control and dominance. Within this
scope of the “relationship”, criminals, like all people, are habit prone in their tools, tactics and techniques.
As such, each has a ritual to express his or her peculiar type of proclivities. The concept of real “love”, for
instance, is foreign to their thinking processes. Criminals develop their own version.
Caring for another person, being devoted to them or developing a deeper relationship is not within the
goals and objectives of the criminal. Instead, their preference for taking as opposed to giving. They are, in a
sense, a triunity of contradictions, representing the good, evil and everything in between. From challenge
and denial to negotiation, theirs is a planetary system of thought, action and consequence in which they are
the sole creator. For them, God didn’t create man or women in God’s. Instead, as a replacement for such
creativity, God created man in the criminal’s image. So, defining a crime scene, discerning the puzzle
pieces, and dissecting the evidence become an exercise in the development of logical crime analysis or,
constructively conducting criminal behavior assessment with connectivity to human sexuality.
The criminal does not fully comprehend the feelings, emotions and meanings attached to such notions as
love, affection and compassion. He or she has decided not to. For those who chose patterns of criminality,
the idea of love is equated with sex. The rest of us find diversion in various forms to define the concepts
along mutually beneficial pathways. Yet, in the arena of criminality, other people must conform to the
criminal’s way of thinking. If not, then anger, rage and violence are probable consequences. To the
offender, others must conform, behave and otherwise act in accordance with his or her world-view.
Regardless of the individual characteristics, the offender is self-focused, self-motivated and self-
determined. This aura of self-centeredness permeates everything the criminal does. He or she does not
place himself or herself in the other person’s shoes. As the criminal maintains a cloak of secrecy about his
or her activities, the criminal ensures a singular selfish view of people, places and things.82
During the investigation, it’s important to note that criminals do not always fit into specific typologies.
And, while there maybe similar characteristics, there are also unique differences. There are attendant
limitations is pursuing the chase along the lines of thinking that one type fits all. In spite of that, there are
attendant issues of power, control and dominance, as far as the criminal is concerned, they want it just to
have it. To be above others, to have authority over them and to bring them down, are aspects of the overall
objective. These things, for the offender, are ends in themselves, where the ends always justify the means
of getting there. The image they have of what they see in their personal mirror must prevail when dealing
with others. By craftiness, coercion or brutality, criminals will strive to get their way.
82
http://members.cox.net/samenow/, from an article entitled, “Love – The Criminal’s Experience is Extremely
Limited”, by Dr. Stanton E. Samenow, Concept of the Month, July 2005;
The seductive nature of a criminal act results in various actions toward the victim, the crime scene the
evidence left behind. Assessing behavioral criminality requires careful analysis of such associations
between people, places and things. Positive, productive and proactive investigations concern processes that
search truth, meaning and expression in the commission of a crime. We look for factors to prove or
disprove the preliminary hypothesis of the case. Not support the initial hypothesis to exclusion of
everything else. If the evidence doesn’t support our initial examination, then we develop another one, and
then another, and so on. Assessment of the behavioral characteristics encompasses the entirety of the
criminal event. Victims and witnesses, crime scenes and evidence surround the totality of the criminality.
To this, forensic analyses of evidentiary collections, as well as the criminal’s method of operation, combine
for comprehensive scrutiny of every possibility.
For some criminals, “bullying” the victim provides an outlet for expressing perceived sexual prowess.
They are convinced of the own psychic and physical potency in deceptions they have taught themselves. In
some males, for instance, this behavior may be seen as assorted acts of intimidation, crossing personal
boundaries, and related tactics of power and control dynamics. Their “use of force” continuum is as set of
power and control dynamics. They assert themselves to that extent which is necessary to accomplish their
objectives. Escalating the use of physical coercion is used to deal with any resistance they encounter. The
sensuality relates to “ownership”, possession and controlled custody. Relationships serve the basis for the
gratification of immediate needs. As with all crimes, tactics, tools and techniques are planned ventures into
the physical realm of risky and tantalizing behaviors. The fantasy life encourages the flirtation with danger.
Personal gain soon outweighs the risk of getting caught. Criminals convince themselves that the victim
“wanted” it to happen, invited the temptation and asked for it. In some cases, the victim may be threatened
to say such things. To the criminal, his or her actions are believed to be “consensual sexual encounters”.83
The forefront of fantasy suggests opportunities. Targets become pat of a selective process for one reason
or another. Criminals choose among the possibilities for carrying out their particular motivational needs.
Planned in advance, the criminal is persistent. In the execution of action upon the motivational factors, they
are consistent their obsessive thinking. Consciousness pays attention to the “voices” inside, which have
been conjured within the magical framework of the attendant mental processes. We all share in the
experiences of things going inside the head. And, we are not always forthcoming about what we’re really
thinking. People hide behind a smokescreen of myth, magic and metaphor. Brain work follows patterns of
logical deduction. And, in the kind of thinking a criminal does, it’s for something someone else has. To the
professing so called “normal” person, sometimes, the criminal’s actions are viewed as “abnormal”, “sick”,
or “insane”. Yet, we all have hidden thoughts bordering on the bizarre. The sensual nature of acquiring to
target of opportunity depends on the degree of objectification. Criminals attach feeling and meaning to the
object they have in mind. Deviance becomes an issue of departing from conventional norms and expressing
power over the experience of the wrongdoing.
83
Berger, R. D., “Suspect Typology: Profiling the Sex Offender”, Successfully Investigating Acquaintance Sexual
Assault: A National Training Manual for Law Enforcement, National Center for Women & Policing, Violence Against
Women Office, Office of Justice Programs;
Sexuality in the commission of a criminal act may be expressed to reinforce the conception of personal
potency as lacking. Everyone is dysfunctional to some degree. Criminals act upon theirs. The rest of us
find alternatives. For the criminal, he or she perceives a lack of such power in his or her life. Forceful,
compelling and strong reactions respond to sensitivity of one’s weaknesses. On the other hand, the criminal
might be more exploitive, striking out at the victim in extremely aggressive ways. Like the rest of us,
criminals have a “gothic side” or darkness to their personality, lifestyle and modes of thought. The sensual
nature of criminality spans a spectrum from careful seduction to sadistic entrapment. For the criminal,
maintaining contact between the two worlds, one real and one unreal, finds release in a multiplicity of
endeavors. As such, the nature of criminality provides a sensual conduit. Bridging the expanse from
dreams, fantasies and fictions, into the real world, the criminal, much like the rest of us, creates his or her
reality. Naturally, this is done in different manners. To exhibit his or her sensual linkages from the psychic
world to the physical world anything is possible. Boundaries are set by the imagination. Some of us, due to
risk assessment, stay within those borders of thinking. The connectivity breeds self-imposed notions
involving the necessity of experiencing the limitless bounds of the mind. Sexuality possesses the power to
maintain linkages with the sensory array of realism.84
A hunger for feeling, meaning and content, transcends the subconscious regions to haunt the
consciousness of modern day experiences. Self-analysis is a frightening prospect. To go inside our
thoughts, hide out in dark corners and establish contact with demonic images, allows a multiplicity of
options. The “forbidden zones” of confluence diverge to the surface, where libido struggles with
explanation. At the same time, a hypocritical world that denies publicly its inherent sexuality sends mixed
messages of what is normal and abnormal. Entertainment media set the stage for ethical struggles with
conventional morality, while gender bias permeates criminal justice systems. A sense of right and wrong
must prevail, but society fails to establish concrete definitions, since change propels acceptance of once
hidden or repressed forms of behavior.
Individually and privately we make up our own rules until such time we get caught the crossfire of the
conflicts. While we should protect against oppression, intimidation, and tyranny of one person over
another, we try to explain away behavior in simplistic excusatory terms. Or, we endeavor to stereotype,
typecast and template every mode of behavior we can think. Understanding human modus operandi is a
complex connection to many human aspects. At the same time, we assert to the maximum extent possible
freedom of expression, speech and behavior. The “phallus in wonder land” or “vagina of great
expectations” world we live in floods across a surreal landscape where fact merges with fiction. Realities of
life and death issues become blurred by excessive preoccupations with personal gratification. The shadow
world of individual thinking is not easily understood except by the one creating the thoughts. You can
interview all the criminals you want to. They will tell you whatever you want to here. Alibis, excuses and
defense will be conjured to every extent possible. 85
84
Wilson, C., Clues – A History of Forensic Detection, (UK: Warner Books, Inc., 1989), pages 358-359;
85
Keen, Sam, Fire in the Belly – On Being a Man, (New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1991), pages 108-109;
The freedom to experiment is encouraged. To explore, try out and exercise thoughts from fantasy to
reality has become more profound in modern American society. But, there are limitations, boundaries and
dangers for certain kinds of behavior, of which most of us decide to be vigilant. Some decide differently.
Those are the ones we have to identify quickly when a heinous act transpires. While some behavior departs
from social acceptance, they may not be detrimental to the social fabric. On the other hand, some forms of
deviance threaten the health, safety and well-being of others and thereby transcends into criminality. And,
in the midst of all this human interaction, the investigator gets the challenge of figuring out the puzzle. So,
the symbolism has to be addressed as parts of a mental mosaic. And, we have to determine how it relates to
the “rational” and “normal” processes of the mindset behind its creation.
Since no one is ever going to say exactly what’s on their mind, we cannot know the extent to which a
person’s thoughts extend. People keep their private thoughts to themselves. We’ll only reveal portions of
our overall nature of the ideation we’re plotting. In terms of human sexual behavior, there are many mental
dimensions of complexity. Spanning the mind, body and spiritual range of connectivity, people, including
criminals, collude to avoid full disclosure. But, sometimes, they leave clues. Then again, sometimes they
don’t. Human thoughts and actions can travel to the far corners of the universe of behavior. This will
happen no matter how many boundaries we wish to place on them.
Complete candor in revealing personal secrets will seldom surface to suffice most inquiries. Solving
complex crimes with little or no evidence becomes difficult. Investigations take time and may not be solved
at all. We have to think hard, look hard and work in assessing all available data to find answers. Theories
have to be flexible and adapt the changing nature of criminality. As such, precise definitions of criminal
behaviors do not fit easily into neat, well-defined and specific categories. Varieties of human actions
sometimes seem to suggest superficial reference points to a person’s ideation but, not always. Criminals
seldom leave clear-cut messages. Unlike the movies, they’re not trying to impress the police by setting the
stage for easy analysis. Criminals are more interest in what they get out of the crime. Their so called
“signatures” at a crime scene typically relate to whatever evidence was left behind.
Personal proclivities in the perpetration of a particular crime are just that. It’s a personal, private and
protected domain. The things criminals do to victims are part of their inner sexual inclinations, associated
with motives, desires and urges. We might not be able to readily figure this out to our investigative
satisfaction. Criminals rarely leave an added “personal touch” to tell us what message they were trying to
send. Perpetrators are propagating their propensity for sexual expression in the abuse of their victims.
Sexuality is weaponized for purpose of conquest, manipulation and subjugation. He or she picks targets
who are children, adults, young or old, crossing socio-economic, as well as racial and ethnic boundary
lines. It is the sensual nature and seductivity of the chase, the capture and the defeat of the presumed
opposition. To the criminal, the act animates, dramatizes and exemplifies his or her patterns of deception,
intimidation and exploitive behavior.86
86
Yochelson, S., Samenow, S.E., The Criminal Personality – Volume II The Change Process, (New York, NY: Jason
Chapter 15: The Gothic Nature of Criminal Behavior:
People have a dark side. Some would deny such a thing exists. Yet, humans reflect an eerie essence of
shadowy deception. Often, it is difficult to define the shady realm of the mysterious with precision. Human
nature possesses the elementary aspects of both good and evil conceptions, reactions and inclinations
toward the external world. We can see many examples such motives to harm others in the news, in movies
and on television. We harm others for reasons known only to us as individuals. Many times we inflict
injury for the sheer pleasure of doing it. None the less, we are capable of heinous acts of cruelty. Today’s
American culture is filled with numerous criminal depictions, violent portrayals and glorified villains. Real
life mobsters, killers and thieves get television shows, fanatical followings and name brand fashion
statements. Box office hits, DVD and video rentals skyrocket in the promotion of crime and criminality.
We thirst, hunger and lust for the dark side of humankind. Both real and unreal, the characterization of our
inner thoughts find release in various venues. The face of criminal behavior gains vast audience appeal
from gangsters to serial killers, and everything from real to reel.
The “face of evil” stalks the consciousness of every day life, from politicians to the press. Fascination
with the macabre shows a grisly side of our ghoulish makeup. Figuratively speaking, a tree of life competes
with a tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Issues of life and death flirt dangerously with each other
across a chasm of misconceptions. Yet, overall, how do you know the differences unless you experiment,
experience or otherwise deal with both. Life and death perceptions challenge the reality of individual
thoughts and actions. They hold a unity in their duality. Fact becomes fiction, and fantasy becomes reality.
All depends on the peculiar proclivities we’re each inclined to pursue. In actuality, we think far more about
things going on inside than we reveal to those around us. Explicit, shocking and sensational details of
heinous events tantalize our senses with peaked curiosity. Through the clever efforts of vivid language,
swimming in the metaphor of illusion, we make easy references to “monsters” living among us. It often
sounds sexier to allude to such notions of criminal behavior. Horror stories provoke the imagination and
stimulate our need to be shocked. We cling to the storyline with rapt attention, watching celluloid
depictions of atrocious acts of depravity.87
Perhaps in a way, our predilection toward the darkness helps us think we’re somehow different from the
“bad guys”. The idea of being normal, which we can’t define very well, is perceived as being distinct from
evil. The identity of which is readily seen in a variety of move villains. A concept of evil is a notion all of
us think we can define with pinpoint accuracy. And, at the same time believe its something outside each of
us. It’s the other guy who commits crimes. Not us. Or, in some way, crime and criminals are different than
“good law-abiding normal” people. But, who is perfectly good, always obeying the law? By viewing others
in grotesque badness we can blame external sinister forces and call it evil. To say that, keeps it away from
us and suggests criminal nature comes from the outside and not the inside.
87
Baumeister, R. F., Evil – Inside Human Violence and Cruelty, (New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1996),
pages 62-63;
Our smug piety of pompous arrogance conceals the darkness we harbor inside. Every single person is
like an iceberg. In this sense, we can only see, touch, taste, hear, smell and sense that which is above the
surface. People are superficial at best, displaying what they’ll let us experience through the senses. In
actuality, the only thing we can apprehend is physical nature of what’s being shown to us. While we’re at
it, we try to focus on the tasks at hand. Sometimes, at a crime scene, command decision effort or tactical
endeavor, we cloud our thinking with bias, prejudice and illogical fallacies of inference. We may
mistakenly view what we want to view. Aside from the political, news media and public interference, we
might fool ourselves by rushing to judgment. In dealing with a criminal event, our labors can be influenced
by how we try to define a given set of circumstances. Clear thinking, insightful introspection and careful
crime analysis are essential to the problem-solving process. Yet, overall, objectivity is not a perfect state of
achievement. We all carry our own hidden agendas, for better or for worse.
The efforts we bring to solving a problem must be well-focused, clear and defined. Our capabilities have
to consider a wide range of possibilities. Until the evidence speaks on solid grounds, our assessments are
tentative at best. Sufficient quantities of proof should dictate our decision to believe one way or another.
We strive often by a process of elimination and avoid the rigidity of preconceived notions. And, while each
of us is different in our approach to problem-solving, we still need to be as inquisitive as possible.
Discerning where we can every aspect of the truth based on fact, not fiction. Assembling good quantifiable
information is critical to proper decisiveness in the investigative processes. We have to be able to
distinguish were the evidence trail leads. Then again, there may be no trail. We might have supposition,
conjecture or false cause conclusions. The criminal could have planted fake evidence, obliterated the clues,
or taken evidence away from the scene.88
We need to be attentive to the dark side of human behavior. Appreciating the resonance of macabre
thinking inside the heads of people helps us understand the motivations. Human beings strive to balance the
psychic warfare going in the airless confines of the mental processes. Within the recesses of the brain’s
secret places, a gothic world of medieval possibilities rises up. Myth, magic and metaphor send out
soundings of fantasy filtering through our dreamcatcher network of ideation. We can construct a maze of
conduits through tunnels, alleys and secret passages inside the mind’s illusions. Our deepest fears collude
with our strongest taboos. Prohibitions against certain behaviors seem to clutch at our association with or
without religious belief. Religion appears to have a strong affinity to influence our activities for good and
bad reasons. As we ponder our personal progress through time and place, we consider the alternatives for
success or failure. In so doing, we calculate the amount of pleasure to be had in bringing fantasy to fruition.
Our thoughts coalesce in the physical activities we share with the real world. For each of us, we have a
fascination with the shadowy side of personality. Often our most repressed desires are given credence in the
media of our entertainment. From horror stories of vampires to movies about serial killers, we plunge into
an abyss of sensual anticipation in search of the thrill.
88
Mayo, K., “It’s Suicide…Isn’t it?”, an article appearing in Evidence Technology Magazine, January-February 2007,
Volume 5, Number 1, Kearney, MO; pages, 12-13;
Aggression, dominance and control, are to be part of a complex continuum of interpersonal exchanges
among people. The mind, as the brain’s way of creating illusion, is an intricate reflection of inner ideas,
thoughts and fantasies. Human behavior is the replication of this internal mix of motive, morality and
method. Yet, immorality holds the grip of glamour, glitz and gloomy seductions. Logic does not always
assume the better aspect of valor in the things we think, say and do. Emotional states of being, fantasy
creation, in addition to aggressive inclinations, foster an arousal at the core of sensual flirtations. Arrogance
of self-deceit, anger and envious notions of self-gratification span a spectrum of emotions. We like it, we
want it and we have to have it now. Of which, we pick and choose the line we intend to walk. Or, the
chasm we plan to cross. That stroll down the lane of selfishness takes us into the danger zones of
interpersonal relationships. Through which, we test, tease and taunt the struggle between life and death. In
collusion, evil plays tug-o-war with good.
We can injure, maim and kill anyone, given the attendant circumstances in the conception of personal
deception. In addition, aside from those who take matters literally into their hands, we are fascinated by
violence. The display of it draws our attention; peaks our senses; tantalizes the sensual nature of our inner
being. If asked, we won’t admit of course. Many will react in quick formation of just the opposite. People
lie, tell stories, and make things up. All of us, at one instant or another, play a game of cover, concealment
and camouflage. In ancient times, violence became the spectacle of the arena, or a stage production. Today,
the various media portray over endless hours of news, dramas and so forth. The news media is really adept
at visual distortion. Dark places, rainy locations, and gloomy depictions fill the screen with the pretext of
heart wrenching stories. These tendencies are not new and reflect an historical manifestation of human
nature. Overall, people want to visualize, consume and otherwise vicariously partake of violence. Again,
that gothic sense of darkness pervades the realms of individual consciousness.89
In our thinking processes, the thin line between fact and fiction is easily blurred. Bleak landscapes of
dismal depressing dreams invite the thoughts of ghastly intentions. Imaginations can run amuck in the thick
gooey blackness of human nature’s many afflictions. Foolish, naïve and fearful assertions attempt to
counteract the essential disposition of our very being. Depending on the situation, we can be the knight in
shining armor or the damsel in distress. People can play many roles. We’re a makeup of all things both
good and evil. In sinister ways, we’ve allowed oppressive religious compartmentalization of our sensual,
sexual and spiritual composition. In complicity with other societal conspirators, we’ve internalized the
fractured aspects of our misconceptions about myth, magic and metaphor. The balance between the
progress of healthy human mature evolution and gross impious medieval wickedness seem to struggle on
the battlefield of reality. Sexual urges become weaponized. Destructive systems of thinking lurk in the
tunnels of mental medieval castles. Premeditated Proclivities search for surreal villages to pillage, rape and
plunder. Sometimes, reality becomes the transformation of the internal fictional pursuits. Myth merges with
the material convolutions of the mind. And, sooner or later someone gets hurt or dies a heinous death.
89 89
Baumeister, R. F., Evil – Inside Human Violence and Cruelty, (New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company,
1996), pages 216-217;
And, life goes on. Awful things happen to good people and wonderful things happen to bad people. In
the meantime, investigations into horrendous acts continue to require pursuit of relevant evidence.
Consideration has to be given to the issue that humankind is neither all good nor all bad. Just depends on
what we want, when want it and where we can get it. If you give up the objective with little objection, then
some will be satisfied to a certain degree. On the other hand, if you choose to take a stand, resist or fight
back. Then, others will take what they want by any means of force. That can come in different forms, from
the psychological to the physical. In the aftermath, the “four horseman of the apocalypse”, the politicians,
the press, the professors and the priesthood, will conjure all manner of excuses, mitigation and deceptive
explanation. We can rationalize anything.
While we’re doing that, most people can span the short distance between legal necessities and
emotional obsession. Connecting the dots between the relevant and the absurd is an easy path to deception.
Distorting realty confounds the process of logical deduction in solving the criminological puzzle. Hidden
agendas always lurk nearby in the shadows of our thinking. From the legalistic perspective to the social
conjecture, we can politicize and psychoanalyze in a myriad of directions. Often though, we miss the point
of the causation involved in a specific act of heinous violence. People do things out of selfish motivations.
We want what want when we want it. And, sometimes, we take it by force. From fantasy to fruition, we can
weaponize the sensuality of the imagination. Gloomy visualizations cloud the overcast regions of our eerie
thoughts. Inside the ruined castles of supernatural ideas, we carry on warfare with the psychosis of our
thinking processes. The gothic reality of who we are is mystery to those on the outside. Monstrous illusions
portray of myriad of schemes that slide over the landscape of assorted brainstorms.
Regardless of the deviant inclinations, anything can be justified in the scope of human designs. To
investigate such possibilities, we must exercise caution in our judgmental attitudes. Some investigative
efforts are often mugged by faulty thinking. Everything is logical to the individual, although bizarre
inflictions of horror can be abhorrent to the observer. None the less, to those who carry out their peculiar
activities, each aspect possesses complete logic, rationality and reason. Motives climb the ladder of the
universe of ideas. Since the heinous act might evoke psychic aversion to the investigator, the perpetrator
has a personal basis in his or her own justifiable explanation. The so called “blood lust, compulsion,
godlike vengeance and power and domination” of criminal behavior possess a rationale connected to a
person’s mindful flirtation with the inner darkness of personal deviance.90
Unfortunately, the simplicity of understanding the nature of the incident involves psycho-dynamics not
easily defined. A rush into the dimly lit edges of inferential fallacies may result in faulty conclusion. The
investigative hypothesis can be tainted and thereby rendered useless. Crime scenes might be misread and
erroneous deduction could be seriously problematic in the near future. There are so many ways to
magically convolute a clever “profile” of any given major criminal event. More often than not, these efforts
are misleading. There’s no such thing as a quick solution to every case.
90
Picart, C. J., “The Compulsion of Real/Reel Serial Killers and Vampires: Toward a Gothic Criminology”, Journal of
Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 2003; www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol10is1/picart.html, page 1 of 27;
Instead, investigative ideation must follow thoughtful contemplation of reality versus fiction. Urban
legends confound the meaning of real physical evidence. Following the trails finds the “rabbit hole”. Like
the proverbial pursuits of Alice in Wonderland, things aren’t always what they seem. Then again, they
sometimes seem what they really are. But, investigative arrogance, political expediency and
micromanagement cloud, confound and confuse case closure. Clarity of concise critical thinking remains
essential. Normal merges with abnormal. Sensitivity to human proclivity bridges the distance between the
customary and the deviant. Each criminal activity contains the cause-effect motivation of the individual.
What his or her mind conceived as the rationale extends to the actions committed at the scene. Also, this
relationship between motivations of fantasy to reality is not limited to criminality. In every thing we do, we
do so as a matter of premeditated consideration. Who, what, where, when, why and how of our essential
composition defines the results of our intention.
Our preoccupation with the “demonic” versus the “angelic” contends with the reality of human
interactions. The Jekyll-Hyde configuration of thought portends the press to portray the struggle inside.
Research suggests a linkage between the murky realm of emotions and the arousal of sensual anticipation.
Gratification is necessary to psychic survival. The results may not always be socially acceptable. That is,
aggression is connected to the bio-nature of sensuality. Acting it out is not usually appreciated by the more
“law abiding” members of the community. The “psychobiochemical” chain of events, within the psychic
realm of mental design, contains the chain reaction of choice proclivity. Processes involved in “love,
limerance and lust” share linkages inside the ongoing movement of mental structures. Far too complicated
is the momentum of such interactions, that simplistic notion of solvability contend with the reality of
human complicity. Sexual self-image, sensual awareness and perceptions of morality compound the
conflict between personal good and evil.91
The darkness of deviance is in the eye of the beholder. From thrill to kill inspiration stems from the
human will. An angry emotional bearing festers like sore filled with puss. Breaking open at the slightest
impetus of obsessive scratching and itching, the dead cellular fluidic debris pours out. The subsequent
emotional state surfaces in the manner and bearing of what the mind wants to procreate. We do what want
within the boundaries we set. Aggressive behavior thrusts into real world from the depths of sexual arousal.
Both work with each other, bringing about the “weaponization” of sexual inclination. The penis becomes a
sword-like entity to stab, tear and cut the objectified goal of limerant possessiveness. Or, the vagina
transforms into the receptacle of entrapment, lure and capture. An addictive fascination searches for ways
and means to ensnare the targeted victimization. Power, control and domination surface the waters of
mental gloominess. Males or females can transform themselves from good to evil. Deceive, trick and
enmesh others in their plots, schemes and deadly games. Sexuality is the primary landscape across which
we traverse in many directions. Our energies might be diverted from time to time into others areas of
activity. Never the less, the conception is always there, pressing the fantasies of mental creativity.
91
Pearson, D., Shaw, S., Life Extension – A Practical Scientific Approach, (New York, NY: Warner Book, Inc., 1982),
pages 516-517;
Evil like its counterpart goodness represent metaphysical aspects of human nature. Such realities emerge
in various ways; some small and some big; many in between, like embezzlement to robbery. Or, verbal
insults to murder. We all want something. In the process, someone else loses. Acts of kindness are
circumscribed by motions of malice. For with all the good comes the most atrocious acts of cruelty people
can conjure. That’s the simple reality of the world, life and the people in it. As such, people sometimes
intend to hurt others for their own personal gain. They do it with malice aforethought, careful planning and
willful intention. The moralities of our wrongs become part of the process involved in the thinking of our
inclinations. Ideation relates to choices we make.
Pain versus pleasure is the plateau to which we ascend. In going up to that summit of desire, our
prefences link to choices. Gain in consideration of the risk travels the wish list of preference. From the
depths of our inherent depravity, self-imposed by personal leanings, we strive to achieve individual goals.
Goals set the template for reconciling the thoughts we’ve created. And, the fantasies we’ve experienced.
These are underscored by the personal objectives premeditated, planned and plotted to carry out the
mission. Eventually, implementation fosters the scene of the crime in subsequent execution of acting out
desires, urges and yearnings. As such, for some, the more extreme the behavior, the greater the experience
of the satisfaction in the subsequent gratification. Others discover things differently. The things might be
benign, or they might be heinous. Anxiety culminates around the twinge of the aching throb to accomplish
the thoughts that linger inside and, the more intense, serious and significant the crime, the greater the value
to the perpetrator. Pleasurable sensation evolves from the experience of the criminal act. Derived from the
nature of the act, the perpetrator pursues experiential value in the carry out of the action. Each person
exercises the capacity to increase or decrease their individual degree of willful contentment. Every action
follows a rational selection of method, mode and means. The “intensity, duration and certainty” of
calculated events pertain to the individual necessity for acquisition of goal attainment.92
To achieve our criminal objectives, whether on a small scale, or a larger one, we can conceive of various
schemes. When confronted with a wall of resistance, perpetrators can be extremely creative. We are can
foster all manner of trickery to get close to the object of our aspiration. Craving colludes with the
complicity of consciousness. Freewill forms the fabric of the passion to take what we want. Deterrence to
our objectives may suffice until we can find a way around the barriers. But, at some point, we’re going to
find a way to succeed. The lure, seduction and potential bliss of satisfaction plunge the thoughts into the
chase of the chance for subsequent immorality. The taboo of apprehending the experience of the forbidden
possesses significant allure. Corrosive thoughts contend with the delight of success in overcoming the
challenge of obstacles for the thing we must possess. Enticement to temptation focuses upon the appeal of
our intended entrapment. We move across the course of the attraction to allow ourselves to be drawn in,
ensnared and tempted. In the process, the darkness of the shadows of our thinking provides avenues to walk
the byways of malicious conceits.
92
Schmalleger, F., Criminology Today – An Integrative Approach – Fourth Edition, (Upper Saddle River: NJ, Pearson-
Prentice Hall, 2006), page 115;
Criminal behavior is sinister and well-organized. It represents aspects of our thinking. There’s a gothic,
or perhaps “cryptic” unique and paradoxical side of the human thought processes. Separating the mind
from the brain is an impossibility of comprehension. Instead, of scientific fact, we formulate metaphor to
express the illusion we can prove or disprove. If so, then to fully explore the reaches of human nature,
which stem from the brain functions, we have to consider all possibilities especially, the mysterious levels
to which the cerebral aspects can aspire. Such inquiry faces the complexity of behavior that has no
limitations. Dark mental doorways of deception await further exploration. Definitive sketches of profiled
silhouettes defy description in the vast contours psychic configurations. Obscure realms of shady
manifestations linger in the dimness of human motives. Criminality is the reality of what human beings do.
Crime ascends to heights beyond mere deviance of personal predilection. But, it’s part of human nature.
Lengthy, detailed and elaborate explanations, theories and scholarly models only point to the simplicity in
the feeble progress we’ve made so far.
The cryptic nature of the neurological systems evades our best efforts of critical understanding. Like a
cryptogram, the purpose of any act is known to the perpetrator. He or she alone can ultimately discern the
reason, aim and cause of his or her actions. Carelessly, by leaps of hasty generalizations, we jump off cliffs
of erroneous conclusions. Clutching at symbols, clinging to figures of speech, and speaking in allegory we
struggle separate the normal from the deviant. Regardless, the nature of criminality remains a kind of
“crypto-criminology”, with gothic implications. Secret, obscure and hidden, are the ways in which the brain
and mind function in collaboration. The former manifests the latter.
Subtle and powerful are the mechanisms of thought. Deep inside, repressed feelings, urges and desires
continue a profound influence upon the conscious regions of thinking activity. It has been theorized that
we’re capable of multiple levels of both consciousness and unconsciousness. Our awareness of such
connectivity spans the reaches of our “instinctual” makeup. Sexuality is an essential driving force within
the brain’s structure, as well as the subsequent growth of the mind. And, from our evolving sexual
disposition, various needs erupt in the form of envy, anger, dejection and gluttony. Thus, casting aside the
superficial pretext of civility, we harbor the dangers of our own primitivism. Such contradictions come into
view when we’re confronted by a heinous act of cruelty, torture or beastly act of depravity. In some areas
of study, this darkness of animalistic potential has been called the Id. This is the hiding place of that
primitive energy source many seek to control, divert and pour into other acceptable diversions. In this case
as well as others, sometimes metaphors are helpful in explaining the things difficult to understand. Yet, we
must be cautious in not making a mythical assumption transform into a certainty of truth. People make
choices in the creativity of their own personality. Morphing the mindset, some commit atrocities, while
others control their inclinations. Human experiences evolve over time, transcending mind and body toward
a spirituality of the self. As such, the neural networks of thought activity perplex the objectivity of easy
identification and specificity. Human nature remains a complex puzzle.93
93
Cozolino, L., The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy – Building and Rebuilding the Human Brain, (New York, NY:
W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 2002), page 3-9;
The multifaceted scenery of human dispositions finds mystery in the overall makeup of each person.
Motives work differently from one person to the next. And, since criminal behavior assessment is at best
good guesswork, the perfection of investigative solution suffers from inherent limitations. Actions of
humans are flawed by human nature. Plus, the mind games we play are usually dark, shadowy and
deceptive. We all play them in various modes. It works both ways, on multiple levels of thinking. From the
arrogance of investigators, to the cloak and dagger disguises of perpetrators, distractions detract from the
trail of evidentiary considerations. Focus and concentration are mitigated by bias, prejudice and diversions
of feeling. The neural network of thinking is adaptive and flexible. People don’t simply fit into well-
defined filing boxes of formalized prescriptions.
People behave along an intricate continuum of thought and action. Ideation assembles the possibilities
of acting out the reality of individual purpose. Thinking configures the aims, drives and objectives.
Convoluted, multifarious and twisted, we contend in a natural world by pursuing one fixation after another.
News broadcasts, political processes and social interactions are mixed with projections of both real and
unreal perversions of thought. We express a complicated gamut of false conclusions based on fallacies of
inference. Reason is influenced by our self-centeredness. Fact, fiction and mythology merge in a cause-
effect reactivity to the external world in which we live, work and play. Social interactions follow the script
of personal plots, schemes and staging of surreal mental proclivities. Imagery is projected on a “mind
screen” of thoughtful intentions displayed against an occult background.
Behavior follows in the pathways of our thinking. Criminals think before they act. Like us, they
fanaticize in the darkness of their dreams. In the process, crimes become the landscape of personal
initiative. They take on a life form, stemming from all the manifestations we desire. From serial aberrations
to the sensitivity of care and concern for others, people manifest a range of performances. And, most of the
time, they are exactly that, performances. Routines, shows and recitals of habit, tradition and ritual carry
out the deeds of our inherent decision-making. Our life is a show and tell of what want others to see and
hear. What we dream about becomes the foundation for what we might build the next day. In sometimes
brazen means, we parrot the world around us, copying others, and concealing the true intent of inner
brainstorms. Thoughts motivate the plans, inspiration and projections of both good and bad behavior.
Often, unmasking the motives behind a particular act, requires extreme focus of serious introspective
concentration. Problem solving for case solution goes beyond mere consideration of the crime, the clues
and evidentiary necessities. Investigative inquiry spans the spectrum of psychic ability to heightened levels
of deductive reasoning. All things have reason, rationality and motive. Analytical processes cross
boundaries of insight into realms of the intensely abstract. It is a process of creative intellect that stretches
boundaries of critical thinking skills. Sometimes, the mental exercise is easy. Other times, it’s quite
baffling. And, at the same time, we may never know the ultimate reason for the actions in question. We can
only speculate on the probabilities of causation.94
94
2004), pages 212-213;
Chapter 16: Crypto-Criminology – A Transformation of Conventional Criminology:
The nature of criminality has been greatly distorted throughout the history of the field. So many theories
have come, gone and lingered. Some have been reinvented with different cover stories. The truth remains
elusive. Pseudo-science enjoys the sleight of hand trickery in the arrogance of promoting fiction over fact.
We have come to believe in fairy tales, legends and mythology regarding the nature of crime. The harsh
realities of human behavior are mitigated in the rush to find answers in faulty conclusions. Objectivity is
nearly extinct, as personal bias becomes a think tank. No one theory, and they’re all just theories, has all the
answers to all the questions. And yet, our preconceived notions about certain theoretical constructs become
guiding lights of profound deterministic insight and enlightenment. Our wisdom cavorts with the lechery of
our own self-indulgent egotism. In the meantime, criminals laugh and scoff at our foolish overconfident
intellectualism. What is the truth about criminal behavior, and who do you trust to have the answers?
Actually, nothing and no one. You balance good guesses with available research which may also be
speculative in nature. The fields of so-called social sciences seem make it up as we go along.
In the field of criminology, we understand the necessity of pulling investigative data from a variety of
interconnected disciplines. These have included such areas as law, psychology, anthropology, botany,
medicine and sociology to name a few. No wonder there’s so much confusion. You got everyone involved
from different backgrounds trying to make sense out of human behavior. However, in the final analysis,
we’ve found significant difficulty in fully comprehending the illusive nature of human beings. No matter
how many fields we combine, the pursuit of the well-defined human being is filled with vagueness, secrecy
and obscurity. Often we use myth, magic and metaphor to describe the substance which we pursue.
Whodunits become almost like a television murder mystery or, a dark drama with medieval implications.
Our distractions run deep inside the psychic caverns of obscure ideation. On the surface though, arrogance
collides with the necessity of thinking critically. At times, we purport to have found the intellectual Ark of
the Covenant by asserting some viewpoint, steeped in the pretense of profound insight. The public, the
press and politicians scramble to get on the freight train of indecisive public policy. Around the next bend,
the changeable, unpredictable and vacillating nature of people surprises us with something else.
But wait, we discover to our shock and surprise, one size doesn’t fit. The template we thought would
define all the secrets of creation turned out to be just one more theory. And, that false belief in the “new”
discovery only made things more confusing. For the issue of “crypto-criminology”, the vastness of human
nature remains a mysterious allegorical configuration of sight and sound, mind and motion. As some have
described it, there is a sense of the “gothic mode” in the pursuit of defining character of criminality. Along
these avenues of exploration, “crypto-criminology” is suggested as a means by which to approach further
investigative analysis of crime causation. At same time though, this view asserts the notion that people are
rational beings who pick and choose the direction of their proclivities. People exercise free-will and
evaluate a cost-benefit analysis in lieu of subsequent actions. Rational choices are made in a premeditated
manner. Options of selectivity follow a passage through the hidden regions of personal ideation.
From fantasy to fact, people act out their thoughts. They hide their cerebral manifestations behind a
mask of public presentation. As individuals, our efforts focus on the maximizing the gain and minimizing
the pain. What’s below the façade of the conscious level is something subterranean, multidimensional and
subject to speculation. Nevertheless, the totality of the truth in each of us remains a crime novel. Of our
own design, we write pages of surreal implications every day, and especially at night. Cerebral processes
act in ways we barely understand at the present time. We can make guesses as to what’s going on inside the
cranium, but getting to that exact point of perfect understanding is illusive. In the time sequence of causal
psychic events, we find a cryptic continuum of complexity. That sequential set of mindful inclinations is
very familiar with the dark side of life. We wander the byways and highways of the sinister potential inside
the mental garden of earthly delights. When targets of opportunity present themselves, we’re tempted.
From little to big things, the mind wanders, gets lost, but comes back and stays on track. Maybe or maybe
not, we’ll set up the possibilities of taking something from someone else.
Enigmatic conceptions of cerebral mine fields serve as the basis for continued inquiry into the
inscrutable motives of people. Human defy clever classification, compartmentalization or labels. And so,
the quintessential question remains. Why? That persists in being the most significant query of them all. The
whodunit is also a whydunit. Archived in the brains limitless regions, the answers are ghosts in the human
machine. The machine changes, adapts and overcomes barriers to defy its creator. Frankenstein wants to be
himself. Dracula wants her darkness. And, the werewolf needs to breed.
Additionally, the more we contemplate the realm of possibilities, the more we realize the difficulty of
“profiling” or “stereotyping” people. There are no easy solutions to difficulty problems. This, of course,
doesn’t mean we have to stop trying. It means that we can’t find all the answers we want. What is the
method of operation? What does the M.O. tells us? What are the motivations? Where does it all lead? More
questions pile up than simple solutions can be found. Also, such things suggest we keep looking beyond the
superficial. Go beneath the glacier of the myriad of human fortifications. Investigative progression suggests
we go underneath the layers. Down deep and look at all the ramifications of human action. Templates are at
best two dimensional and thinking must enter a different level or, in fact, multilevel considerations.
Processes that is multidimensional in nature.
In the practical application of preventive measures to capture the criminal, we have to consider the
rational basis of crime causation. People can be cunning, clever and creative. Cases may be in many ways
unsolvable, potentially solvable and unsolvable. In the meantime, significant effort is generated to devote
manpower to a resolution of the criminal incident. Criminal behavior should be viewed in terms of its
appealing nature, such as the collusion with the darkness, flirtation with the forbidden and the touching of
the taboo. It’s the nature of the human species to experiment, explore and otherwise go after the fulfillment
of desires, urges and libidinous drives. For those who choose to do so, crime is seductive. Criminality holds
the treats of lurid fruits, for which many seek. Such behavior comes in lieu of more legitimate means of
personal expression. Crime is thus an attractive alternative to conventional behavior.95
95
Siegel, L. J., Criminology – The Core – Third Edition, (Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth, 2008), pages 78-79;
Whatever the disguise the criminal is always plotting, scheming and conniving his or her next move.
Like a chess game, the criminal knows how to play. We know the difference between right and wrong. But,
when necessary to our deviant survival we’ll play all kinds charades. In the game, we assess the opponent,
keep intentions hidden, and look for the right moves. People become pawns in the game of life. This
includes the police, the family and the social workers. In the social worker group, you can also include the
well-meaning counselors, therapists and others. Often, the police are spoken of as incompetent, uneducated
and stereotypic bumbling agents of the government. People joke about the “Barney Fife’s”, the “Andy’s of
Mayberry” and the “Joe Fridays”. They don’t leave out allusions to donut eating, coffee drinking and
overweight Keystone cops. Yet, this negative view of law enforcement personnel extends from the notion
that they might get caught in the act of criminality. It is part of the risk, the deterrence and threat to the
gains of criminality that provoke the animosity. If you obey the law, do the right thing, and keep the
“demons” under control, then the cops are great to have around. They’re heroes. But, if something goes
wrong, you get caught, fail to get what you want, or have your way, then the cops “set you up”.
As criminals, people adjust, adapt and alter their sense of morality to fit the occasion. Rationalizing is
simple. Criminals don’t have to say what they mean or mean what they say. The transition from seemingly
normal behavior to criminal behavior crosses societal boundaries in very rapid fashion. Anyone is capable
of anything. Tricky and underhanded, the calculating is a never ending process of willful motivation. All of
it stems from our perception of our physical nature, complexly interwoven with our psychic configuration.
In the meantime, a hazy film of near consciousness pervades our professional thinking regarding
predictability, definition or understanding the criminal inclinations of human beings. Why people commit
crimes is a question of ambiguous proportions. As the brain manages the extensive multifaceted nature of
our thinking systems, the convergence of neural networks brings together a vast array of interactivity.
Whether conscious on one level or another, or many levels at the same time, we proceed to “coordinate our
attention, emotions, and cognitions with action”.96
Acting out scenarios from the fantasy to the factual, invites the potential for conflict. Conflict may
result in either “pro-social” successes, or “anti-social” complications. Allegories of fiction are written on
the mental screen of personal projection. Falsehoods contend with the fabrications created to satisfy the
inner urges, desires and cravings. Myth, magic and metaphor enter the picture and write the script of the
scenes we stage. From one event to the next, the stories we invent unfold. As such, fables told by criminals
find their way into the pages of social reactivity to the various forms of deviance. Entertainment sets the
storyline, transcending the reel to the real. The blurring of mixed message about behavior becomes
confused. For years, decades and even longer, we’ve drawn an assortment of explanations. None of which
suffice to any sufficient degree solid explanations for the range of human activities. From the normal to the
abnormal, society has evolved erroneous conclusions, based on fallacies of inference. An entire shaky
foundation of causality infects our institutions, from education to government.
96
Cozolino, L., The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy – Building and Rebuilding the Human Brain, (New York, NY: W.
H. Norton & Co., 2002) pages 132-133;
Faulty public policy becomes reality. In the formation of “feel good” reactions to crime, the press, the
politicians and academicians often confuse the public. As a result, the criminal usually gets a free ride.
Manages to escape accountability and discovers, in some cases, that crime pays. Criminals find willing
scapegoats, accomplices and well-intentioned conspirators to help in their frivolous defenses. As part of
their “hedonistic calculus”, criminals plot the willingness of their own motivations. From the classical
perspective of criminology, the concept of crypto-criminology continues the pursuit of human free will.
And, while an “offender’s background, mental capacities and extenuating circumstances” might be
influential, they are not definitive. Nor, are such things exclusive or exhaustive of human thinking, drives
and aims. Neither are any other socio-economic explanations. In terms of the totality of the human
personality, the intricacies are too elusive to ascribe any sense of finality to human motivations.97
Even though the classical perspective of criminality leads into the idea of crypto-criminology, the
distinctions at some points find departure. That’s because the mind is layered in mirror upon mirror of
cerebral reflections. We can’t know too much about a person beyond the shallowness of the exterior. The
dynamics of personality, as well as interpersonal complexity, defy the imagination. For instance, some
schools of thought seek to quantify measure and otherwise profile the criminal bent of human personality.
Huge volumes are written, massive indexes are compiled and peer reviewed articles are propounded. Yet,
in searching the darkness of human nature, desire and motive, measurability becomes an apparition of
wishful thinking. Again, good guesswork might help, but it might not. Regardless, the central core of
human reality is the menu of hedonistic selection. Choices remain the dominant theme of criminal
behavior, as well as another human endeavor.
Perpetrators make the conscious decision to act on their wants, desires and urges. The dark side of
human temptation competes with the alleged goodness of the other side. These stem from the outgrowth of
thinking. To the individual, it’s a process of rational neural processes, regardless of how bizarre or
convoluted the end results seem to be. Sexuality is at the core of behavior. From acts of goodwill to
violence, the same source guides the course. Actions toward “pro-social” endeavors compete with “anti-
social” inclinations. Cain and Abel, Jacob and Essau, and Jekyll and Hyde are good personifications of our
inherent duality. We can be one in public and another in private. In this vanity, we can express at least two
aspects of our personality. Down deep, who knows for sure which is which? People, particularly,
perpetrators, can switch, change and adapt as needed. We can fit the role necessary to the objective, in
order to obtain the goal of our mission. But, as investigators, misconceptions can lead us astray. Public
policy, flawed by fallacies of inference, and faulty conclusions, set up roadblocks. As a result, we insist on
trying to stereotype, typecast and other construct “profiles” of the “typical” criminal behavior model.
Finding the quick and easy fad of fashion, there’s often a rush to judgment. Our alleged social sciences are
permeated with fiction merging with fact. Twenty-first century myth, magic and metaphor are alive and
well within our criminal justice systems. And, we’re likely to believe anything a criminal tells us.
97
Taylor, R., Fritsch, E., and Caeti, T., Juvenile Justice – Policies, Programs and Practices – Second Edition, (New
York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2007), pages 94-95;
Basic human nature follows a sensual, sexual and spiritual trinity of ideation. The cause-effect
relationships exist in a realm of perplexity neural configurations. Self-centeredness is at the core of our
evolving belief system. Hedonism is in the personal experience of the pleasure principle. In our learning
processes, we adapt, overcome and experiment. The pleasures we seek live close to one’s individual
mindset. As we think, so we act out. In our contact with others, oppression, power and control vie for
dominance on different levels from individuals to governments, churches and the mass media. Often, the
lines are blurred as to what is acceptable and what is not. Institutions, like church and state, compete for the
complicity over attendant issues of good and evil. Freedom of expression is redefined to fit public purposes
in templates of conventional thinking. If something doesn’t fit the mold, then it’s supposedly flawed,
bizarre or demented. Out of the ordinary kinds of things are often suppressed. Outlets for expression of
sexual freedom are stifled, shut off or otherwise condemned as socially unacceptable.
Fallacies abound from one school of thought to the next. We make a multitude of assumptions about
human behavior, particularly sexual behavior and the linkage to romantic feelings. Fearing the potent
power of our own sexual identity, we compound assorted notions either as investigators or individuals.
Conceptions of nature versus nurture struggle for definition in the real world. Sometimes, these faulty
inferences formulate flawed conclusions, and become sordid ways of thinking. As such, we tend to confuse
the already enigmatic obscurity of human thoughts and actions. Theorist and practitioners further add the
problem of understanding the darkness of the human mind. As individuals, we form fantasies of stories we
tell in the voices we hear on the inside. From fantasy, the fictions are played out in projections of romance,
intrigue, love and violence. In love, for instance, some researchers have concluded a strong connectivity
between love and fantasy. Imagination enhances the mapping of thoughts, translating ideation into desire
for fruition, function and fulfillment. We assert our own “psychological mirror” in the duality of ourselves.
A kind of agony of personal “mania” unfolds when things don’t necessarily go our way. At which times,
we can be very aggressive, violent and destructive toward others. 98
To transcend to the criminal phase in our thinking is not a giant leap. It’s a journey we all witness, think
about and occasionally put into action. People travel from love to hate in a split second. Such thoughts are
always there with the bad stuff mingling with the good stuff. Others just don’t see them. Cover,
concealment and camouflage is what we do best as humans. All the while, good and evil lurk below the
surface in dreams, fantasies and wakeful experiences. We harbor abnormal as well as normal inclinations
toward people, places and things. In so doing, our capacity for violence, aggression and injury is seldom far
from consciousness. On whim, within the scheme of the imagination, anyone is capable of anything. Yet,
some control the tendencies to small and large degrees. In our attempts to understand why people commit
crimes, we all too easily grasp at the simplistic quick fix answers. In the unreality of private fancy, we
contend with scary notions about our inability to explain every possible aspect of human behavior. So, as
the adventure continues, we’ll make things up as we go along. Hoping the real answers are eventually
revealed.
98
Hillman, J., The Soul’s Code – In Search of Character and Calling, (New York, NY: Warner Books, 1996) pages 143-144;
The range of human deviance spans many spheres of a multidimensional nature. Many suffer the
pretence of a seemingly “naïve” notions of what “good and decent” people ought to be doing. Some buffer
their public discussions by feigning disbelief in witness of heinous acts of others. Another contingent of
people pretends not to know the deviant capabilities of their fellow citizens. However, in reality, if the truth
of the matter be known, we’re culpable in thinking lurid acts of depravity. Everyone is a suspect, no one is
absolutely innocent and all of us have secret inclinations. We suffer the shortcomings of being human. Our
nature is a complexity of good and evil. And, sexuality is the primary driving force behind our motives.
As humans, we’re inclined in many different directions. Sexuality is multidimensional in the fabric of
thoughts translating into various activities. Diversity of thought and action are constrained only by the
imagination. Asking questions about the nature of crime and criminality is an endless process of debate.
However, answers to the ultimate question (Why?) remain cryptic. People are an enigma of cosmic
creativity. Humanity is paradoxical, ambiguous and secret in terms of motives, intentions and proclivities
hence the term “cryptocriminology”. Criminals, like the rest of us, are clever, cunning and creative.
Conning other people is what criminals do. They’re good at it.
When caught, criminals will tell us just about anything to advance their cause. This of course, is all
about them. So, if we interview criminals in jails and prisons, aren’t we likely to get faulty information?
Given their level of arrogance about their criminality, aren’t we really matching our arrogance with theirs?
Some of them act “stupid” as a convenient mask. That’s what people do to escape responsibility and
accountability. Play dumb, say things like, “I don’t remember”, “Who me?”, “Do I look like the kind of
person who’d do that? And so on. Criminals make every effort to evade detection, exposure and revelation.
When professionals visit inmates and conduct interviews, do we really think they’re going to tell us the
truth? Often, they fool the best of us. Revealing their hidden agendas, motives and associated behaviors
remains ultimately illusive. So, how can we confidently develop social policy, law enforcement techniques
and problem-solving tactics based on what criminals tell us?
Hidden, obscure and covert, we all share a commonality with criminality. Beneath the superficial
disguise of civility and conformity, dwells the other person perhaps more than two, maybe three or four.
Regardless, we operate on different levels, in various environments, some public and some secret. Our twin
reflection is in the mirror of our dual character. It’s in the bloodline of humanity, from Cain and Abel to
Jekyll and Hyde. Good and evil replicate personifications of our sensual, sexual and spiritual makeup. And,
the various aspects of human disposition live and breathe in the personality of our sexual nature. Sexuality
is the primary force behind our motives, intentions and purposes. The influence is significant on multiple
levels of thinking. We are sexual beings who express ourselves in more ways than simple acts of
procreation. Mental faculties of reasoning, intuition and perception are influenced by our sexual nature. For
better or for worse, the libidinous interactions of ideation, from fact to fantasy, travel in directions we
choose. These motions are acted out in either “pro-social” or “anti-social” ways.99
99
http://www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/students/sexual.htm, “Human Sexuality”, by Ludwin Molena, Spring 1999,
California State University, Northridge;
When a crime occurs, we endeavor to unravel the puzzle. We search the crime scene, locate evidence
and analyze the aftermath. In the process, we try as best we can to unravel the who done it disposition of
what transpired, and why it happened. Often though, case solution is not always easy. Evidentiary
compositions evade careful analysis due to lack of sufficiency. Samples, specimens and substances elude
collection. In the end, we discover there are no magic bullets. Quick fixes and fads of wishful fancy to
solve every possibility are not always helpful in producing effective case solution. Sometimes, the opposite
effect has occurred. Faulty conclusions based on fallacies of inference have led police from the prime
suspect. Others, instead, the wrong suspects, have been falsely accused. Following the evidence trail has
sometimes misguided the police down the wrong pathways. Misinterpretations of causal connectivity can
preclude probable success in a case investigation. This can be especially true in a highly circumstantial
criminal incident. For example, the so-called “art of profiling” has been instrumental in misleading local
law enforcement in a number of cases. And, presupposing that because of age, gender or ethnicity,
someone could not commit a certain type crime detracts from the logical deductive processes.
Everyone is capable of anything. A crime’s complexity is limited by the imagination of the perpetrator.
Which means the seemingly impossible is possible in the hands of a human being. Overall, we have to
realize that forces within the person are part of his or her disposition, character and makeup. The fantasy
comes to the real world and confounds conventional thinking, morality and perception. We don’t often
wish to recognize or understand how complex neural networks can be. In regard to human sexual behavior,
and any associated criminal activity, such notions may come too close to home. For us to knock on the door
of that mystic complexity is a connection some don’t want to make.
If we enter and go inside we might see ourselves in the reflecting pools of psychic configurations. Then,
we’d have to face our own shortcomings, personal darkness and frailties which link to the sensual prurience
of human psychology. And, in trying to piece the puzzle together, we figure out everything we explore is
tainted with personal bias. As individual arrogance creeps into an investigation, witness testimony and case
management, so goes the viability of the evidence in question. As such, getting to the truth remains an
elusive endeavor, a faulty trail of criminal pursuits. Professional self-centered hangs close to preconceived
judgments and, gets in the way of our criminal investigations. Arrogance argues for the failure of valued
assertions, particularly in trying to understand a person’s motivations. In criminology, most would rather
follow a more “positivistic school” of thinking; some of us would rather point the finger outside away from
the perpetrator. It’s easier that way. In the process, mitigating personal responsibility and accountability,
avoiding the cryptic aspects keeps things simple. These days that’s done too quickly when we say it’s the
mom, or the dad, or boyhood and girlhood parenting. Whatever, the typology we usually follow is the
“devil made me do it” scheme. Spurious theories have become so imbedded; breaking the cycle of hasty
generalizations is difficult. Sometimes, we blame social institutions. Other times, we blame economic
systems. We act as though there’s social strain to growing up mature, obeying the laws and having to work
for a living in pro-social ways. Excuses have become so commonplace, they’re almost standard procedure
for the captured criminal or “law abiding” citizen.
In reality, criminal behavior is in the mind of the thinker, the subsequent beholder of thought and action.
It’s a cryptological process intersecting with the sensuality of human nature. From this point of view, it’s in
the brain’s neural processes, networks and chemical systems of organic progressions. A human system
which creates the illusion called the “mind”. The essence of the totality transcends the bio-social and the
psycho-social in a complex mix of human proclivities. But, such things defy easy definition. There’s no
“scientific” free ride here. We have to work very hard to arrive at a beginning point. Thus, the suggestion
of a “crypto-criminology” in the ongoing study of criminality and the pretense of superficial civility. The
“psycho-social” development of human nature incorporates the sensations of desire, gratification and urges.
These extend to pursuit of pleasurable experiences to satisfy personal inclinations
Plus, modus operandi change from crime to crime, victim to victim, scene to scene. Because people
change, adapt and alter their behavioral inclinations. In spite of that, we typecast criminals any way. Come
up with long series of terms, definitions and plastic templates. Everything gets a category as though one
size fits all. Practitioners often coin clever terms, like “serial killer, mass murders and spree killers”. They
come up with checklists to fit the latest trend in vogue. On top of that, we’ll go on a quest to ensure every
criminal fits the mold, whether “organized”, “disorganized” or not. A whole venue of commercialization is
created over night. Both in public service and the entertainment industry illusion trumps reality. But, in the
end, do we come closer to understanding people, or, the cause-effect relationship between human sexuality
and criminal behavior? Perhaps the answer is closer than we think. Maybe, as a society, even in post-
modern times, we’re still afraid of our own sexual nature.
In actuality, criminology continues to struggle for identity in the explanation of the nature of criminality.
Theorist endeavor to beat the practitioners to the press conference or the witness stand when ever possible.
In sporting new variations on older themes, “expert witnesses” clamor to offer one opinion after another as
to the “why done it”. Most of the time, criminology faces the dilemma of which “hired gun” has the most
influence. Boiling it all down though, the cauldron of human cause-effect activities conjures an age-old
contention: the duality of conflict between the classical school and the positivistic schools of thought. One
continues to argue free will, while the other looks elsewhere, outside the individual. In the meantime,
continued analysis of linkages between brain energy, sensuality and “mindset” remain clouded by spurious
conceptions of human nature. In trying to solve a particularly complex case, we sometimes overlook the
depths to which thinking can descend. Sexuality is the primary motivating force in human interactions. The
psychodynamics of human sexuality are connected to the continued evolution of human thinking processes.
Consciousness struggles in the strain of the images produced in the sensual fantasies of subconscious
interactions. Residual affects of ongoing experiences in terms of biologic identity pervades the senses with
an array of seductive ideations. Patterns of thinking are compounded within the neural networks by which
decisions are made. The sensual, sexual and spiritual share the developmental processes, which set the
stage for a “crypto-criminology” as a transformation of conventional criminology.100
100
Siegel, L. J., Criminology – Theories, Patterns and Typologies, (Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth, 2007), pages
149-150;
Chapter 17: Psycho-Sleuth – Criminal Behavior Assessment and Cryptic Illusions:
Cryptocriminology asserts the difficulties we encounter in the study crime causation. Human behavior
assessments are purely speculative at best. There are no definitive answers. Yet, there are promising
possibilities when we address patterns of thinking. No one person is very easily, if ever, unmasked as to the
total nature of his or her thoughts. Conjecture about the nature of criminality has promulgated inventive
guesswork for several centuries. Suppositions as to the theories of criminal behavior have long plagued the
field of criminology. And, even though thinking is complex, dark and secretive, overall human nature
doesn’t change much. Motives are well-defined by the individual. Such thinks may not be well-know by us
during the course of an investigation. At the same time, the paradox of humanity is that we are still not
easily understood, figured out or cleverly “profiled”. There are many dimensions to human cerebral
processes that defy categorization. The causes of crime reflect the many faces of human beings. But,
confusion surfaces in the myriad notions put forth by the array of competing interests, government agencies
and public opinion. Unfortunately, these questionable practices influence and guide public opinion about
the characteristics of criminals. As a result, “sociological explanations” of criminality have gained
dominance in post-modern American society.101
In reaction to the misdirection, sleight of hand tactics and fad solutions, we could ask what happened to
good old fashioned police work. That’s where we use the process of logical deduction, gather the facts,
assemble the evidence and conduct critical analyses. By thinking about the evidence trail in a systematic
process, it gets to the core of crime analysis. It’s that “holmesian eye” for detail that counts. Not following
some template based on limited studies, small population samples, and fallacies of inference. The scientific
method, when applied to the “pseudo-sciences”, sooner or later has to look at the forensic aspects of the
case. Yet, of late, we’ve come to the mystic enchantment of the quick fix fad of current fashion based on
strained sociological assertions. In the meantime, it’s easy to forget about elementary, effective and
efficient police skills dedicated to the assemblage of facts.
All people have the capacity for criminal behavior. It’s what human nature is all about. We just have to
think about what we think about. And, in the process, use our skill sets as investigators. Thinking critically,
means thinking in profoundly skeptical ways, formulating and challenging hypotheses. At the same time, it
involves analyzing the physical evidence, testing our inferential knowledge of the case, and pursuing all the
possibilities. Accordingly, we make adjustments toward the necessity of proof. We do this for the
conclusions we draw. Test theories, challenge conclusions and prove the facts. Such things may have
become the “lost ark of covenant” in the quest of applied criminology. Instead, sometimes our notions of
criminality get blurred by multimedia fictional portrayals. We soon discover that environmental
explanations of criminal behavior follow the flawed pathways of misconception. The “criminal mind” rests
inside each person, waiting for opportunities to come out.
101
2004), pages 183-184;
Cryptic illusions abound in regard to the specificity by which criminals are sketched, profiled or typed
into the reality of their crimes. Much of what is asserted about criminals tends to suggest irrationality to
their actions. For instance, with “anti-social personalities”, we tend to follow the notion that they are
somehow short of a sense of responsibility. And, at the same instant, lack a conception of accountability for
their actions. In the process, it is postulated that such criminals fail to form a conscience. Well, on that
issue, once again, we’re feeding at the trough of metaphorical allegation. For if the “mind” is an illusion of
the brain, and the “conscience” is too, then neither really exists in the first place. In addition, how do you
track down something that doesn’t exist except in the neural network of the creator? Aside from that, we
still pursue the criminal by saying things he or she is impulsive, immature and self-focused.
To compound the conjecture, we might “profile” a criminal under the assertion that he or she lacks self-
control. That, at some point in time, the criminal “lost it”, or “snapped because of it”, or was somehow
“triggered”. Sometimes, the broader assumptions come into play. Such as suggesting a criminal might be
“organized” as opposed to “disorganized”. On the contrary, criminal behavior is calculated rational self-
indulgence. It is a brazen manner by which he or she can express his or her own self-interests. Social living
conditions, parental influence and erotic oriented materials are often suggested as influential. Many times,
these issues are pointed out as strongly persuasive of a criminal’s subsequent actions. We tend to overlook
the power of choice a person has over their life. They don’t live in a vacuum completely manipulated by
other people. Like some kind of puppet controlled by a puppet master. The individual has the latitude to
make choices about what actions he or she will take in a given situation.
Humans hide behind a public mask of civility. The public image pales in contrast to the “dark side” of
the private lifestyle. Everyone has secrets and conceals the real person lurking below the surface. Behind
the scenes of public exposure, people conspire in their personal fantasies. Some come across as fine
upstanding members of the community. As so called pillars of the local neighborhood, they also attend
church and assert the sincerity of their religious beliefs. They’re seen as successful and productive
members of the town. Then, suddenly, we discover they’ve committed a murder, or a series of murders.
Their so called “crime of passion” hits the front page of the local newspaper. At which time, everyone
struggles to understand the bizarre nature of his or her activities.
In the arrogance of personal selfishness, people strive to attain personal gain. The generalized issues of
“Love or material” reflect the erotic expression of mental proclivities. Criminal behavior, which is an
ingredient of human nature, relates in profound ways to individual sexuality. In fact, the carnal nature of
each person leads to an inclination toward deviant behavior. And, in the process of the individual’s journey
through life that sensuous aspect points to the salacious temptations for criminal activity. To put it simply,
it’s all about sex but, not just the mere reference to the act of sex. It’s the thinking processes. And, as each
of us endeavor to overcome our “precarious sexual identity”, we flirt, experiment and taunt ourselves. In
the exploration of libidinous pursuits, subconscious processes evolve to act out our sexual agenda.102
102
Yochelson, S., Samenow, S., The Criminal Personality – Volume 1: A Profile for Change, (New York, NY: Jason
Aronson, 1976) pages 80-81;
People think all manner of sensuousness behind the psychological walls of mental obsessions. Most is
captured in the unseen regions of fantasy. In post-modern American society, when it comes to criminal
nature, we seem to want things to be simple. And, non-complicated when viewed in terms of the external
world. Fit things into a template, be easily understood and have some degree of predictability. But, with
people that’s not necessarily the case. On one end of the spectrum we moralize ad infinitum. Set up rules,
regulations and laws about what behaviors are acceptable. Arriving at the other end, at the same time, we
plunge into the mysterious realms of our own private perversities. Society is rife with hypocritical notions
reflecting a public face and private one. Some people project their dysfunctions on others, hiding in the
inhibitions of their own creation, shielding themselves in the smoke and mirrors of their deceptions. Others
find productive or non-productive outlets for their particular lascivious interests.
In many modes, we fear sexuality, yet we chase every opportunity to flirt with it. Young, middle aged or
elderly, sensuality is the core of individual being. Social encounters are filled with references. Advertising,
movies, television, social interactions and so forth, all interact on one sexual level or another. The industry
itself is massive. In regard to dollars and cents, this is one of the few situations in which size matters. Sex
and violence, love and lust flavor the mix of magic, morality and mayhem throughout the entire
entertainment world. On every plane of sensory exposure some aspect of our sensual nature is teased by our
erotic predilections. Sexually suggestive communications permeate our everyday experiences in a range of
settings. More explicitly, adult forms of amusement represent billions of dollars spent every year by
millions of self-proclaimed “law abiding citizens”. Many of whom attend religious services once a week,
vote in elections and take part in “do-gooder” community activities. Homemakers, successful business
persons, professionals, politicians and preachers, and every other walk of life partake in such daily
consumptions. Adult entertainment caters to a variety of interests. The freedom of sexually oriented
materials speaks to issues of human sexuality. It is by no means an excuse for criminal behavior.
To suggest any aspect of “human nature”, most of us can agree on some basic issues. Although at times
we are very much confused about the terms of the discussion. We might even come to accept certain social
mechanisms of constraint as universal principles. However, when it comes to defining exactly what
“human nature” really means, we’re intellectually challenged; stopped suddenly in our mental tracts. Pause
with hesitation in the reality of perfect behavioral distinctions. Precision of specificity eludes our best
efforts. Human behavior expresses the contrived personal interaction, experiences and ideas reflecting our
psycho-biological nature. As a result, social interactions relate to expectations of individually evolving
sexuality. In many ways, for instance, violence perpetrated by certain religious groups has a lot to do with
libidinous inclinations. Primarily, according to some researchers, the aggression stems from the lack of
positive sexual identity within the communal groupings. Competitive environments are encountered in
different ways by different people. Some choose to compete in proactive processes. Others prefer more
direct action often involving violence, hostility and bloodshed.103
103
Kanazawa, S., Miller, S., “Human Nature”, an article appearing in Psychology Today Magazine, July/August 2007,
pages 90-95;
For instance, terrorist actions are criminal behaviors which represent another aspect in the seduction of
crime. Like their counterparts in the realm of the “serial killers”, they hold on to a self-generated “stage
production” of their own creative self-indulgence. And, so are transnational organized crime dealings.
From pedophiles to so-called “suicide bombers”, gangsters and embezzlers, the criminal pursues his or her
own selfish exhalation of personal salaciousness. This is a kind of variant in one’s competition for social
survival among opposing interests. He or she struggles with identity conflicts, and strikes out against
societal or geo-global constraints, conditions and conventions. Personal passions are superimposed in
overlay upon the individual’s prurient psychic foundation. Criminals fashion a personal history that comes
to enjoy the thrill of conning, controlling and “seducing” other people. The seduction precedes the swindle.
Fear highlights the flavor of the sensual flirtation in challenging the extremes of life and death. The world
becomes a vast community, providing targets of opportunity to act out chosen behaviors. Communities
become marketplaces for shoppers looking for bargains in flourishing “deviant opportunity subcultures”.
Within the mix is the “romantic” quest to do daring things, disrupt the social status quo and harm other
people in the process. Rebellion, disobedience and resistance to “normal” mechanisms of communal
behavior are challenged in dangerous ways. And, eventually the criminal pursues avenues he or she thinks
can offer person gain to enhance his or her “pleasure principle”. Criminal behavior is an “erotic
phenomena” suggesting an essence of “role playing” in the characterization of individual fantasy. The
“discharge” of the erotic character of human nature may be channeled through inappropriate choices.
Disposition of selected actions might be executed by means of covert delivery. On the other hand, the
perpetrator could inflict harm by way of more sensational exhibitions. His or her physical manifestations
will find “sexual channels” in a manner consistent with personal proclivities. The diversions to release the
“pent up” tensions will sooner or later surface in some form of external behavior.104
In addition, human terror is manipulated, managed and marketed in a multitude of practices. Terrorism
wears many disguises, sharing commonality in the central strain of human behavior. Individuals and groups
have historically found clever techniques to carry out their line of attack. As such, we have to consider that
the “criminal personality” is a looking glass reflection of the “law abiding personality”. The good twin
fights with the evil twin. Together, they war over choosing the difference between being a terrorist or serial
killer. Perpetrators come in many forms, from all walks of life and all kinds of childhoods. People who
rape, set property on fire, batter their household partners, or blow up buildings commit acts of horror. They
terrorize others, by bombs, sniping and assassinations. Criminals can hide behind the most noble of causes,
especially those in the political arena. In one instance, he or she may use chemical weapons to gas his or
her own citizens. And, in another situation, the criminal might decide to kill college campus coeds.
Regardless of governmental definitions, the criminal still harms other people by committing violations of
the law. Whether by serial, mass or spree murder typecasting, the criminal is still a criminal.105
104
Alexander, F. and Ross, H., The Impact of Freudian Psychiatry, (Chicago, IL: Phoenix Books, 1973), pages 18-19;
105
2004), pages 166-167;
Criminal behavior, as in other aspects of human nature, reflects the transcendence of psychic conflicts
over sexuality, sensual character and spirituality. We all do so in different ways toward objects, persons and
circumstances. It follows the limerant conception of lurid, lecherous and lustful notions pertaining to
obsessive fascinations. Impulse control is a matter of selectivity. And, the idea of limerance underscores the
preoccupation with the satisfaction of interior urges, desires and cravings; part of a continuum of ideation,
fantasy and imagination. Such libidinous influences have impact on patterns of thinking. And, likewise the
choices we make based on those thinking processes. To contend with the urges, people develop strategies,
diversions and other pursuits. These occur both internally and externally to the individual. When the so
called “law abiding” citizen decides to do a criminal act, he or she chooses among the alternatives.
Balanced by gain versus risk, the criminal carries out his or her “sexual curiosity and play” through the
symbolic expression of certain actions. Whatever the meaning of the alleged “signatures”, the criminal
executes a plan of action. Subsequently seeks the fulfillment of personal needs.
Within the context of some “socioeconomic classes”, social constraints might weigh heavily upon
restrictive sanctions concerning individual sexuality. Morality becomes repressive in various
configurations. Traditional western religions, for example, play a significant role in fomenting oppressive
moral judgments. Likewise, misinformation concerning sexually related issues also extends from similar
societal institutions. Outlets in the expression of libidinous freedom, maturation and development can be
stifled by excessive behavioral sanctions. Oppressive efforts at conformity are met with reactivity in
different ways individually. Often, the results are personally counterproductive. Regardless, in the
meantime, the vast amount of sensual data being processed by the brain is concealed deep inside searching
for productive means of expression.
We may never know the full extent of the motivations. Thinking remains hidden, secret and protected. A
small portion comes to the surface. It’s limited by what a person is willing to tell us. When it comes to
criminals, we can’t actually know all the inner workings inside their thoughts. At best, this culminates in
speculation. Criminals tell us what they think we need to hear given the situation under investigation.
People in general stay guarded through their lives as to the reality of their full intentions. None the less, the
extensive persuasion of sexuality continues in a pervasive manner throughout everyone’s thinking.
Amorous, salacious and prurient effects filter through the senses provoking our curiosity. We want to
experiment, explore and examine life around us in a multifaceted sensual manner of articulation. For some
criminals, however, the gratification is often met with disappointment. The pleasure principle is not fully
realized and sensation travels the course of being unsatisfied. In all probability, this applies to all of us.
We’re never completely satiated in every possible experience of our sexuality. For most of us though, we
get over it, learn to cope and deal with the shortcomings. That’s because we choose to do so. Others,
instead, continue their quest for sexual expression in the conquest of other people, places and property.
Sexuality then becomes a matter of power and control in aggressive actions toward others.106
106
Yochelson, S., Samenow, S., The Criminal Personality – Volume 1: A Profile for Change, (New York, NY: Jason
Aronson, 1976) pages 80-81;
While some of us practice sexual sophistication, others stay closer to a baser level of personal
interactivity. They refuse to be grownup and assume an acceptable posture within the scope of communal
interaction. Instead, some remain committed to a more selfish form of rationality. Failing to utilize personal
abilities to change, mature and become more credible, some remain in their child-like pursuits of excessive
self-gratification. Carnal appetites find outlets. Tendencies escalate. In the end, these people will make
erroneous choices. They will decide to get what they want regardless of another person’s personal
boundaries. In the unfolding evolutionary process of individual motivations, criminals will not change
until they’re ready to alter their thinking patterns. Once again, we’re faced with the investigative dilemma.
How can know what criminals are thinking with any degree of certainty? We can’t. And, where sexual
issues of personal identity are concerned, we get confused, misguided and distracted.
Getting inside the “criminal mind” is a bottomless abyss. As such, human sexuality explores various
avenues to find fruition in the nurture of the psycho-physical nature. Along the way, fantasy fuels the
“mindset” of individual psychic productions. The scheme follows the chase of fulfilling the ideation. Once
created, the thoughts focus on the creation. From dreams to reality, the desire to fully sense the
manifestations is allowed to grow. To keep the fantasy going in a particular area, we fan the flames of our
personal compulsions. The so called “impulse” to act, is our voice inside telling us to force the pressure.
Coerce the motive and pursue the inclination. We do that so well. Then, once caught in the act of
commission, we scramble to find mitigation in the act of contrition.
Castles in the sky, flights of imagination and all the other internal unrealities, find the highways of our
dreams. They race up and down at high speed through neural networks. The fairy tales we tell know us
before the event occurs. We open the door, walk inside and there we are standing in the crime scene.
Fantasy has already been preconceived in the premeditation of the crime before the fact. We convince
ourselves we have certain needs that must be vented no matter what. Failing acceptable means, some of us
commit crimes instead. To this process, what a particular fantasy means at any given time depends on the
owner. For murderers, as an example, fantasy transcends into an acceptable feeling others sometimes call a
“compulsion”: the force, the pressure, or the duress so to speak by which acts are executed. Yet, the wishful
thinking had already occurred before this point in time. And, the daydream or nightmare might often stay
consistent with the real-world incident. Then again, it might not.
Fantasies are in a holding pattern, waiting, “killing time” for an opportunity to surface; when the target
presents the occasion then the criminal strikes. In so doing, he or she commits the criminal act which
reflects the symbolic nature of his or her thoughts. The mental state conjures the probability of finding a
suitable victim. So, they hunt for possibilities. Look for ways to accomplish their mission. Once found, the
scenario unfolds with the victim playing the role selected by the criminal. Perpetrators know what they’re
looking for. They’re thought about it already. But, as practitioners in the field, how do we know for sure? A
fiction of fantasy told long enough becomes the truth, completely accepted by the gullibility of human
nature. Urban legends are furthered by fallacies of the logic of rational thinking. As a keen force in modern
day interpersonal exchanges, we can easily follow well-staged sleight of hand trickery.
The whole gamut of criminological viewpoints on the professional level is inherently flawed. We’ve
tricked ourselves by our smug piety and pompous arrogance. The explanations for the causes of crimes are
mired in the murky bogs of hidden agendas and political correctness. We’ve discounted the idea of a
criminally oriented mindset so often that we’re ingrained with false concepts. The critical thinking required
to reveal the reality of criminal motivations has become deluded. As the world around us presents options,
we struggle to figure out our own inherent mentality. Yet, selectivity engages the many composites of
thoughtful action. We’re not simply a profile, template or definition. People are multifaceted and
multidimensional. Self-direction finds flexibility in the creative attributes of mental alacrity. Electrical
patterns traveling neural passages find intricate association with ideation, perceptions and learning
processes and, eventually in the self-imposed dysfunctions of our sexual identity.
People share a commonality in criminality. Psycho-sleuthing summons the difficult connectivity
between both the mental and the material worlds. Mind and matter merge at a point. But, knowing where
that intersects becomes the vastness of the investigative challenge. Behavioral assessment bears the
necessity of understanding crime analysis. This in sequence suggests the requirement of analyzing the
factual evidence. And, along the spectrum of the human psycho-physical continuum flows the influence of
human sexuality. Deterministic viewpoints, pointing fingers to the criminal’s environment, cloud the
possibilities of researching how the mind fronts for the brain. Naturally, this is an individualistic process of
cerebral interactions which get cloaked in the maze of excuses for criminal conduct. Yet, the workings of
the human thought processes remain largely underestimated, ignored and misunderstood.
Definitions to diagnose dysfunctional behavior may be appropriate inside a clinical setting. However,
taking the label-making machinery to the world of the criminal sets the stage for misleading interpretations.
Erroneous interpretations, built upon faulty assumptions, may guide the investigative process in the wrong
direction. The result offers the eventuality of hasty conclusions leading to ineffective solutions. Instead of
viewing the criminal as making self-oriented choices, based sexual identity inclinations, we turn them into
celebrities. Then, with enough publicity, they become victims. Most often, the multiplicity of diagnostic
terminology confuse and confound the nature of an investigation. Since people engage in sexual fantasy in
the normal course of living, everything we do is subsequently influenced by the associated carnal ideation.
The unreality of the inner world of sensuality has linkages with the conceptualization of power, control and
dominance. These aspects provide the conduit for the delivery of sexual arousal into the realm of action
oriented behaviors. Sexual aggression translates into a state of seeking out an objective for personal
acquisition. In regard to “sexual criminals”, fantasizing about criminal activities is envisioned before,
during and after the incidents take place. If so called “sex offenders” format a sexual nature to their
fantasies, then why not all criminal behavior and all human behavior in general? Criminal behavior is
aggression directed toward achieving one’s own self-gratification. As such, based a personal sense of
individual prurient thinking processes, criminality is an extension of human sexuality.107
107
Zurbriggen, E. L., “Power, Desire and Pleasure in Sexual Fantasies”, Journal of Sex Research, August 2004, Society
for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, Inc.
Criminal behavior is a defining characteristic of human nature. All persons have criminal potential.
Everyone experiences the ongoing transformation of their sexual identity. Thus, there is linkage in the
connectivity between behavior and sexuality. Humans will do anything to protect their identity as well as
their territory. This could be among the mental landscape or physical realm or both. Violent behavior,
aggressive acts and sadistic cruelty reflect the latent potency of human concupiscence, our inner libidinous
temperament. In the process, the brain operates the extensive networks by which thoughts are carried
throughout the various levels of consciousness. Charging up, upgrading and defining the powerful feelings
of psychic and physical desires. The sensual, sexual and spiritual aspects of humanity alter, adapt and
transcend altered states of thinking, believing and fantasizing. The “long evolutionary roots” of humankind
blend the transforming progression of “biologically inherited” cultural interactions. These communal
relationships share a commonality in the criminality of premeditated “territorial aggression”108
Violent urges stem from lascivious desires to control, dominate and acquire something of value. It is the
sexiness of crime that offers the lure of its lustful commission and suggests our gothic or crypto-
criminological predisposition. The motive is in the sex drive, salaciously sensual inclination: a connection
to personal individuation of sensorial proclivities, by virtue of ritual, habit and interest. As such, all crime
becomes a ritual. Since humans are beings of habituation, adaptive to patterns, repetition and addiction. The
translation of the intention is inherent to the individual’s sensual associative thinking, the truth of which we
may never know for certain. And, we can’t even begin to structure a definitive foolproof explanation. Such
as it is, you should always find it difficult to walk into a crime scene. Look around and then arrogantly
suggest you’ve found all the answers. “Criminal profilers” might as well be “psychic profilers” and conjure
the magic of the paranormal. We cannot know with absolute precisions exactly what the perpetrator
intended. This then presses the concept of crypto-criminology to the edges of the speculative nature of
metaphysics. That branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of being, existence, time and space
relationships and cause-effect reality.
Human depravity is a volcanic monolith of personal feelings influenced by rational thought. From
historic times to the present, humanity bears the essence of the hunt for survival and the meaning of which
takes on the measure of different interpretations from person to person. Reproduction, replication and
productivity, in the practice of human volition, bring the physical world of reality in collision with the
cerebral world of ideation. People enjoy the “hunt” to “survive” in the “jungle” of social intercourse.
Posturing to promote their own competitive edge, human beings execute the capabilities of their skill set.
We will do whatever is necessary to accomplish personal goals and turning on ourselves or others by
extreme means. Acquisition is essential to letting out the Jekyll-Hyde manifestation of our erotic nature.
Killing becomes a part of that interpersonal sexual expression. Some find it fascinating as well as
stimulating. The sexual element can be found in the aggression to inflict dominion over others. Therefore,
any attempt at crime analysis must consider every possible aspect of human sexuality in the investigative
processes.
108
Sussman, R.W., “Exploring Our Basic Human Nature”, Fall 1997, pp. 1-6, 17-19, by Anthro Notes, NMNH Bulletin for Teachers;
Chapter 18: Obsession in a Multi-Murderer Mystery Matrix:
The multi-murderer mystery matrix offers a portrait of societal obsession with homicidal behavior. It’s
always fascinating how we come to spotlight the killer and forget about the victim. This happens all too
quickly especially in a media driven culture with scripted high profile cases. And, let’s not forget clever
headlines evoking colorful images characterized by creative metaphors. In the aftermath of a heinous act,
we’ll spend years studying this criminal or that one. Exert lots of theoretical energy squinting, squirming
and salivating over the murderous elements of the case. If a case tends lack a profound evidence trail,
publicity tends to generate its own. Infatuated with particular criminals, people will change fiction into fact.
Fixated on the passionate chase of “justice”, purveyors of the murder mystery grasp at anything to support
the agenda. In the meantime, the real evidence is often tossed aside in favor of feelings over logic. Yet, for
the most part, we often relegate the victims and their families to the archives of history.
In particular, our gothic or cryptic sense of life and death draw us to an obsession. Curiosity with the
macabre, deviant and forbidden realms of human nature provokes an almost mystic allure. Here, the idea is
presented that we are drawn by the salaciousness of prurient dispositions to the mystery of killing. Just like
any other form of human behavior. As an alleged “psycho-sleuth”, we are constantly at a crossroad. Our
investigative efforts want to solve the puzzle. And, comprehend the motives involved in the murderous
actions. Thought patterns attempt to understand the sordid aspects of criminal behavior. In connection, on a
micro-level, our pursuits take to the edge of human depravity toward our inclination to murder. While
nothing is perfect in terms of human behavior, or any attempt to comprehend such things. Analyzing data
can end up presenting us with an assortment of possibilities.
A glance at homicide data, like all statistics, depends on interpretation. Obviously, we’ll never get a
handle on understanding the true motives of killers. But, for the purposes of discussion, we can assess the
numbers. Consider the information reported. So, in general, we can say approximately 18,000 to 20,000
homicides occur annually, more specifically, about an average of 17,697.88 from 1990 to 2005. When
viewing the criminal justice accumulation of agency reported murder statistics, a range of numbers are
presented. We find that in 1964 7,990 murders are recorded. By contrast, later on in 2005, the rate is
reported as 14,860. This, over the intervening forty years, would suggest an increase of about 85%. Except
though, if you did a year by year review, you’d find fluctuations occur. Some years there are more killings
than others. The data goes up and then goes down over the stretch of four decades. This totals to 460,145
murders in the span of four decades. The average number of murders changes to roughly 11,503 from 1960
to 2005. In calculating the total crime index for 1960, data shows 3,384,200 crimes recorded by agencies
participating in the Uniform Crime Reporting system. If murder is compared to the total number of crimes,
the result suggests that homicide is .00269 percent of the totality of criminal activity. To this consideration,
we end up with the rest of violence and property losses equating to .997 percent. Or, murder representing
less than 1% of the crime problem.109
109
http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/toc_3.html
In the analysis of any related criminal homicide data, we should keep in mind an important point. Entire
careers, fame and fortunes, the entertainment industry, and political processes have been built on murder.
Capitalizing on death is not something researchers are particularly shy about. The studies of murderers,
with associated theoretical constructs, have sold movies, books and “serial” journal articles. Killing has
launched hobbies, video games, television shows and propelled questionable writings onto pages of
countless stories. Murder also spawns academic tenure and gives wannabe criminologists a pretext to
expertise. And, we can’t forget the specialization with emphasis, of course, on the multiple murderers.
These are most often called by the exciting appellation of the “serial killer” because this sounds sexier than
simply referring to the criminal a murderer. Yet, a killer, in modern urban legends, had to become
specialized too. Now we have the “spree killer” and the “mass killer”. Along with the “suicide bomber”, or
the “active shooter”, who kills people on the run. To which we can also add, the “serial rapist”, the “serial
arsonist” and the “serial bank robber”. What is the real definition of the word serial? Doesn’t that mean
sequential, consecutive and ongoing? In other words, a series of murders. Why would there be a necessity
for a cooling off period? Or, murdering three or more people in order to qualify to be a “serial killer”?
Aren’t they all, from a geo-global perspective, just killers?
Aside from all that, questioning any research is always a good place to start. Principally, an investigative
process should be characterized by questioning everything. At the same time, records, figures and numbers
should give us clues for which we ask more questions. Of necessity is the essential component of looking at
the evidence, facts instead of fiction. Taken up to the current time frame, we can observe corresponding
data in the reported crime index of 11,876,669 criminal incidents (2001). Again, compared to homicide, the
number of murders denotes a .00135 percent relationship to the overall total. The rest of the crime picture
including rape, robbery, assault, burglary, and theft makeup the other .99 percent.
With regard to crime incidents to total population, in the year 2000, there were 11,608,070 crimes
indicated by the total crime index. The U.S. population at the time was estimated to be 286,196,812, with a
reported rate of 15,586 murders, or .00134 percent of the crimes. This is significantly less that 1 percent. As
such, an additional comparison of homicides to the population seems to indicate murders were .000545
percent of that totality. Again, quite a distance from the 1 percent mark. What about the number of so
called “serial murders”? How does that correlate to the data? Plus, with the attendant fascination with
“serial killers”, the considerations become even more interesting. In some research, it is asserted that about
fifty percent (50%) of the murders are committed by strangers (1999), suggesting possible “serial killer”
involvement. This would propose that of 1999 total murders of 15,522, about 7,761 are stranger to victim
killings. In turn, this is .000667 percent of the total crime index. If so, what about clearance rates? If
murders are relatively low in comparison to population and numbers of crimes committed, shouldn’t
closure be high? Consistently, over the last forty years, aren’t we supposed to be getting savvier in solving
major crimes? And, what about forensics and alleged “criminal profiling”? Since 1960, techno-crime
solving has advanced by leaps and bounds. What about clearance rates?110
110
http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0004997.html; http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/cjrp/epidemic.html;
Do we close more cases today than ever before given our modern techniques? Ever wonder at the
amount of time, energy and resources we expend in studying “serial killers” particularly since they present
less than one percent (.00667%) of the total crimes committed? Could this be called a national obsession?
Unfortunately, there’s a harsh picture emerging from the data on clearance rates. Regardless of all the
efforts to “profile” the criminal “mind”, we don’t seem to be closing more cases. And, aside from all the
“expertise” available, we still don’t fully comprehend human behavior. While criminals premeditate their
acts, we still stumble and plod the realm of selective guesswork. Plus, with all the psychics claiming to aid
law enforcement, a number of cases still go unsolved every year. You’d think anyone who has contact with
the paranormal world would be able to help us solve all our cases. So, who’s conning who?
At the same time, the gap between case clearances and numbers reported crimes seems to be growing. A
lot of explanations are offered. According to the studies, our ability to solve more cases is decreasing with
particular focus on homicidal behavior. We have a myriad of theories claimed to be conclusive regarding
the cause-effect reasons for criminal behavior. Think tanks, experts and crime fighting consultants flourish
on World Wide Web. Impressive sounding journals, supported by the allegation of intense “peer review”,
propose lofty research models. Psychic profilers peek through the dimensional constraints of the
paranormal. And yet, our ability to increase the solvability in the real world appears less than successful.
As crime rates start to trend upwardly, on a slow trek of escalation, we remain ever puzzling over the
reasons. Crime causation and crime solving lurk in the mysteries of human nature.
Sometimes, researchers will assert the decline in homicide clearance rates is due to “social stressors”.
That sounds awfully a lot like a sociological perspective in which we blame society instead of the killer.
One of those oft cited indicators is said to be the increase in “stranger to stranger” murders, as opposed to
“acquaintance murders”. In other words, we nationally solve today fewer murders because more strangers
are killing more strangers. Yet, there are some suggestions that it’s not so much the typology of the case as
it is the ability of the investigators. For instance, some offer the necessity of skillful tenacity in the pursuit
of evidence as crucial to case solution. Likewise, it’s been pointed out that imagination, thinking skills,
competence and following the evidence relate critically to solvability.111
Data seems to suggest other factors as well. In spite of innovations in forensic processes, movie
depictions of Hannibal Lecters, and “mind hunter” techniques, procedures remain incumbent upon the
abilities of the investigator. Degree and extent of caseload, police-community interactivity, skill levels,
training and education, technical experience and crime scene technology are sometimes cited as mitigating
variables. These are connective progressions encompassing the necessity of a well-managed investigative
system. To this, one must give plenty of consideration to budget constraints. Resources make the difference
between success and failure. Put aside the personnel and technical issues for a moment. Budget cuts don’t
help the crime solving business. Neither do manpower shortages. And, as caseloads get loaded, time
limitations curtail effective utilization of capabilities. Crime analysis suffers from neglect.
111
http://www.policeforum.org/upload/Homicide%20Clearance%20Rates%20%20Model_576683258_1229200516132.pdf; Police
Executive Forum, “An Examination of Homicide Clearance Rates”, by Richardson and Kosa;
Meanwhile, as case solutions look for answers, resources appear strained, overworked and depreciating.
This is particularly relevant to the number of investigators available to handle case assignments. For many
jurisdictions there aren’t enough qualified candidates to fill law enforcement recruitment objectives. Fewer
officers mean higher case loads and less time spent in protracted investigations. In recent years, recruiting
to the ranks of policing has been challenging. Some agencies have lowered standards, reduced entrance
requirements and accepted less than exemplary candidates. Law enforcement agencies are met with
numerous community demands, as well as political inference with operational objectives.
Clearing cases, solving crimes and protecting the public remain a monumental mission. Proficient
investigators come and go with the passage of time. New recruits are becoming a scarce commodity.
Regardless of the technical and tactical demands, agencies labor to find the right personnel. To get the job
done, critical thinking skills are essential to the crime solving equation and people who can apply the
tactics, tools and techniques of effective investigatory practices thinking outside the limits of conventional
formats, normalcy and deviance; delving into the bizarre neural networks of human proclivity and
libidinous influences; pursuing the logic and common sense of in the mysterious realms of human behavior.
Especially, when things seem illogical and beyond reason, all peculiarities make sense to the individual.
Everything is possible in the imagination of humankind. So, we have to declare an ability to understand,
comprehend and appreciate the dark side of human behavior. In particular, that sphere of sensuality that
reflects our criminal nature because people can always find seductions in criminality.
But, where does our sense of the aberrant potential of criminal behavior come from? Does it come from
Hollywood, the mainstream media, academia or entrenched bureaucrats in government research offices,
from practitioners or theorists? In colleges and universities across the country, many want to be “forensic
profilers” or, crime scene investigators, chasing the fantasy of fictional CSI counterparts. In reality though,
very few desire the calling of public service to be real cops working the streets of towns, cities and counties
throughout the country. If you ask a class of criminology majors how many plan a law enforcement career
you’d most likely get a dismal answer of disappointing possibilities. Very few will respond positively to the
notion of joining the ranks of the practitioners doing the hard work of the front lines, working in the critical
trenches of human interactivity in communities, jails and prisons. Most plan other avenues into or around
the criminal justice systems. Many want to be the theoreticians without getting their hands dirty. Only a
limited number seek the relevance of real-world experiences. In the long run, who will do the job others
prefer not to do? Where will we find the serious “crime fighters” of the future, those who can separate fact
from fiction, reality from theory and relevance from conjecture?
Competency in clearing cases runs into the practical capacity of knowledge, experience and skill set.
These develop over time in a sequence of learning encounters dealing with people. It dwells in the global
arena of human interactions. Logic begets the fruition of reason. Reason finds temperament in the skill of
creativity and innovation. To that, intuition lingers in the mental hallways of proactive sensitivity, without
fixation of static formulas, checklists and stereotypic templates. Criminal behavior assessment necessitates
in-depth understanding of the sexuality of human nature across wide-ranging psychic realms.
Comprehending human activities, from theft to murder, cannibalism to necrophilia, suggests particular
attention to the natural reach of individuality. We’re still too far off from well-differentiated conclusions.
The query of relevant materiality, within the scope of a crime scene, obliges the relevance of assessing all
evidentiary considerations. A broader spectrum, in the span and range of crime analysis, cannot avoid the
multidimensional eroticism encompassed in behavioral actions. Neither can the process suffer limitations in
competent regard to supportive operational assets. The totality of the circumstances requires high order
thinking as to attendant elements involved. To this end, we must learn how to solve more cases. And,
thereby enhance the national average clearance rates.
Some studies conclude a variety of reasons for low clearance rates in the murder category. Decreasing
numbers in the homicide rates are said to be due to increased “stranger to stranger” murders. At the same
time, the quintessential question we keep asking is why? The who done it has always been a why done it.
However, maybe that’s the wrong question. And, perhaps we’ve come full circle in our criminal behavioral
assessments back to the beginning in trying to determine which questions to ask. Perhaps more precisely,
we should look at “what” and “how” as to the nature of crime causation a return to the historic nature of
crime analysis, M.O. assessment and crime scene investigation. This could be a trilogy of enterprising
analytical processes, from hypothesis to conclusion. To ask the “why” question, we provoke an endless
stream of regressive redundancies. Any reason or purpose can be perpetrated in the response. That is, the
trail tends to lead us in many directions. It allows, for instance, a criminal suspect or inmate to guide us off
course. Why’s can go on ad infinitum. Potentially steers our queries in non-productive directions. Whereas,
the “what” and the “how” gauge a measure of selectivity toward a more innovative revelation. What kind
of murderous event took place pulls the senses toward the crime scene. Focuses on the evidence linkages
and drives hypotheses toward the “how”. So, maybe the investigative continuum of who, what, where,
when, why and how, should be altered. Customized to what, how, who where, when, why?
Since criminal nature is human nature, the answer rests upon critical thinking skills. To which, the use
of technical and tactical capabilities form a unity of procedural operations. In order to do such things, we
should be investing in the resource assets to ensure investigative success. But, in a political context,
external to the criminological imperatives, do we really invest in our law enforcement infrastructure?
That’s manpower as well as materials. Seemingly, in post-modern American society we have mixed views
about how to deal with criminological sanctions especially when it comes to funding. Our priorities of
ensuring a safe and secure society would likely have mixed reviews.
Our conception of a “murder matrix” takes on a variety of viewpoints, postulations and public policy
issues. If the simple answer to case clearances is funding, then why aren’t political systems funding
policing at exceptional levels? Again, the politics of priorities enters the picture. As such, proper financing
is important to criminal investigations particularly in regard to murders. In addition, working the crime
scene environment is also essential. Victim-offender relationships, evidentiary characteristics and time-
commission-reported sequence remain likewise critical to the investigation. To this matrix of thinking, we
should add the type of crime committed and the availability of witnesses.
Information flow is significant. We can’t overlook or glaze over the quadrangle of information,
identification, interrogation and instrumentation. One links to the other in a cause-effect continuum of
people, places and properties. Along the way, guesswork might be suitable to foster workable conclusions
as the chain of events. But, not conjecture based on faulty assumptions or nebulous notions. Instead,
reasoned, logical and rational ideations are essential the more information the better the assessment
capabilities or, at least some semblance of getting to a determination of associated probabilities. Nothing is
ever foolproof when it comes to human behavior. Only the fools prove the folly of their foolishness by
thinking they have all the answers. They are cloaking themselves in the ivory towers of academia; absent
the real world encounter of experience, skill and practical connections. Investigative processes pertain to a
union of realty based linkages. Correlating relationships built on real know-how.
Gathering the facts relies upon the capabilities of the first officers on the scene. They remain critical to
any investigative process. Initial impressions infused upon the framework of the “5WH” assemble the
pieces of incident materiality. This in turn, is supported by investigative follow-up in pursuit of evidentiary
configurations. Forensic processes labor to support such efforts. We might consider in the process the basic
question as “what” was the sequence of interactions. The exchange between the victim, the offender and
the attendant witnesses involved. Although tenuous at times and places, the human viewer may have a
different perspective. Yet, it’s information to be assessed, evaluated and analyzed. An “eye” witness could
be a security camera, ATM photographic system, GPS tracking, internet or other electronic transaction.
Information could be discovered by an inmate, informant or someone in association with the perpetrator.
Multi-dimensional possibilities exist in the solution to puzzle of the criminal event.112
Overall though, human sexuality remains at the heart of human behavior and the core basis of individual
being. One cannot escape the strands of libidinous energy that flow through the neural networks. It is a
nature that transcends time, place and circumstance; the basis of which connects to the motives behind the
criminal events and defines each aspect of personal life. Although at times, we may not know it, or even
want to show it. As an integral part of the personality, everyone asserts the basic needs of their own
sensuality. Some form or fashion clothes the salacious inclinations of prurient pursuits. Such lascivious
fabric of temperament pervades the totality of the senses; breathes the creative air of fantasy. That fuels the
fiction yet to become the reality of the stories we tell, act out and live by. The sensual elements influence
the layers of thought culminating in action and a potent force of erotic cerebral manufacture searching for
outlets. Sexuality is the lens by which we design the systematic components of being male or female or,
maybe both at once. Through the looking glass of life, our carnal nature peers out and views the world. As
such, we respond accordingly, depending on how we’ve defined our personal identity. From biological
makeup to spiritual ideology, human sexuality transcends social, economic and educational boundary lines.
And, while the existence of this disposition influences decision-making, the configuration varies from one
to another. Some choose to be more expressive, while others remain more oppressive.
112
http://www.policeforum.org/upload/Homicide%20Clearance%20Rates%20%20Model_576683258_1229200516132.
pdf; Police Executive Forum, “An Examination of Homicide Clearance Rates”, by Richardson and Kosa;
In the scheme of the murder matrix, sexuality expresses the nature of the perpetrator. In unique and
varied manners, people espouse their amatory identity in clever fashions. Some persons may steal property
from others. This could be acts of insider trading, stock market manipulation or organizational
embezzlement. Others might lie to a grand jury, plant evidence or fake illnesses for insurance fraud. Still,
there are those who commit armed robberies, shoplift and promote dogfights. On the “crimes against
persons” side of humankind’s social balance sheet, a few people kill others. They rape, maim and carry
sadistic manifestations either in single purpose or multiple inflictions. But, bottom line, we’re all in it for
the seduction of the process, the erotic lure of probing the sensory realm from “mind” to materiality. On a
higher level, this is a kind of human flirtation with life over death; our confrontation with our mortality.
Not unlike fingerprints, DNA or bite mark impressions. Humans think, speak and act in special, yet
subtle, forms of behavioral exhibitions. Just as some are very willing to assert outwardly their sexual
ideation, others fear to do such things. Not everyone desires to pursue the totality of their sensual psychic
freedoms. For many, fantasies stay hidden in the dark recesses of the mental matrix, fomenting over time, a
range of frustrations, culminating in private dysfunctions. To which, we mentally agree to, in order to
cover, conceal and cloak our true identity. Human biological organisms, by virtue of individual neural
networks, strive to achieve some understanding of inner sexual drives. And, while certain impulses,
instinctual urges or temperament tendencies can be personally persuasive. They are by no means absolute,
directive and without recourse. That is, people still have logic, reason and rationality. They can make
individual choices, alter thinking, and restructure cerebral patterns. Select among alternatives and choose
between right and wrong. We are not controlled by our instincts; or by our heredity. People are capable of
self-control through reason in accepting personal responsibility. However, some of us choose not to follow
that pathway through life. Instead, murderers deal with their sexual issues by killing others. In the process
they subvert the human aspect of “rational responsible morality”.113
Psycho-sexual differentiation develops over periods, phases and intervals of growth. Yearnings,
cravings and desires cohabitate in bringing fiction to the forefront of reality. Since all persons are sexual
beings, we experience similar types of concupiscent awareness. Through varied personal journeys, people
travel in different directions to find the scope and extent of their erotic personality. These aspects are
influenced by social constraints, public interactions, and interpersonal communication exchanges. Such
exposures and experimentations define and redefine internal mental mechanisms. And, to this mix of our
ideation, we encounter a variety of relationships reflecting upon our bodily awareness issues. In such, we
face good feelings and bad ones. Each of us deals differently with the onslaught of each subsequent
encounter. We’re in a humanistic feedback loop by which we seldom live in a complete void, devoid of
other persons. To which we can also add socio-economic interactions and learning occurrences. All
flavored by linkages of connectivity, responsibility and accountability. At the same time, self-image, self-
awareness and selfishness collude to influence subsequent decision-making processes.
113
Morrison, E. S., Borosage, V., Human Sexuality – Contemporary Perspectives – Second Edition, (Palo Alto, CA:
Mayfield Publishing Co., 1977), pages 66-67;
Murder gets our attention. Everyone is fascinated by it, particularly if the sexual implications are quite
obvious. In other words, if the criminal is “screaming” this is a sex crime, we might label it as such.
Otherwise, if sexuality is not readily apparent, and, the criminal has been more sophisticated in the
commission, we might move on to some other explanation or official categorization. Yet, the salacious
inclinations of the libido are consistently present. We can’t escape the essential nature of our inherent
prurient dispositions. Erotic influences persist in every human endeavor regardless of whether we’re asleep
or awake. However, in acquiescing to theoretical constructs, our attention gets easily diverted.
We scale down to a small population group those we deem sexual predators. And, exclude those not
fitting a certain “profile”. In the end though, how do we know for certain? Instead of a total rubric, or
matrix of probabilities, we compartmentalize our thinking. Sex crimes have become a special category; a
separate division of criminality. A conception of a multi-murderer mystery matrix contends a spectrum of
sensualistic makeup. Individuals are creatures of natural libidinous desires. The charm and appeal of a
chosen action against another reflects such tendencies. Discovering how that interfaces with criminal act is
part of the complexity. Killers, like the rest of us, have reason why they do things. The thrill of the event
transcends the inferential implications of the sexuality within the person however, most of the time our
efforts look in other directions. Conflict between the “reel and the real” confounds the investigative
variables. Our templates try to fit round pegs in square holes. Critical logical and deductive processes in
thinking fade to fiction. Instead, we seek to typecast our criminals. In most instances, the sexuality of a
crime is ignored in favor of more restrictive definitions.
That is, unless of course, we discover blatant sexual symbolism at the crime scene. Other times, we
almost need the criminal to tell us it’s a “sex crime”. We seem afraid to suggest the influence of our
naturalistic persuasions. These relate to the natural innate drives of the murderer or other perpetrator. All
too often, we confound the murder matrix with myriad excuses, mitigations or other exoneration. As a
result, the killing fields of our ideation get confusing as opposed to the reality of our uniquely probable
complicity. For most us, we block out the inclination to do harm to others. Find outlets for our carnal
proclivities. Most will commit minor offenses, hoping to avoid discovery. But, we still think about what we
can get away with from murder to theft, and everything in between. We’re an aggressive and violent
species. That plots and schemes the myriad mysteries of the multi-faceted realm in the murder matrix.
Such exists because we want what we want when we want it. Our personal prurience knows no
limitations. Carnality finds the fiction of our own fruition formatting the framework of personalized
fantasy. So, how do the rest of us solve the criminal puzzle? Avoid committing some heinous act? Or,
otherwise move human chess pieces across the mysterious behavioral checkered pathways? Our
frustrations come out in other venues. Our hostile justifications come out in the play of other games, some
more dangerous than others. Most of us do things least likely to call attention to us. Others may not be so
secretive. Their exhibitions might be more bold, daring and risk taking. A few get caught for their brazen
actions. Since humans are not perfect. They make mistakes. This is a good thing for the cops. Criminals
don’t intend to get caught if they can avoid it.
Chapter 19: Psycho-Sleuthing into the Criminality of Human Sexual Behavior
The human mystery matrix eludes the best intentions of psycho-sleuthing. None the less, we still strive
to develop better forms of guesswork in exploring the nature of criminality. In the reality of criminal
behavior, human beings are capable of anything and everything. We’re limited by the imagination that
conjures limitless fantasies. Yet, we still respond to a basic “gain versus risk” mindset. Avoidance of
discovery, revelation and capture are often scary. That’s part of what we humans are about: secrecy in the
fulfillment of hidden passions. The exposure of sexual inclinations may prove the inadequacy of who we
really are. And, no one wants to be seen as inadequate at any level of psycho-physiology.
Ascending the psycho-sexual stairway, we’ll behave in unique ways. Cover and concealment edge close
to the deceptions we create. Erotic and salacious, people traverse the range of sensual normalcy. And, they
cross over into regions of deviance and abnormality. Sexual self-control in one’s personal identity stretches
across a vast human spectrum. For some, that can mean a puritanical existence based on preconceived
notions. Extreme beliefs often suggest extreme reactions to those who are different. Or, who don’t believe
the same way you do. By contrast, others may take a much more permissive view. They challenge
conventional sanctions of morality. Regardless, we respond differently to constraints, oppressions and
regulations. Personal, family, social and institutional regulations pervade sensory adaptations. As a result,
we’ll choose among the alternatives that mesh with individual proclivities.
For those so inclined, a more deviant selection might satisfy certain libidinous inclinations. Some
people choose to cross the social demarcation of civility through violence. Power, control and domination
surface as reflections of sexual manifestation. In due course of social interaction, we’ll retaliate in the most
bizarre ways. By exhibition of aggression, their sexuality transforms and becomes a weapon of singular or
mass destruction. The result could be a murder bomber. Or, some other type of multi-murderer. In so doing,
they will commit killings of all types, descriptions and atrocious inflictions. It all remains closely aligned
with our sensual nature of perceiving and believing and subsequently, taking action to carry out the
ideation. Criminals come in all sizes and shapes. To make them fit a specific set of criteria is a deception.
Such notions hit close to racial, ethnic and otherwise stereotypic characterizations. Because people are
different, criminals are just like everyone else. They’re diverse in ideologies, education, and socio-
economic levels. Whether they act criminally in the name of an alleged cause or, plagiarize a colleague’s
research, rob a bank, embezzle or cheat on taxes. Criminals are basically pursuing their inherent calculation
of their personal hedonistic tendencies. Their sexual energy is being displaced to something else a kind of
sacrificial sexuality in evidence of their eroticized dysfunctions. Perpetrations are being expressed in anti-
social ways. Carnal instincts surge to the surface and dealt with either positively or negatively. Yet, from a
social policy standpoint, we seem to avoid the correlation. Instead, within the rubric of the multi-murderer
matrix, we sometimes assert a selection of generic characteristics. Of which, they become general
descriptors for certain acts of social deviance. Once again, deterministic external cause-effect templates that
compartmentalize human beings represent flawed scientific endeavors.
Trying to exact a behavioral assessment or criminal profile strains the illusion of solvability and makes
it difficult to distinguish fact from fiction. Post-modern society is rife with marketing schemes deluding the
conception of real versus the surreal. Caution is always warranted in making any behavioral evaluations too
rigid, fixed and inflexible. Open minded analysis is essential when dealing with people. Criminal behavior
must be assessed within context of factual evidentiary measures. One should never assert the absolute
infallibility of any sketch, profile or appraisal of human behavior. At face value, all such information is
essentially guess work. Effective speculations should be based on practical experience, careful judgment
and education. A real world orientation assists in the development of a knowledgeable foundation and,
guesses are okay so long as they remain within the rubric of possible fallacy. To which, careful
consideration is given flexibility for alterations, changes and other options, trying to get people to fit a
certain set of characteristics remains risky. For instance, in many cases, the so called “sexual offender
profile” fails to meet the Frye test for legal admissibility. The credibility of “expert opinion” as to “suspect
sketches” could be misleading to investigative processes. By the mere fact that certain characteristics may
be too broad in scope, an investigation might focus on the wrong person or persons.114
With regard to multi-murderers, one specific set of parameters cannot fit all cases. That’s why cases
should be treated as possessing distinctive characteristics as opposed to adhering to a particular template.
Their gender, racial and ethnic heritage goes beyond Caucasian males of European ancestry. And, they
could be teens, middle-aged businessmen, as well as senior citizens. As reflected by the various
personalities killers exhibited through the centuries. Often referred to as “white males”, their sexuality has
become their obsession instead of finding ways to cope with their evolving eroticism. They pervert the
necessity of productive fruition of which, male or female killers span the social spectrum. All live within
the structure of their own psychic scheme of thinking. Some get caught and some get away with their
crimes. Criminal inclinations run the communal spectrum from the personal to the material.
In using the example of multi-murderers, the bio-sketch typically suggests certain typological
characteristics. The bases for such assertions stem from somewhat limited interviews of selected killers. A
small population group of incarcerated individuals. On the surface, they might be telling us what we want
to hear. This in turn, skews our investigative data. Subsequent analysis becomes, over time, tainted with
deception. Once we accept a mainstream configuration, we’re susceptible to bias and preconceived
postulations. A slanted viewpoint creates a shaped silhouette of possible fallacies. And, the speculation on
associated statistical data serves to fuel a certain template. Aspects of which may or may not be applicable
to any given crime scene. Since no two criminal incidents are exactly the same, the complexity is
compounded. This is due to the depth of ideation within the particular person. Although there may be
commonalities, each crime is unique to the perpetrator. He or she sees the desires that are special to his or
her actions. Yet, overall, the public mindset has come to embrace a particular synopsis. One that is
pervasive on the landscape of “edutainment” from television dramas.
114
Flanagan v. State, Florida 1993, In re: Expert Scientific Testimony for Admissibility, etc…, Florida Supreme Court;
According to a single schematic, multi-murderers are white males with heterosexual tendencies. Then
again, they might not be. Women kill with deadly effectiveness as their male counterparts. So, race, gender
and ethnicity can vary. Trying to specialize an offender profile is tenuous on many levels. Some would
suggest that doing so might border on the fringes of racism. Such things Depend how one measures
associated incidents throughout different sections of the country or the planet. Local settings vary along
with community demographics and local settings of interpersonal connectivity. Not to mention a number of
other intra-personal factors, characteristics and variables. In addition, “serial killers” are often suggested to
include those who have sexual dysfunctions. In fact, every person experiences some range of confusing
ideas about their sexuality. As humans, we find ways to hide our sensual inclinations and conceal feelings
about sexual identity. Criminal behavior, none the less, continues to express the seductive elements of
libidinous sensual desires. To which, we can suggest it remains multifaceted parts of human carnality.
Furthermore, murderers are providing an expression of their fantasy life. As to motive, we may not
recognize all the associated proclivities. The vast reaches of psychic phenomena delve deep into the
bottomless pit of human intentions. Based on their sexual inclinations in the execution of criminal
motivations, perpetrators bring reality to their ideations. Figuring all this out from a crime scene is a
significant challenge. Aside from that, conventional thinking offers the notion that criminals experience
low self-esteem. Therefore, we can somehow easily type cast them. As such, “Hannibal Lecter” becomes
the classic template. In the rubric of the “serialized killer”, the scope of their imagination leads to an urge to
murder. They “can’t help it”. The “lust murderer” has something crystallize inside. Takes over and they’re
led to kill someone. Because their “low self-esteem” set the stage, killing is a means to deal with the
fantasy. Today, the template suggests multi-murderers are heterosexual white men who act out their poor
self-image by murdering others. Early childhood traumas supposedly contribute to their criminality.
At the same time, mainstream research offers that multi-murderers are dysfunctional with regard to their
sexuality. Well, couldn’t that be said of most humans? For that matter, who isn’t somewhat sexually
dysfunctional at one time or another? And, on top of that, aren’t most crimes committed by people between
the ages of twenty and say thirty-five any way? Then, later on, when older, those who’ve chosen
criminality commit fewer crimes. Plus, we’ve heard suggested that these so called “serial killers” are
expressing an exaggerated fantasy. Isn’t that an oxymoron? A fantasy by its very nature is an exaggeration.
Flights of thinking: it’s a vision, a castle in the sky; perhaps a psychic dungeon; a non-reality; the stuff of
imagination. But, everyone has fantasies. And, how do we measure that to begin with?
And yes, the connecting feature in all the data is the sexuality of personal activities. Libidinous urges to
fulfill the fantasy life by interactivity of mental and physical considerations. Premeditated methodical
habitual commissions of criminality are linked to the sensual nature of crime. To this end, we are curious
about our attraction to the dark side of human behavior. Criminal nature is an extension of human nature.
It’s elemental to the scope of being human. As such, humankind’s behavioral manifestations join with the
ideation of elaborate schemes associated with the power of imagination. And, while some killers murder,
maim or torture strangers. Others choose their victims closer to home.
Whether the motivation is individual or group orientation, the carnal forces share a commonality. Some
killers may even select a “cooling off” period in between their murderous explorations. A few might
consider the mass killings a better form of expression. The murder matrix of human complexity derives
solution from critical crime analysis based on logical assertion. Forensic assessment of physical evidence
pieces together, when probable, the connective links of suspect and victim. Absent the solidity of
evidentiary consistency, the killer might slip away. With regard to murder, there is no one size fits all.
Killers vary. Some kill close associates, while others kill people distant to them. All perform some kind of
ritual associated with the murder. In carrying out their sexualized fantasy, killers might pursue a particular
paraphilia. As with all human beings, anything is possible. Predictability is complex. So, some behaviors
might include cannibalism, necrophilia, fetishes of one sort or another, as well as collecting artifacts from
the victim. And, when the sexualized hunt is on, collecting the trophy of the kill is another possible
element. It’s the tangible representation of seduction in conquest. The limerant reaction in which ideation
meets adversity may invite these various responses. At a crime scene, we may have so called “signatures”.
Then again, we might not. In fact, we may very little evidence to go on. In spite of advances in forensic
sciences, alleged “expert testimonies”, and grimoires of psychic profiling, we’re still relying mostly on
critical thinking skills. Logical deduction supported by sound reasoning couples with physical evidence as
such, to the extent probable, to prove or disprove a cause-effect chain of events.
Psycho-sleuthing, or investigating psychological implications of criminal behavior, remains intricate. To
find the perpetrator requires exceptional multidimensional applications. As some criminals return to the
crime scene, or visit the cemetery, others do not. Variations in behavioral aspects are multifarious from one
person to another. Criminals, like the rest us, makes changes. Over time, they become savvy enough to fool
us. Some actually get away with murder. They move onto to find further outlets for sexual amplification for
their obsessions. Change tactics, alter behaviors or otherwise disguise their techniques. From a professional
posture, we get tricked by the criminals. Often we listen to their “psycho-babble” and believe them. Our
thinking patterns may fill in the blanks of wishful thinking hoping to ensure the reality of our hypothesis.
We want certain things to be true so we can prove our theories. Here’s an instance where denial and
deception work hand in hand. It’s the legerdemain of public service, fueled by sensualistic media coverage
and government funding for pet projects. There are occasions when we see what we want to see. Ignore the
facts or lack thereof. Instead, we invent them. In which case, the fiction becomes the fact.
Nationwide the Uniform Crime Reporting system (UCR) indicates an average annual clearance rate of
60% for murders. This means, 40% go unsolved. So, how many does that add up to each year? Since some
cases may remain open indefinitely. That is, annually the number of open homicides increases and
compounds the solution rate. From 1995 to 2006, a twelve year period, there were 252,838 murders
reported into the UCR system. What about the ones unreported or we don’t know about? Could some
murders be counted as accidental deaths or suicides? If 40% go unsolved, does that mean over 100,000
cases are still open? And, if so, does it follow that the murderers are still out there?115
115
http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/offenses_reported/violent_crime/murder.html
Impervious to the suggestibility of smoke screen deceptions, investigations must stick to the factual
patterns of the crime scene. Experience should suggest that people are capable of extraordinary distortions
by superficial thinking. To ensure effective investigative competence, we must assert the flexibility of our
individual belief system. Open to the possibilities of the prurient implications, rational considerations must
stick with the details. Yet, often denial acts as a buffer zone. And, at the same time, social policy labors to
deconstruct both the technical and tactical ability of our police forces. As crime trends edge upward, while
the population expands, the capabilities of law enforcement become constricted. One sinister influence
relates to national educational processes. Minimum standards for law enforcement education and training
have not kept pace with societal trends, dynamics and changes. On one end of the spectrum, we train
minimally for street crimes. At the other end, transglobal criminal elements become more sophistical.
Traffic in human beings, using the slavery of sexuality to enhance organizational gains. To cope with an
onslaught of bizarre and macabre aspects of behavior, we sometimes delude ourselves. Follow illusions of
expediency, and fail to plan for long range tactical implications. We miss the totality of the developing
circumstances. Fall prey to the pressures of the moment. Leap to hasty generalizations and faulty
conclusions. And, avoid the universe of probabilities. The surreal implications may be highly probable.
Unrealistic deceptions might distract from the reality of the actual relevance in the elementary factors.116
Psycho-sleuthing suggests the essential nexus of critical analysis in thinking, doing and being skilled at
investigative creativity. Its format rests upon an equation of resourceful competence, open mindedness and
forensic applications. The central focus is innovation, imagination and inventive actions, a process of
productive dynamics in being focused on the mission at hand using relevant tools and techniques. This is a
course of action that crisscrosses a mysterious realm of options. It is a matter of looking critically at a
problem and solving the human equation through skillful applied analysis. Alternatives in practice look for
opportunities to link the ongoing accumulation of data. Developing progressions in assessing information
means addressing issues with a sense of mathematical complexity. This encompasses the relevance of
information, identification and scientific instrumentation. Of which, careful crime analysis extends into the
sleuthing methods to bridge the abstract implications with the concrete indications. As such, criminal
behavioral assessment of a criminal act is more than the simplicity of a superficial template. It goes above
and beyond academic speculation from an abstract perspective. The practitioner works in the limitless
expanse of applied criminology. Utilizing skills, practices and experience gained in the real-world. Where
rules are guidelines are heavily influenced by exceptions, anomalies and aberrations. And, he or she, or the
team itself, are at the scene, in the lab, on the streets sleuthing for the collection of data. Asking questions
and getting answers then, testing the certainty of each theory against the evidence at hand. Not being
satisfied if the answers are “too good to be true”. For that matter, never taking anything at face value just
because someone said so. It’s about objectivity to the extent humanly possible as opposed to the bias of
social policy or hidden agenda in a political context.
116
Alexander, J.B., Groller, R., Morris, J., The Warrior’s Edge, (New York, NY: William Morrow and Company, Inc.,
1990), pages 23-24;
The key to deciphering the human criminal event is to appreciate the sexuality of the actions. After that,
the process focuses on crime scene analysis of evidentiary considerations, the linkage of which crisscrosses
the behavioral implications as influenced by logical probability. Again, hasty generalizations have to be
avoided. Amatory inclinations define subsequent ideations. Limerance precedes the limerant event. From
which, flows the acting out of contemporary conscious motivations. In particular, and more exhibitionistic
in nature, are the crimes against persons: sexual battery, robbery and homicide, as well as arson. In sexual
battery cases for instance, the criminal may become more diversified in perpetration as time passes. If not
quickly apprehended, the perpetrator may act out even more bizarre fantasies. And, inflict serious injury on
the victim. The sexuality is expressed in the control of the victim. Who may or may not be known to the
criminal. But, has for prurient motives become the obsession. In fulfillment of the salacious ideation, the
eroticism of the thinking also can become transfixed on animals. Conquering the objective becomes the
primary goal. Assuming ultimate control and staying in command. Stalking, voyeurism, and others forms
of trespass reinforce the potency of the criminal. Whether by internet or neighborhood network, the
criminal finds ways to express his or her sexuality.117
Sensuality possesses connectivity in the seduction of criminal behavior. More open attitudes about
sexuality invite the risk of more deviant behaviors. As personal decisions are made about individual sexual
identification, some will control their urges. They will exercise their deviance on smaller scales, in private
areas of their lives. A certain percentage of us, make our deliberations in more blatant manners. We might
search the natural world for a vulnerable target. Find a suitable opportunity to expel the concupiscence of
thought provoking propensities. Still, others, choosing to act contrary to social constraints, unleash their
inherent criminal nature in destructive ways.
Our culture is full of vigorous sexual imagery. We respond differently to the stimuli ever present in our
surrounding environment. But, once again, environmental influences are not precursors to criminality. That
aside, erotic imagery is constant. And, such forums come in very subtle ways. At times, the lusty
suggestions are overtly blatant. Regardless, such influences never excuse criminal behaviors. They remain
offerings by which we choose to make appropriate or inappropriate decisions about our behavior. Along the
same lines, we agree and even enjoy such carnal messages. They reflect mainstream media marketing in a
multitude of venues from news reporting and politics, to television dramas and everything in between.
Tempting in their appeal to our sensuality, we sense the attractiveness to our ideations about “adequacy,
capacity, importance and worth”. Being sensitive to our lascivious disposition, we can easily foment a
reactive state of ensuring some type of subsequent release. The outlet may or may not be socially
acceptable. Our consumption of sexual imagery provides reinforcement for fantasies we’ve already had in
place. Somewhere, inside the vast array of neural networking, we’ve been there. Know what we saw.
Found the motive, intent and thought about ways to expend the energy buildup.118
117
2004), pages 107-110;
118
Morrison, E. S., Borosage, V., Human Sexuality – Contemporary Perspectives – Second Edition, (Palo Alto, CA:
Mayfield Publishing Co., 1977), pages 472-472;
Liberation is essential. And, once relief is achieved then repetition in obsession becomes probable.
Psychic energy possesses the high ground of significant potential. To which, the force of motivation
confronts the necessity of discharge, relief and reinforcement. From the ideation, influenced by sexual
identity, fantasy guides the transformation from internal to external experience. Carnality liberates the
constraints of practical considerations in favor of acting out selected behaviors; pleasure over principle in
hedonistic expectations. In letting loose, people direct the feeding of their pleasures via other conduits of
transference. Some are more skilled than others in obtaining their goal orientation. As an intra-psychic
neural process, energy drives toward the culmination of expression. Articulation of gratification might offer
the representation of power, control and dominance. Biological urgings motivate the proclivity of choices
in the attainment of the objective. Conflict resolution, between unreality in confrontation with reality, finds
the means to channelize gain of pleasure over pain.119
In attempting to resolve motive, investigative efforts often address the so called “signature” of the
perpetrator. In trying to read a crime scene, we conjure formulas about behavior. And, efforts are directed
toward simplistic solutions in reaction to complex motivations. At best, this is a guessing game. Overall
though, pleasure in performance is the ultimate high for the perpetrator. The “sex” is in the commission of
the action. It allows for the bridging of controlled logic with instinctual abandon of primitive thinking,
fantasy subverting reality to appease the perceived need. Desires explore the possibility of fulfillment in
actuality. Of which, we should always consider the motives for one person are not necessarily the same as
another. Neural networks operate with unique distinction. While the brain functions at light speed, psychic
reactivity projects its independence. The illusion of “mind”, configured by the brain, offers the autonomy
of free actions. A chance to let go of social conventions restrained in the pretext of civility. All behavioral
exhibitions are the tip of the human iceberg from which, inherent complexities compound the mystery of
human thinking processes. From within, fantasies produce a “warring strategy”.
The sensual influences contend for wishful articulation. Murder, for instance, like all other criminal
events, are based on our sexual nature just diffused with personal affinities of one thing for another.
Prurient influences transcending human evolution. Since people engage in the hidden realms of fantasy, it’s
difficult to unveil the mask of their pretensions. To suggest from an investigative standpoint, that motives
reduce to basic stereotypic categories is arrogant, misguided and deceptive. But, then again, isn’t that what
we humans are all about anyway? And, such simplicities speak to the bias of speculative inquiries. From
which, we can easily jump to hasty conclusions generated from fallacies of inference. In some instances,
investigators have tried to put motives in a quadrangle. That is, to some, motivations to criminal behavior
grow from things like power, control, dominance, aggression and lust. All of those are conveyances of our
inherent sexuality, the ideation of lustful intentions. The psycho-sexual dynamics of the individual decide
the courses of action necessary on a personal level. We can’t know all the ramifications within the singular
person. In competitive hierarchies of socialization, many will acquiesce and explore alternatives to overt
behaviors. They will select productive outlets in work, in recreation and in multiple diversions.
119
Alexander, F. and Ross, H., The Impact of Freudian Psychiatry, (Chicago, IL: Phoenix Books, 1973), pages 60-61;
Some will choose differently based on how they deal with their sexuality. Personalities vary and so do
implications for unlawful actions. From experience, we know that criminals will avoid getting caught if at
all possible. Speculation to the contrary should be tossed in the recycle bin with other spurious notions
about criminality. Along with collectiveness thinking holding out superficial hopes of communal civility.
External influences regarding causality in deviant behavior likewise must be discarded. Murders, rapes and
robberies are perpetrated by selfish people acting out their internal ideologies. Fundamental misconceptions
about human motivations might adversely affect investigative abilities to identify the criminal suspect.
Overall criminals, like the rest of us, know exactly what they’re doing. When it comes to right and wrong,
everyone does. Too many assertions, based on wishful mitigations could mislead appropriate
interpretations. Psycho-sleuthing considers the dynamic aspects of the personality to create the cause and
effect result of thinking processes. From which, we find reality in the fictions we create.
Exposure of ideation discovers revelation in the tendency for experimentation. As such, we find that so
called “responsible people” commit crimes. People are fascinated by what they perceive are ways to bring
fantasy into authenticity. People are walking and breathing exhibitions of internal thought processes. The
psychic distance between ideation, fantasy and reality may cover “light years” of thoughts. Many stored
away for use on a rainy day for killing, breaking and entering or political pandering. As for a criminal
behavioral assessment, psycho-sleuthing begins with the forensic implication of crime analysis. The
evaluation of the criminal incident considers the method of operation, along with every possible detail. It is
a preoccupation with the “What” of the crime more so than the why of the commission. Crime analysis
requires logical deduction which rests within the framework of psycho-sleuthing and, is associated with the
assessment of the sexuality of human behavior transforming into criminal activity.
Pseudo-scientific attempts to “read” the alleged “signature” fall within the rubric of a fantasy itself.
“Mind-hunting” is a flirtation with surreal expectations. This falls into competition between tall tales,
fables and legendary story-telling. Such efforts, torn between fact and fiction, are supposedly designed to
ferret out the fantasy behind the crime. Instead, the complexity of human nature remains a mystique
cloaked in confusion. Yet, no process is foolproof. And, the suggestion is made here that psycho-sleuthing
is a more advanced form of logical deduction. That is relative to crime scene evidence, forensic
implications and practical processes of investigative effort. It’s not magic. However, many out there in
television land, the talk-show circuit and the real world of criminal behavior think otherwise. Most have
been influenced by the historic transition of philosophy to sociology and psychology.
Overall, we need to conclude that human behavior shares a duality: one of good and one of evil. People
enjoy trespassing in the regions of deviance from lesser to greater commissions of unconventional
behaviors. When choosing more aggressive actions, people transfer their prurient energies toward fantasy
fulfillment. This may be recreational pursuits or other less savory hunting endeavors. Killing is one of these
activities. And, although most people find productive outlets some risk their desires to inflict more heinous
depictions of their thinking on others. This is selfishness in egotistical expressions, channeling erotic
inclinations toward symbolic measures of power, dominance and control.
In the arrogance of our ignorance, we sometimes misguide the direction of criminality. Get lost down
some philosophical “rabbit hole” chasing shadows of multi-dimensional behaviors. Some will cling to
collectivist inclinations about human behavior. That is, one socio-economic-class oriented struggle after
another, deterministic viewpoints, precursors defining criminal events and attendant circumstances.
Overall, in criminology we have to confess there is no simple answer to the duality of human nature.
People possess the ability to do good things and bad things. A humanity that is both good and evil.
Duplicity in the complicity of defiance against the civilizing forces of society. One person’s aversion in
another’s perversion; everyone has a taste and temperament for criminal behavior. And, no matter how hard
socialistic thinking tries to find excuses, it’s a smoke screen. We suppress, conceal and cover with layers of
mitigation concealing the fact that all bear the proverbial “mark of Cain”. In short, choices are made.
People get injured, maimed and die. That’s what people do to each other.
In addition, all theories from the “social and behavioral” pseudo-sciences remain very much in need of
substantive proof. Even any aspects mentioned here in the course of this work. Including the current
suggestions of “psycho-sleuthing”, “criminal behavioral analysis” or “crypto-criminology”. Yet, there
lingers the persistence of an inner “psychic drive”, or “libidinous force”, influencing the decision making
processes. It doesn’t seem far from the reality that people pursue their prurient motivations. All of which
stems from one’s individual sexuality. This theme of a “psycho-biological sexualis” appears consistent in
terms of both normal and abnormal behaviors.
Overall though, we continue to speculate on criminological incidents. From an investigative standpoint,
we must conclude that “guessing” is what we do best in the “pseudo-sciences”. When it comes to the
human thought processes, much remains mysteriously hidden. Not all the questions have answers regarding
the interaction between nature and nurture. As such, behavioral theories, including attempts to profile
criminal nature, fail to meet the relevance of legal evidence. This attests to the insufficiency of such notions
as scientifically credible relative to forensic applications. As well as, subsequent cause and effect results of
criminal deviance regardless of the public’s imagination about criminals. Movie stereotypes only serve to
confuse the issues. And, this is particularly certain in typecasting of “serial killers”. Not to mention, there’s
only so much we can do with a crime scene, absent a readily available suspect.120
An interpretation of crime scene evidence may not necessarily lead to a conclusion about a criminal’s
personality. Instead, such official dogmas may adversely effect a criminal investigation thereby, distracting
the police investigators from tracking the real criminals. On the contrary though, techniques of crime scene
analysis, reconstruction, processing and forensic evidence, may assist in puzzle piecing. That is, pulling
together parts of the whole. Generating ideas about certain behavioral implications based on the proof of
physical evidence at hand. Plus, methods of operation, or modus operandi, from earlier historical periods
are still just as valid as anything else maybe now more than ever. A big problem however is the idea of the
myth of psychological “signatures”. It has become very ingrained in public misconceptions.
120
“The Personality Paradox in Offender Profiling”, by Alison, Bennell and Ormerod; Psychology, Public Policy and
Law, 2002, Vol. 8, No. 1, 115-135; http://www.liv.ac.uk/psychology/ccir/documents/pdfparadox.pdf;
So much myth and deception about criminal nature confuses the facts in post-modern society. Human
inclinations to the contrary, people have to fit a socially acceptable template. We seem too afraid to admit
the lascivious nature dwelling inside, darkness of the duality influencing both civil and non-civil behaviors.
Power, desire and dominance replicate the internal reflexive action of pleasure. Such is in the fantasies we
create. No doubt, everyone engages in a flirtation toward the dark side of human nature. Sexualized fantasy
permeates the ideation of human beings in general. And, to this end, most of the time, such thinking is
considered part of a healthy sexual experience. On the other hand, sometimes psychic struggles develop.
Ideas transforms into the trespass into criminality. So, at a crime scene for instance, to say that certain
modus operandi reflect “sexual fantasies” should be a given. Go figure that, if all activities are connect to
the conduit of sexuality. Then such manifestations at a crime scene should not be unexpected. Question is
how do we figure it all out? Make sense of our crime analysis? While some evidence is suggestive of more
extreme behavior every action stems from fantasy content.121
Research continues to suggest a causal link between sexuality and aggressive activities. Of which the
implications lean in the direction of an intuitive basis for human sexuality interwoven in human behaviors.
As such, the etiology of criminal behavior appears to have linkage with underlying sexual motivations.
Desire in the pleasure of one’s sexuality suggests an ongoing relationship between inner aspects of cause
and effect. Thus, the subsequent intentions to unleash the buildup of ideated energies. In some studies of
sexual fantasy, a number of schemes come to the mind of the beholder. These tend include such personal
prurient issues of power in the persistence of dominance and submission. In addition, desire, pleasure and
emotional romanticism come to the surface of thinking. Explicit activities to act out interpersonal
connections stem from the need to complete the fantasy. That is, bring the “role-play” into the real world.
And, thereby fulfill the authenticity of willful thought processes.122
Conventional assertions to the contrary, sociological explanations of criminal behavior do not offer
compelling solutions to criminal incidents. Psycho-sleuthing, instead, must look at individual self-initiated
proclivities reflecting the bio-nature of human sexuality. And, in the process, not forget the evidence trail.
Information development remains essential to assessing individual proclivities. And, the problem solving
process must replicate broad based analytical probability. Applications of strategies cannot simply focus on
the most heinous of serialized crimes. Tactics should apply to all criminal activities. Not just a few
sensational ones. Human motivations to criminality should be viewed in terms of the inherent carnality
from which it flows. To approach a criminal event from the standpoint of stereotypes, or the templates of
“anti-social” personalities, misguides the investigative process. People are different and therefore react
differently to their internal erotic formulations. Pragmatic rational courses of action have to consider a wide
range of possibilities. Human sexuality is the potent force interlocking with human practices. As a result,
people will do whatever is in their best interest. Whatever the imagination can conceive, the seeds of
deception are always there. Even among those people we least suspect.
121
Zurbriggen, E. L., “Power, Desire, and Pleasure in Sexual Fantasies”, Look Smart Articles, Journal of Sex Research,
August, 2004; http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_3_41/ai_n6232412;
122
Same as previously cited;

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Psycho-Sleuth: Criminal Behavior Assessment and the Human Sexual Dimension 1

Randolph A. Gonzalez – All Rights Reserved

Chapter 1: We think, therefore we commit crimes: Page 3

Chapter 3: The Human Sexual Dimension Page 19

Chapter 4: The Nature of Crime - Crime Control Strategies Page 27

Chapter 5: The Investigative Processes – Getting Back To Basics Page 35

Chapter 6: The Nature of Evil Page 43

Chapter 7: Sexuality and Criminal Proclivities Page 51

Chapter 8: Sex, Aggression and Violence Page 58

Chapter 9: Motives, Means and Methods: Page 67

Chapter 10: The Folly of Profiling – Challenges of Solving Crimes: Page 75

Chapter12: A Synopsis of Sexual Motivations and Inclinations: Page 91

Chapter 15: The Gothic Nature of Criminal Behavior: Page 115

Chapter 16: Crypto-Criminology – A Transformation of Conventional Criminology: Page 123

Chapter 18: Obsession in a Multi-Murderer Mystery Matrix: Page 139

Chapter 1: We think, therefore we commit crimes:

Chapter 2: Assessing the Criminal Mind – Why People Commit Crimes:

Physical evidence – circumstantial evidence – forensic applications

Chapter 3: The Human Sexual Dimension:

Possible Weaknesses in Contemporary Behavioral Analysis

Chapter 4: The Nature of Crime - Crime Control Strategies

Chapter 5: Investigative Processes – Getting Back to Basics

The Three-fold Purpose of an Investigation25

1. Initial response – Preliminary Investigation:

Chapter 6: The Nature of Evil:

Chapter 7: Sexuality and Criminal Proclivities:

Chapter 8: Sex, Aggression and Violence:

Conducting a “psychological autopsy”, or, “behavioral assessment”, on a particular person suggests we

Chapter 9: Motives, Means and Methods:

1. Presenting the victim as the “seductress” in the criminal’s particular scenario;

Chapter 10: The Folly of Profiling – Challenges of Solving Crimes:

Chapter 11: Crime Scene Interactive Assessment – Focus on Crime Analysis:

General Factors under Investigative Consideration:

Chapter 12: A Synopsis of Sexual Motivations and Inclinations:

Chapter 13: The Nature of Sexual Deviance and Connectivity to Criminality:

Chapter 14: The Seductive Nature of Crime and Criminality:

Chapter 15: The Gothic Nature of Criminal Behavior:

Chapter 16: Crypto-Criminology – A Transformation of Conventional Criminology:

Chapter 17: Psycho-Sleuth – Criminal Behavior Assessment and Cryptic Illusions:

Chapter 18: Obsession in a Multi-Murderer Mystery Matrix:

Chapter 19: Psycho-Sleuthing into the Criminality of Human Sexual Behavior

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