ART. 246 – PARRICIDE ART.

250 – PENALTY FOR FRUSTRATED PARRICIDE,

MURDER, OR HOMICIDE.
ELEMENTS:
Courts may impose a penalty two degrees lower for
1. That a person is killed. frustrated parricide, murder or homicide.
2. That the deceased is killed by the accused.
3. That the deceased is the father, mother, or child, Courts may impose a penalty three degrees lower for
whether legitimate or illegitimate, or a legitimate other attempted parricide, murder or homicide.
ascendant or other descendant, or the legitimate
spouse, of the accused. ART. 251 – DEATH CAUSED IN A TUMULTUOUS
AFFRAY.
ART. 247 – DEATH OR PHYSICAL INJURIES INFLICTED
UNDER EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES ELEMENTS:

ELEMENTS 1. That there be several persons.

1. That a legally married person or a parent surprises his
spouse or his daughter, the latter under 18 years of
age and living with him, in the act of committing sexual
intercourse with another person.
2. That he or she kills any or both of them, or inflicts upon
any or both of them any serious physical injury, in the
act or immediately thereafter.
3. That he has not promoted or facilitated the prostitution
of his wife or daughter, or that he or she has not
consented to the infidelity of others.
ART. 248 – MURDER
2. That they did not compose groups organized for the
common purpose of assaulting and attacking each
other reciprocally.
3. That these several persons quarreled and assaulted one
another in a confused and tumultuous manner.
4. That someone was killed in the course of the affray.
5. That it cannot be ascertained who actually killed the
deceased.
6. That the person or persons who inflicted serious
physical injuries or who used violence can be identified.
ART. 252 – PHYSICAL INJURIES INFLICTED IN A
TUMULTUOUS AFFRAY.

Unlawful killing of any person which is not parricide or ELEMENTS:

infanticide, provided that any of the following
circumstances is present: 1. That there is a tumultuous affray as referred to in Art.
251.
1. With treachery, taking advantage of superior strength, 2. That a participant or some participants thereof suffer
with the aid of armed men, or employs means to serious physical injuries or physical injuries of a less
weaken the defense, or of means or persons to insure serious nature only.
or afford impunity. 3. That the person responsible therefor cannot be
2. In consideration of a price, reward or promise. identified.
3. By means of inundation, fire, poison, shipwreck, 4. That all those who appear to have used violence upon
stranding of a vessel, derailment or assault upon a the person of the offended party are known.
railroad, fall of an airship, by means of motor vehicles,
or with the use of any other means involving great Injured must be a participant in the affray
waste and ruin.
4. On occasion of any calamities enumerated in the ART. 253 - GIVING ASSISTANCE TO SUICIDE
preceding paragraph, or of an earthquake, eruption of a
volcano, destructive cyclone, epidemic, or any other PUNISHABLE ACTS:
public calamity.
5. With evident premeditation. 1. By assisting another to commit suicide, whether the
6. With cruelty, by deliberately and inhumanly suicide is consummated or not.
augmenting the suffering of the victim, or outraging or 2. By lending his assistance to another to commit suicide
scoffing at his person or corpse. (As amended by R.A. to the extent of doing the killing himself.
no. 7659)
ART. 254 – DISCHARGE OF FIREARMS
ELEMENTS:
ELEMENTS:
1. That a person was killed.
2. That the accused killed him. 1. That the offender discharges a firearm against or at
3. That the killing was attended by any of the qualifying another person.
circumstances mentioned in Art. 248. 2. That the offender has no intention to kill that person.
4. That the killing is not parricide or infanticide.
ART. 255 – INFANTICIDE
ART. 249 – HOMICIDE Is the killing of any child less than three days of age,
whether the killer is the parent or grandparent, any other
ELEMENTS: relative of the child, or a stranger.

1. That a person was killed. ELEMENTS:

2. That the accused killed him without any justifying
circumstance. 1. That a child was killed.
3. That the accused had the intention to kill, which is 2. That the deceased child was less than three days (72
presumed. hours) of age.
4. That the killing was not attended by any of the 3. That the accused killed the said child.
qualifying circumstances of murder, or by that of
parricide or infanticide.
ART. 256 – INTENTIONAL ABORTION
Willful killing of the fetus in the uterus or the violent 1. By killing one’s adversary in a duel.
expulsion of the fetus from the maternal womb of the 2. By inflicting upon such adversary physical injuries.
mother. 3. By making a combat although no physical injuries have
been inflicted.
Ways of Committing Intentional Abortion
PERSONS LIABLE:
1. By using any violence upon the person of the pregnant
woman 1. The person who killed or inflicted physical injuries upon
2. By acting, without using violence and without the his adversary or both combatants in any other case, as
consent of the woman (by administering drugs or principals.
beverages upon such pregnant woman without her 2. The seconds, as accomplices.
consent)
3. By acting, with the consent of the pregnant woman (by ART. 261 – CHALLENGING TO A DUEL
administering drugs or beverages).
PUNISHABLE ACTS:
ELEMENTS:
1. By challenging another to a duel.
1. That there is a pregnant woman. 2. By inciting another to give or accept a challenge to a
2. That violence is exerted, or drugs or beverages duel.
administered, or that the accused otherwise acts upon 3. By scoffing or decrying another publicly for having
such pregnant woman. refused to accept a challenge to fight a duel
3. That as a result of the use of violence or drugs or
beverages upon her, or any other act of the accused, ART. 262 – MUTILATION
the foetus dies, either in the womb or after having The lopping or the clipping of some part of the body.
been expelled therefrom
4. That the abortion is intended TWO KINDS:

ART. 257 – UNINTENTIONAL ABORTION 1. By intentionally mutilating another by depriving him,

either totally or partially, of some essential organ for
ELEMENTS: reproduction.
2. By intentionally making other mutilation, that is, by
1. That there is a pregnant woman. lopping or clipping off any part of the body of the
2. That violence is used upon such pregnant woman offended party, other than the essential organ for
without intending an abortion. reproduction, to deprive him of that part of the body.
3. That the violence is intentionally exerted.
4. That as a result of the violence the foetus dies, either in ELEMENTS OF THE FIRST KIND:
the womb or after having been expelled therefrom.
1. That there be castration, that is, mutilation of organs
ART. 258 – ABORTION PRACTICED BY THE WOMAN necessary for generation, such as penis or ovarium.
HERSELF OR HER PARENTS
2. That the mutilation is caused purposely and
deliberately, that is, to deprive the offended party of
ELEMENTS:
some essential organ for reproduction.
1. That there is a pregnant woman who has suffered an
Offender must have the intention to deprive the
abortion.
offended party of a part of his body.
2. That the abortion is intended.
3. That the abortion is caused by- ART. 263 – SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES.
a) the pregnant woman herself
b) any other person , with her consent; or How Committed:
c) any of her parents, with her consent, for the 1. by wounding
purpose of concealing her dishonor 2. by beating
3. by assaulting
ART. 259 – ABORTION PRACTICED BY A PHYSICIAN 4. by administering injurious substance
OR MIDWIFE IN DISPENSING OF ABORTIVES.
SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES:
ELEMENTS:
1. That there is a pregnant woman who has suffered an 1. When the injured person becomes insane, imbecile,
abortion. impotent or blind in consequence of the physical
2. That the abortion is intended. injuries inflicted.
3. That the offender, who must be a physician or midwife, 2. When the njured person
causes, or assists in causing the abortion. a) loses the use of speech or the power to hear or to
4. That said physician or midwife takes advantage of his smell, or loses an eye, a hand, a foot, an arm, or
or her scientific knowledge or skill. a leg.
b) loses the use of any such member, or
As to Pharmacists, the elements are:
c) becomes incapacitated for the work in which he
1. That the offender is a pharmacist.
was therefore habitually engaged, in consequence
2. That there is no proper prescription from a physician. of the physical injuries inflicted.
3. That the offender dispenses any abortive. 3. When the person injured
a) becomes deformed, or
ART. 260 – RESPONSIBILITY OF PARTICIPANTS IN A b) loses any other member of his body, or
DUEL
c) loses the use thereof, or
It is a formal or regular combat previously concerted
d) becomes ill or incapacitated for the performance
between two parties in the presence of two or more seconds
of the work in which he was habitually engaged
of lawful age on each side, who make the selection of arms
for more than 90 days, in consequence of the
and fix all other conditions of the fight.
physical injuries inflicted.
4. When the injured person becomes ill or incapacitated
PUNISHABLE ACTS for labor for more than 30 days (but must not be more
 than 90 days), as a result of the physical injuries
inflicted.
There must not be intent to kill, otherwise the crime
would be homicide or murder as the case maybe.
ART. 264 – ADMINISTERING INJURIOUS SUBSTANCE
OR BEVERAGES.
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender inflicted upon another any serious
physical injury.
2. That it was done by knowingly administering to him
any injurious substances or beverages or by taking
advantage of his weakness of mind or credulity.
3. That he had no intent to kill.
of the circumstances mentioned above be
present
2. By any person who, under any of the circumstances
mentioned in paragraph 1 hereof, shall commit an act
of sexual assault by inserting his penis into another
person’s mouth or anal orifice of another person.
Under R.A. 8353, the crime of rape can now be
committed by a male or a female.
There is no crime of frustrated rape. The slightest
penetration or mere touching of the genitals consummates
the crime of rape.
ART. 266-B
QUALIFIED RAPE: punishable by death

ART. 265 – LESS SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES. 1. When the victim is under 18 years of age and the
offender is a parent, ascendant, step-parent, guardian,
ELEMENTS: relative by consanguinity or affinity within the third civil
degree, or the common law spouse of the parent of the
1. The offended party is incapacitated for labor for 10 victim.
days or more but not more than 30 days, or needs 2. When the victim is under the custody of the police or
attendance for the same period. military authorities or any law enforcement or penal
2. The physical injuries must not be those described in the institution.
preceding articles. 3. When the rape is committed in full view of the spouse,
parent, or any of the children or other relatives within
QUALIFIED LESS SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES: the third civil degree of consanguinity.
4. When the victim is a religious engaged in legitimate
1. A fine not exceeding P500, in addition to arresto religious vocation or calling and is personally known to
mayor, shall be imposed for less serious physical be such by the offender before or at the time of the
injuries when- commission of the crime.
a) there is manifest intent to insult or offend the 5. When the victim is a child below 7 years old.
injured person, or 6. When the offender knows that he is afflicted with
b) there are circumstances adding ignominy to the HIV/AIDS or any other sexually transmissible disease
offense. and the virus or disease is transmitted to the victim.
2. A higher penalty is imposed when the victim is either- 7. When committed by any member of the AFP or para-
a) The offender’s parents, ascendants, guardians, military units thereof of the PNP or any law
curators or teachers; or enforcement agency or penal institution, when the
b) Persons of rank or persons in authority, provided offender took advantage of his position to facilitate the
the crime is not direct assault. commission of the crime.
8. When by reason or on the occasion of the rape, the
victim has suffered permanent physical mutilation or
disability..
ART. 266. SLIGHT PHYSICAL INJURIES AND
9. When the offender knew the pregnancy of the offended
MALTREATMENT
party at the time of the commission of the crime.
KINDS: 10. When the offender knew the mental disability,
emotional disorder and/or physical disability of the
1. Physical injuries which incapacitated the offended party offended party at the time of the commission of the
from one to nine days, or required medical attendance crime.
during the same period
Death shall also be imposed when homicide is
2. Physical injuries which did not prevent the offended
committed (this is a special complex crime).
party from engaging in his habitual work or which did
not require medical attendance
266-C EFFECT OF PARDON
3. Ill-treatment of another by deed without causing any
injury
EFFECTS OF PARDON
1. The subsequent valid marriage between the offender
When there is no evidence of actual injury, it is only
and the offended party shall extinguish criminal liability
slight physical injuries.
(only as to the husband)
2. The subsequent forgiveness of the wife to the legal
ART. 266-A. THE ANTI-RAPE LAW
husband shall extinguish the criminal action or the
(RA 8353)
penalty.
Classification of Rape
1. Traditional Rape under Art. 335
ART. 266-D PRESUMPTIONS
2. Sexual Assault under R.A. 8353
EVIDENCE WHICH MAY BE ACCEPTED IN THE
How rape is committed:
PROSECUTION OF RAPE:
1. By a man who shall have carnal knowledge of a woman
1. Any physical overt act manifesting resistance against
under any of the following circumstances:
the act of rape in any degree from the offended party;
a) Through force, threat or intimidation
or
b) When the offended party is deprived of reason or
2. Where the offended party is so situated as to render
otherwise unconscious
him/her incapable of giving his consent
c) By means of fraudulent machinations or grave
abuse of authority ART. 267 – KIDNAPPING AND SERIOUS ILLEGAL
d) When the offended party is under twelve (12) DETENTION
years of age or is demented, even though none
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a private individual. 1. That a minor (whether over or under seven years of
2. That he kidnaps or detains another, or in any other age) is living in the home of his parents or guardian or
manner deprives the latter of his liberty. the person entrusted with his custody.
3. That the act of detention or kidnapping must be illegal. 2. That the offender induces said minor to abandon such
4. That in the commission of the offense, any of the home.
following circumstances is present:
a) That the kidnapping or detention lasts for more ART. 272 – SLAVERY
than 3 days.
b) That it is committed simulating public authority. ELEMENTS:
c) That any serious physical injuries are inflicted
upon the person kidnapped or detained or threats 1. That the offender purchases, sells, kidnaps or detains a
to kill him are made; or human being
d) That the person kidnapped or detained is a minor, 2. That the purpose of the offender is to enslave such
female, or a public officer(cited in People vs. human being
Mercado)
ART. 273 – EXPLOITATION OF CHILD LABOR
 Intention to deprive the victim of his liberty for purpose of
extorting ransom on the part of the accused is essential in ELEMENTS:
the crime of kidnapping
1. The offender retains a minor in his service
QUALIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES: DEATH PENALTY IS 2. That it is under pretext of reimbursing himself of a debt
IMPOSED incurred by an ascendant, guardian or person entrusted
1. Purpose is to extort ransom with the custody of such minor
2. If victim is killed, raped or tortured as a consequence
ART. 274 – SERVICES RENDERED UNDER COMPULSION
ART. 268 – SLIGHT ILLEGAL DETENTION IN PAYMENT

ELEMENTS: ELEMENTS:

1. That the offender is a private individual. 1. That the offender compels a debtor to work for him,
2. That he kidnaps or detains another, or in any manner either as household servant or farm laborer.
deprives him of his liberty. 2. That it is against the debtor’s will.
3. That the act of kidnapping or detention is illegal. 3. That the purpose is to require or enforce the payment
4. That the crime is committed without the attendance of of a debt.
the circumstances enumerated in Art. 267.
ART. 275 – ABANDONMENT OF PERSONS IN DANGER
LIABILITY MITIGATED WHEN: AND ABANDONMENT OF ONE’S OWN VICTIM
1. Offender voluntarily releases the person so kidnapped
or detained within three days from the commencement PUNISHABLE ACTS:
of the detention 1. By failing to render assistance to any person whom the
2. Without having attained the purpose intended, and offender finds in an uninhabited place wounded or in
3. Before the institution of criminal proceedings against danger of dying when he can render such assistance
him. without detriment to himself, unless such omission
shall constitute a more serious offense.
ART. 269 – UNLAWFUL ARREST
ELEMENTS:
ELEMENTS: a) The place is not inhabited
b) The accused found there a person wounded or in
1. That the offender arrests or detains another person danger of dying
2. That the purpose of the offender is to deliver him to the c) The accused can render assistance without
proper authorities detriment to himself
3. That the arrest or detention is not authorized by law d) The accused fails to render assistance

 No period of detention is fixed by law under Art. 269. 2. By failing to help or render assistance to another whom
the offender has accidentally wounded or injured.
ART. 270 – KIDNAPPING AND FAILURE TO RETURN A 3. By failing to deliver a child, under seven years of age
MINOR whom the offender has found abandoned, to the
authorities or to his family, or by failing to take him to
ELEMENTS: a safe place.

1. That the offender is entrusted with the custody of a ART. 276 – ABANDONING A MINOR
minor person ( over or under 7 but less than 21)
2. That he deliberately fails to restore the said minor to ELEMENTS:
his parents or guardian 1. That the offender has the custody of a child .
2. That the child is under seven years of age.
 When committed by either parent, penalty is only arresto 3. That he abandons such child.
mayor. 4. That he has no intent to kill the child when the latter is
abandoned.

Circumstances qualifying the offense

1. When the death of the minor resulted from such
abandonment; or
2. If the life of the minor was in danger because of the
abandonment
ART. 271 – INDUCING A MINOR TO ABANDON HIS
ART. 277 – ABANDONMENT OF MINOR ENTRUSTED
HOME
WITH HIS CUSTODY; INDIFFERENCE OF PARENTS
ELEMENTS:
PUNISHABLE ACTS:

1. By delivering a minor to a public institution or other
persons without the consent of the one who entrusted
such minor to the care of the offender or, in the
absence of that one, without the consent of the proper
authorities.
2. By neglecting his (offender’s children by not giving
them the education which their station in life requires
and financial condition permits.
ELEMENTS OF ABANDONMENT OF MINOR:
1. That the offender has charge of the rearing or
education of a minor
2. That he delivers said minor to a public institution or
other persons
3. That the one who entrusted such child to the offender
has not consented to such act, or if the one who
entrusted such child to the offender is absent, the
proper authorities have not consented to it
ELEMENTS OF INDIFFERENCE OF PARENTS:
1. That the offender is a parent
2. That he neglects his children by not giving them
education
3. That his station in life requires such education and his
financial condition permits it
4. Failure to give education must be due to deliberate
desire to evade such obligation
ART. 278 – EXPLOITATION OF MINORS.
PROHIBITED ACTS:
1. Causing any boy or girl under 16 to perform any
dangerous feat of balancing, physical strength, or
contortion, the offender being any person
2. Employing children under 16 who are not children or
descendants of the offender in exhibitions of acrobat,
gymnast, rope-walker, diver, or wild animal tamer, the
offender being an acrobat, etc., or circus manager or
engaged in a similar calling
3. Employing any descendant under 12 years of age in
dangerous exhibitions enumerated in the next
preceding paragraph, the offender being engaged in
any of said callings
4. Delivering a child under 16 gratuitously to any person
following any calling enumerated in paragraph two, or
to any habitual vagrant or beggar, the offender being
an ascendant, guardian, teacher, or person entrusted in
any capacity with the care of such child
5. Inducing any child under 16 to abandon the home of its
ascendants, guardians, curators or teachers to follow
any person engaged in any calling mentioned in
paragraph two, or to accompany any habitual vagrant
or beggar, the offender being any person
ART. 279 – ADDITIONAL PENALTIES FOR OTHER
OFFENSES
Imposition of the penalties prescribed in the preceding
articles shall not prevent the imposition upon the same
person of the penalty provided for any other felonies defined
and punished under the code
2. Cutting of a ribbon or string with which the door latch
of a closed room was fastened. The cutting of the
fastenings of the door was an act of violence.
3. Wounding by means of a bolo, the owner of the house
immediately after entrance
EXAMPLES OF TRESPASS BY MEANS OF
INTIMIDATION:
1. Firing a revolver in the air by persons attempting to
force their way into a house.
2. The flourishing of a bolo against inmates of the house
upon gaining an entrance
ART. 281 – OTHER FORMS OF TRESPASS
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender enters the closed premises or the
fenced estate of another.
2. That the entrance is made while either of them is
uninhabited.
3. That the prohibition to enter be manifest.
4. That the trespasser has not secured the permission of
the owner or the caretaker thereof.
ART. 282 – GRAVE THREATS
PUNISHABLE ACTS:
1. Threatening another with the infliction upon his person,
honor, or property or that of his family of any wrong
amounting to a crime and demanding money or
imposing any other condition even though not unlawful,
and the offender attains his purpose.
2. By making such threat without the offender attaining
his purpose.
3. By threatening another with the infliction upon his
person, honor or property or that of his family of any
wrong amounting to a crime, the threat not being
subject to a condition.
Qualifying Circumstance:
If threat was made in writing or through a middleman.
ELEMENTS OF GRAVE THREATS WHERE THE OFFENDER
ATTAINED HIS PURPOSE:
1. That the offender threatens another person with the
infliction upon the latter’s person, honor or property, or
upon that of the latter’s family, of any wrong.
2. That such wrong amounts to a crime.
3. That there is a demand for money or that any other
condition is imposed, even though not unlawful.
4. That the offender attains his purpose.
ELEMENTS OF GRAVE THREATS NOT SUBJECT TO A
CONDITION:
1. That the offender threatens another person with the
infliction upon the latter’s person, honor, or property,
or upon that of the latter’s family, of any wrong.
2. That such wrong amounts to a crime.
3. That the threat is not subject to a condition.
 In the crime of threats, it is essential that there be
intimidation.

ART. 283 – LIGHT THREATS

ART. 280 – QUALIFIED TRESPASS TO DWELLING
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a private person.
2. That he enters the dwelling of another.
3. That such entrance is against the latter’s will .
EXAMPLES OF TRESPASS BY MEANS OF VIOLENCE:
1. Pushing the door violently and
occupants after entering.
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender makes a threat to commit a wrong.
2. That the wrong does not constitute a crime.
3. That there is a demand for money or that other
condition is imposed even though not unlawful.
4. That the offender has attained his purpose or, that he
has not attained his purpose.
ART. 284 - BOND FOR GOOD BEHAVIOR
maltreating the
WHEN A PERSON IS REQUIRED TO GIVE BAIL BOND
1. When he threatens another under the circumstances currency of the Philippines, unless expressly requested
mentioned in Art. 282. by such laborer or employee
2. When he threatens another under the circumstances
mentioned in Art. 283. ELEMENTS OF NO. 2:

ART. 285 – OTHER LIGHT THREATS a) That the offender pays the wages due a laborer or
employee employed by him by means of tokens or
PROHIBITED ACTS: objects
1. Threatening another with a weapon, or by drawing such b) That those tokens or objects are other than the
weapon in a quarrel, unless it be in lawful self-defense. legal tender currency of the Philippines.
2. Orally threatening another, in the heat of anger, with c) That such employee or laborer does not expressly
some harm constituting a crime , without persisting in request that he be paid by means of tokens or
the idea involved in his threat objects.
3. Orally threatening to do another any harm not
constituting a felony. ART. 289 – FORMATION , MAINTENANCE, &
PROHIBITION OF COMBINATION OF CAPITAL OR
LABOR THROUGH VIOLENCE OR THREATS
ART. 286 – GRAVE COERCION
ELEMENTS:
TWO WAYS OF COMMITTING GRAVE COERCION:
1. By preventing another by means of violence, threats or 1. That the offender employs violence or threats, in such a
intimidation, from doing something not prohibited by degree as to compel or force the laborers or employers
law. in the free and legal exercise of their industry or work.
2. By compelling another, by means of violence, threats 2. That the purpose is to organize, maintain or prevent
or intimidation, to do something against his will, coalitions of capital or laborers or lockout of employers.
whether it be right or wrong.
 The act should not be a more serious offense
ELEMENTS:
1. That a person prevented another from doing something ART. 290 – DISCOVERING SECRETS THROUGH
not prohibited by law, or by compelling him to do SEIZURE OF CORRESPONDENCE
something against his will, be it right or wrong.
ELEMENTS:
2. That the prevention or compulsion be effected by
violence, either material force or such display of force
1. That the offender is a private individual or even a public
as would produce intimidation and control the will of
officer not in the exercise of his official function
the offended party.
2. That he seizes the papers or letters of another
3. That the person that restrained the will and liberty of
3. That the purpose is to discover the secrets of such
another had no authority.
other person
4. That the offender is informed of the contents of the
ART. 287 – LIGHT COERCION
papers or letters seized
ELEMENTS
ART. 291 – REVEALING SECRETS WITH ABUSE OF
1. That the offender must be a creditor.
OFFICE
2. That he seizes anything belonging to his debtor
3. That the seizure of the thing accomplished by means of ELEMENTS:
violence or a display of material force producing
intimidation 1. That the offender is a manager, employee or servant
4. That the purpose of the offender is to apply the same 2. That he learns the secrets of his principal or master in
to the payment of the debt. such capacity
3. That he reveals such secrets
Unjust vexation
Includes any human conduct which although not productive  Damage not necessary
of some physical or material harm would, however, unjustly
annoy or vex an innocent person. ART. 292 – REVELATION OF INDUSTRIAL SECRETS

ART. 288 – OTHER SIMILAR COERCIONS ELEMENTS:

(COMPULSORY PURCHASE OF MERCHANDISE &
PAYMENT OF WAGES BY MEANS OF TOKENS) 1. That the offender is a person in charge, employee or
workman of a manufacturing or industrial
PROHIBITED ACTS: establishment
1. Forcing or compelling, directly or indirectly, or 2. That the manufacturing/industrial establishment has a
knowingly permitting the forcing or compelling of the secret of the industry which the offender has learned
laborer or employee of the offender to purchase 3. That the offender reveals such secrets
merchandise or commodities of any kind from him 4. That prejudice is caused to the owner

ELEMENTS OF NO. 1: ART. 293 WHO ARE GUILTY OF ROBBERY

CLASSIFICATION OF ROBBERY
1. That the offender is any person , agent or officer
of any association or corporation. 1. Robbery with violence against, or intimidation of
2. That he or such firm or corporation has employed persons (294, 297, 298)
laborers or employees 2. Robbery by use of force upon things (299& 302)
3. That he forces or compels, directly or indirectly, or
knowingly permits to be forced or compelled, any
of his or its laborers or employees to purchase
merchandise or commodities of any kind from him
or from said firm or corporation.
2. Paying the wages due his laborer or employee by
means of tokens or objects other than the legal tender ELEMENTS OF ROBBERY IN GENERAL:
1. That there be personal property (bienes muebles)
belonging to another;
2. That there is unlawful taking (apoderamiento or
asportacion) of that property.
3. That the taking must be with intent to gain (animus
lucrandi)
4. That there is violence against or intimidation of any
person/ or force used upon things
ART. 294- ROBBERY WITH
VIOLENCE AGAINST OR INTIMIDATION
OF PERSONS
ACTS PUNISHED UNDER THIS ARTICLE:
1. When by reason or on occasion of the robbery, the
crime of homicide is committed; or when the robbery is
accompanied by rape or intentional mutilation or arson.
2. When by reason or on occasion of such robbery any of
the physical injuries resulting in insanity, imbecility,
impotency or blindness is inflicted (subdivision 1 of Art.
263).
3. When by reason or on occasion of robbery, any of the
physical injuries penalized in subdivision 2 of Art. 263
is inflicted.
4. If the violence or intimidation employed in the
commission of the robbery is carried to a degree clearly
unnecessary for the commission of the crime; or when
in the course of its execution, the offender shall have
inflicted upon any person physical injuries covered by
subdivisions 3 and 4 of Art. 263.
5. If the violence employed by the offender does not
cause any of the serious physical injuries defined in Art.
263, or if the offender employs intimidation only.
 These offenses are known as SPECIAL COMPLEX
CRIMES.
ART. 295-ROBBERY WITH
PHYSICAL INJURIES, COMMITTED IN
AN UNINHABITED PLACE BY A
BAND OR WITH THE USE OF FIREARM
ON A STREET, ROAD OR ALLEY
Qualified Robbery with Force Upon Things or Intimidation of
Persons:
Nos. 3,4,5 of Article 294: if committed
1) In an uninhabited place (despoblado) ; or
2) By a band (en cuadrilla); or
3) By attacking a moving train, street car, motor vehicle,
or airship; or
4) By entering the passengers’ compartments in a train,
or in any manner taking the passengers by surprise in
their respective conveyances; or
5) On a street, road, highway, or alley, and the
intimidation is made with use of firearms, the offender
shall be punished by the maximum period or the proper
penalties prescribed in Art. 294.
ART.296-DEFINITION OF A BAND
AND PENALTY INCURRED BY THE MEMBERS THEREOF
OUTLINE
1) When at least four armed malefactors take part in the
commission of a robbery, it is deemed committed by a
band.
2) When any of the arms used in the commission of
robbery is not licensed, the penalty upon all
malefactors shall be the maximum of the corresponding
penalty provided by law without prejudice to the
criminal liability for illegal possession of firearms.
3) Any member by a band who was present at the
commission of a robbery by the band, shall be punished
as principal of any assaults committed by the band,
unless it be shown that he attempted to prevent the
same.
REQUISITES FOR LIABILITY FOR THE ACTS OF OTHER
MEMBERS OF THE BAND:
1. He was a member of the band
2. He was present at the commission of a robbery by that
band
3. The other members of that band committed an assault
4. He did not attempt to prevent the assault
ART 297-ATTEMPTED AND
FRUSTRATED ROBBERY COMMITTED UNDER CERTAIN
CIRCUMSTANCES
SPECIAL COMPLEX CRIME: When robbery is attempted or
frustrated but homicide is attendant
 “Homicide” under this article is also used in its generic
sense, to include any other unlawful killing. However, if the
killing legally constituted murder or parricide, the offense
will continue to be covered by Art. 297 with the technical
name stated therein, but the penalty shall be for murder or
parricide because Art. 297 states, “unless the homicide
(killing) committed shall deserve a higher penalty under this
Code.”
If physical injuries were inflicted on the victim, but no
intent to kill was proved and the victim did not die,
the liability of the offender may be as follows:
1. If the physical injuries were by reason of the attempted
or frustrated robbery as the means for the commission
of the latter, the injuries are absorbed by the latter and
the crime shall only be attempted or frustrated
robbery.
2. If the physical injuries were inflicted only on the
occasion of the aborted robbery but not employed as a
means of committing the latter, these will be separate
crimes of attempted or frustrated robbery and physical
injuries.
3. If both killing and physical injuries were committed on
that occasion, the crime will be penalized in accordance
with Art. 297 but the physical injuries will be absorbed.
ART. 298-EXECUTION OF DEEDS
BY MEANS OF VIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION
ELEMENTS
1. That the offender has intent to defraud another.
2. That the offender compels him to sign, execute, or
deliver any public instrument or document
3. That the compulsion is by means of violence or
intimidation.
ART. 299-ROBBERY IN AN
INHABITED HOUSE/PUBLIC BUILDING
OR EDIFICE DEVOTED TO WORSHIP
ELEMENTS: (Subdivision A)
1. The offender entered (a) an inhabited house (b) a
public building or (c) an edifice devoted to religious
worship
2. The entrance was effected by any of the following
means:
a) Through an opening not intended for entrance or
egress;
b) By breaking any wall, roof, floor, door, or window;
c) By using false keys, picklocks or similar tools; or
d) By using any fictitious name or pretending the
exercise of public authority.
3. That once inside the building, the offender took
personal property belonging to another with intent to
gain
ELEMENTS: (Subdivision B)
1. Offender is inside a dwelling house, public building or ELEMENTS:
edifice devoted to religious worship, regardless of the
circumstances under which he entered. 1. There be at least four armed persons
2. The offender takes personal property belonging to 2. They formed a band of robbers
another with intent to gain under any of the following 3. The purpose is any of the following:
circumstances: a. To commit robbery in a highway; or
a. by the breaking of doors, wardrobes, chests, or b. To kidnap persons for the purpose of extortion or
any other kind of sealed furniture or receptacle to obtain ransom; or
b. by taking such furniture or objects away to be c. To attain by means of force or violence any other
broken open outside the place of the robbery purpose

ART. 300 – ROBBERY IN AN ART. 307 AIDING OR ABBETING A BAND OF

UNINHABITED PLACE AND BY A BAND BRIGANDS

 Under this article, robbery is committed in an uninhabited ELEMENTS:

place AND by a band, as distinguished from Qualified
Robbery with Violence or Intimidation of Persons (Art 295) 1. That there is a band of brigands
which is committed in an uninhabited place OR by a band. 2. That the offender knows the band to be of brigands
3. That the offender aids or abets:
301 – WHAT IS AN INHABITED HOUSE, PUBLIC a) by giving information about the movement of
BUILDING OR BUILDING DEDICATED TO RELIGIOUS police or other peace officers of the government
WORSHIP AND THEIR DEPENDENCIES b) acquires or receives property taken by such
brigands
Inhabited house – means any shelter, ship, or vessel c) in any manner derives any benefit therefrom
constituting the dwelling of one or more persons, even
d) directly/indirectly abets the commission of
though the inhabitants thereof shall temporarily be absent
highway robbery
therefrom when the robbery is committed.
ART. 308 – WHO ARE LIABLE FOR
Dependencies of an inhabited house, public building or
THEFT
building dedicated to religious worship – all interior
courts, corrals, warehouses, granaries or enclosed places
ELEMENTS:
contiguous to the building or edifice, having an interior
entrance connected therewith, and which form part of the
1. That there be taking of personal property
whole.
2. That said property belongs to another
ART. 302 – ROBBERY IN AN 3. That the taking be done with intent to gain
UNINHABITED PLACE OR IN A PRIVATE BUILDING 4. That the taking be done without the consent of the
owner
Same manner of commission as Article 299 5. That the taking be accomplished without the use of
 The only difference between Arts. 299 and 302 is that the violence against or intimidation of persons or force
use of fictitious name or simulation of public authority can upon things
be used only in Art. 299 which refers to inhabited buildings
and not in Art. 302 which involves uninhabited or other THE FOLLOWING ARE LIABLE FOR THEFT:
places.
1. Those who (a) with intent to gain, (b) without violence
 While Art. 302 provides for robbery in an “uninhabited or intimidation of persons nor force upon things, (c)
place,” it actually means an uninhabited house. take (d) personal property (e) of another (f) without
the latter’s consent
ART. 304 – POSSESSION OF 2. Those who (a) having found lost property, (b) fail to
PICKLOCKS OR SIMILAR TOOLS deliver the same to the local authorities or to its owner
3. Those who (a) after having maliciously damaged the
ELEMENTS: property of another, (b) remove or make use of the
fruits or objects of the damaged caused by them
1. That the offender has in his possession picklocks or 4. Those who (a) enter an enclosed estate or a field where
similar tools (b) trespass is forbidden or which belonged to another,
2. That such picklocks or similar tools are specially and without the consent of the owner, (c) hunt or fish
adopted to the commission of robbery upon the same or gather fruits, cereals or other forest
3. That the offender does not have lawful cause for such or farm products
possession
ART. 309 PENALTIES
ART. 305 FALSE KEYS
THE BASIS OF PENALTY IN THEFT IS:
INCLUSIONS: 1. The value of the thing stolen, and in some cases,
1. Tools not mentioned in the next preceding article 2. The value and the nature of the property taken, or
2. Genuine keys stolen from the owner 3. The circumstances or causes that impelled the culprit to
3. Any keys other than those intended by the owner for commit the crime.
use in the lock forcibly opened by the offender.

ART. 306 BRIGANDAGE ART. 310-QUALIFIED THEFT

 ART. 314- FRAUDULENT INSOLVENCY
There is qualified theft in the following instances:
ELEMENTS:
1. If theft is committed by a domestic servant 1. That the offender is a debtor
2. If committed with grave abuse of confidence 2. That he absconds with his property
3. If the property stolen consists of coconuts taken from 3. That there be prejudice to his creditors
the premises of plantation
4. If the property stolen consists of coconuts taken from  Unlike in the Insolvency Law, Art. 314 does not require
the premises of plantation. for its application that the criminal act should have been
5. If the property stolen is taken from a fishpond or committed after the institution of insolvency proceedings.
fishery
6. If property is taken on the occasion of fire, earthquake, ART. 315-SWINDLING/ESTAFA
typhoon, volcanic eruption, or any other calamity,
vehicular accident or civil disturbance ELEMENTS in general
1. That the accused defrauded another by abuse of
confidence, or by means of deceit
2. That the damage or prejudice capable of pecuniary
ANTI – FENCING LAW
estimation is caused to the offended party or third
(P.D. 1612)
persons

Section 2. Definition of Terms. ESTAFA WITH UNFAITHFULNESS OR ABUSE OF

Fencing – the act of any person who, w/ intent to gain for CONFIDENCE
himself or for another, shall buy, receive, possess, keep,
acquire, conceal, sell, or dispose of, or shall buy and sell, or
in any other manner deal any article, item, object or
anything of value which he knows, or should be known to 1.
him, to have been derived from the proceeds of the crime of
robbery or theft. 2.
3.
Section 5. Presumption of Fencing
Mere possession of any good, article, item, object, or
anything of value which has been the subject of robbery or
thievery shall be prima facie evidence of fencing.
ELEMENTS OF 315, NO. 1 (A):
That the offender has an onerous obligation to deliver
something of value
That he alters its substance, quantity or quality
That damage or prejudice capable of pecuniary
estimation is caused to the offended party or third
persons
ELEMENTS OF 315 NO.1 (B)

Section 6. Clearance/Permit to Sell Used/ Second Hand
Articles.
 All stores, establishments or entities dealing in the buy
and sell of any good, article, item, object or anything of
value shall, before offering the same for sale to the public,
secure the necessary clearance or permit from the station
commander of the Integrated National Police in the town or
city where such store, establishment or entity is located.
 Any person who fails to secure the required
clearance/permit shall also be punished as a fence.
1. That money, goods, or other personal property be
received by the offender in trust, or on commission, or
for administration, or under any other obligation
involving the duty to make delivery of , or to return,
the same
2. That there be misappropriation or conversion of such
money or property by the offender, or denial on his
part of such receipt
3. That such misappropriation or conversion or denial is to
the prejudice of another
4. That there is demand made by the offender party to
the offender

ART. 312-OCCUPATION OF REAL ELEMENTS OF 315, NO. 1 (C)

PROPERTY OR USURPATION OF REAL
RIGHTS IN PROPERTY 1. That the paper with the signature of the offended party
be in blank
ELEMENTS: 2. That the offended party should have delivered it to the
offender
1. That the offender takes possession of any real property 3. That above signature of the offended party a document
or usurps any real rights in property. is written by the offender without authority to do so
2. That the real property or real rights belong to another.
4. That the document so written creates a liability of, or
3. That violence against or intimidation of persons is used
causes damage to the offended party or any third
by the offender in occupying real property or usurping
person
real property or usurping real right in property.
4. That there is intent to gain.
ESTAFA BY MEANS OF DECEIT (Art. 315, nos. 2 and 3)
ACTS PUNISHABLE UNDER ART. 312
ELEMENTS OF 315 NO. 2:
1. By taking possession of any real property belonging to
1. That there must be false pretense, fraudulent act or
another by means of violence against or intimidation of
fraudulent means
persons
2. That such false pretense, act or fraudulent means must
2. By usurping any real rights in property belonging to
be made or executed prior to or simultaneously with
another by means of violence against or intimidation of
the commission of fraud
persons
3. That the offended party must have relied on the false
ART. 313 – ALTERING BOUNDARIES OR LANDMARK pretense, fraudulent act, or fraudulent means, that is,
he was induced to part with is money or property
ELEMENTS: because of fraudulent means
4. That as a result thereof, the offended party suffered
1. That there be boundary marks or monuments of towns, damage
provinces, or estates, or any other marks intended to
designate the boundaries of the same
2. That the offender alters said boundary marks
 315 No. 2 (A) b) That the offender who is not the owner of said
property should represent that he is the owner
1) By using a fictitious name thereof.
2) By falsely pretending to possess power, influence, c) That the offender should have executed an act of
qualifications, property, credit, agency, business or ownership (selling, leasing, encumbering or
imaginary transactions mortgaging the real property).
3) By means of other similar deceits d) That the act be made to the prejudice of the
owner or a third person.
315 No. 2 (B)
2. Any person who, knowing that real property is
By altering, the quality, fineness or weight of anything encumbered, shall dispose of the same, although such
pertaining to his business encumbrance be not recorded.

315 No. 2 (C) ELEMENTS:

a) That the thing disposed of be real property.
By pretending to have bribed any Government employee b) That the offender knew that the real property was
encumbered, whether the encumbrance is
 The accused, by pretending to have bribed a government recorded or not.
employee, can be held further liable for such calumny in a c) That there must be express representation by the
criminal action for either slander or libel depending on how offender that the real property is free from
he recounted the supposed bribery. encumbrance.
d) That the act of disposing of the real property be
ELEMENTS OF 315 No. 2 (D) made to the damage of another.

1. That the offender postdated a check, or issued a check
in payment of an obligation
2. That such postdating or issuing a check was done when
the offender had no funds in the bank, or his funds
deposited therein were not sufficient to cover the
amount of the check
3 WAYS TO COMMIT 315, NO. 2(E)
1) By obtaining food, refreshment or accommodation at
hotel, inn, restaurant, boarding house, lodging house or
apartment house without paying thereof, with intent to
defraud the proprietor or manager thereof
2) By obtaining credit at any of the said establishments by
the use of any false pretense
3) By abandoning or surreptitiously removing any part of
his baggage from any of the said establishment after
obtaining credit, food, refreshment or accommodation
therein, without paying
ELEMENT OF 315 NO. 3 (A)
3. The owner of any personal property who shall
wrongfully take it from its lawful possessor, to the
prejudice of the latter or any third person
ELEMENTS:
a) That the offender is the owner of personal
property.
b) That said personal property is in the lawful
possession of another.
c) That the offender wrongfully takes it from its
lawful possessor.
d) That prejudice is thereby caused to the possessor
or third person.
4. Any person who, to the prejudice of another, shall
execute any fictitious contract
5. Any person who shall accept any compensation given
under the belief that it was in payment of services
rendered or labor performed by him, when in fact he
did not actually perform such services or labor

1. That the offender induced the offended party to sign a 6. Any person who, while being a surety in a bond given
document in a criminal or civil action, without express authority
2. That deceit be employed to make him sign the from the court or before the cancellation of his bond or
document before being relieved from the obligation contracted by
3. That the offended party personally signed the him, shall sell, mortgage, or, in any other manner,
document encumber the real property or properties with which he
4. That prejudice be caused guaranteed the fulfillment of such obligation.

315 No. 3 (B) ART. 317-SWINDLING A MINOR

Resorting to some fraudulent practice to insure success in a
gambling game ELEMENTS:

ELEMENTS OF 315 NO. 3 (C) 1. That the offender takes advantage of the inexperience
or emotions or feelings of a minor
1. That there be court record, office files, documents or 2. That he induces such minor to assume an obligation, or
any other papers to give release, or to execute a transfer of any property
2. That the offender removed, concealed or destroyed any right.
of them 3. That the consideration is some loan of money, credit,
3. That the offender had intent to defraud another or other personal property
4. That the transaction is to the detriment of such minor
ART. 316-OTHER FORMS OF
SWINDLING ART. 318-OTHER DECEITS

PERSONS LIABLE: 1. By defrauding or damaging another by any other deceit

1. Any person who, pretending to be the owner of any real not mentioned in the preceding articles
property, shall convey, sell, encumber or mortgage the 2. By interpreting dreams, by making forecasts telling
same. fortunes, by taking advantage of the credulity of the
public in any other manner, for profit or gain
ELEMENTS:
a) That the thing be immovable, such as a parcel of
land or a building.
ART 319-REMOVAL, SALE OR PLEDGE OF MORTGAGED ART. 327 – MALICIOUS MISCHIEF
PROPERTY
ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS: (par 1)
1) That the offender deliberately caused damage to the
1. Personal property mortgaged under Chattel Mortgage property of another
Law 2) That such act does not constitute arson or other crimes
2. Offender knows such mortgage involving destruction
3. He removes personal property to any province or city 3) That the act of damaging another’s property be
other than the one in which it was locate at the time of committed merely for the sake of damaging it.
the execution of the mortgage
4. Removal is permanent ART. 328 SPECIAL CASES OF MALICIOUS MISCHIEF
5. No written consent of mortgagee, executors, (QUALIFIED)
administrators, or assigns to such removal
1) Causing damage to or obstructing the performance of
ELEMENTS: (par 2) public functions.
2) Using poisonous or corrosive substances
1. Personal property pledged under Chattel Mortgage Law. 3) Spreading any infection or contagion among cattle.
2. Offender, who is the mortgagor, sells or pledges the 4) Causing damage to the property of the National
same property or any part thereof Museum or National Library, or to any archive or
3. No consent of mortgagee written at the back of the registry, waterworks, road, promenade, or any other
mortgage and noted on the record thereof in the Office thing used in common by the public.
of the Register of Deeds
ART. 329 OTHER MISCHIEFS
ART. 320-326-b Mischief not included in the next preceding article.
REPEALED BY PD 1613
PD 1613-AMENDING THE LAW ON ARSON ART. 330 DAMAGE AND OBSTRUCTION TO MEANS OF
COMMUNICATION.
ARSON – when any person burns or sets fire to the property
of another, or his own property under circumstance which PERSON LIABLE:
expose to danger the life or property of another. Any person who shall damage any railway, telegraph or
telephone lines.
KINDS OF ARSON
1. Arson (Sec. 1, PD No. 1613) The offense is qualified if the damage shall result in the
2. Destructive arson (Art. 320, as amended by RA No. 7659) derailment of cars, collision or other accident.
3. Other cases of arson (Sec. 3, PD No. 1613)
ART.332 – PERSON EXEMPT FROM CRIMINAL
DESTRUCTIVE ARSON LIABILITY.
Burning of:
1) Any ammunition factory and other establishment where CRIMES INVOLVED:
explosives, inflammable or combustible materials are 1) Theft
stored 2) Swindling
2) Any archive, museum, whether public or private, or any 3) Malicious mischief
edifice devoted to culture, education or social services
3) Any train, airplane or any aircraft, vessel of watercraft, PERSON EXEMPTED:
or conveyance for transportation of persons or property 1) Spouses, ascendants and descendants, or relatives by
4) Any church or place of worship or other building where affinity on the same line.
people usually assemble 2) The widowed spouse with respect to the property which
5) Any building where evidence is kept for use in any belonged to the deceased spouse before the same shall
legislative, judicial, administrative or other official have passed to the possession of another.
proceeding 3) Brothers and sisters and brothers in law and sisters in
6) Any hospital, hotel, dormitory, lodging house, housing law, if living together.
tenement, shopping center, public or private market,
theater or movie house or any similar place or building ART. 333 – ADULTERY
7) Any building, whether used as a dwelling or not,
ELEMENTS:
situated in a populated or congested area
1. That the woman is married
OTHER CASES OF ARSON
Burning of: 2. That she has sexual intercourse with a man not her
1) Any building used as offices of the Government or any husband
of its agencies 3. That as regards the man with whom she has sexual
2) Any inhabited house or dwelling intercourse, he must know her to be married.
3) Any industrial establishment, shipyard, oil, well or mine
shaft, platform or tunnel Requirements of pardon
1. must come before the institution of the criminal
4) Any plantation farm, pasture land, growing crop or
prosecution
grain field, orchard, bamboo grove or forest
2. both offenders must be pardoned.
5) Any rice mill, sugar mill, cane mill, or mill central
6) Any railway or bus station, airport, wharf, or warehouse
ART. 334 – CONCUBINAGE
SPECIAL AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES IN ARSON
ELEMENTS:
1) If committed with intent to gain
1. That the man must be married
2) If committed for the benefit of another
2. That he committed any of the ff. acts:
3) If the offender be motivated by spite or hatred towards
a. Keeping a mistress in the conjugal dwelling.
the owner or occupant of the property burned
b. Having sexual intercourse under scandalous
4) If committed by a syndicate
circumstances with a women who is not his wife
c. Cohabiting with her in any other place
3. As regards to the woman, she must know him to be
married.
ART. 336 – ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS ART. 340 – CORRUPTION OF MINORS (AS AMENDED
BY BP 92)
ELEMENTS:
PROHIBITED ACTS - to promote or facilitate the
1. That the offender commits any act of lasciviousness or prostitution or corruption of persons under age to satisfy the
lewdness lust of another.
2. That the act of lasciviousness is committed against a
person of either sex SPECIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AGAINST CHILD
3. That it is done under any of the following ABUSE ACT (R.A. 7610) – Child prostitution and attempt
circumstances: to commit child prostitution are punished under this Act.
a) By using force or intimidation
b) When the offended party is deprived of reason or Sec. 5. Child Prostitution and other Sexual Abuse –
otherwise unconscious
Children whether male or female, who for money, profit or
c) By means of fraudulent machination or grave
other consideration or due to the coercion or influence of
abuse of authority
d) When the offended party is under 12 years of age any adult syndicate or group, indulge in sexual intercourse
or is demented or lascivious conduct are deemed to be children exploited in
prostitution and other sexual abuse.
ART. 337 – QUALIFIED SEDUCTION
ART. 341 - WHITE SLAVE TRADE
TWO CLASSES:
1. Seduction of a virgin over 12 years and under 18 years PROHIBITED ACTS:
of age by persons who abuse their authority or the 1. Engaging in the business of prostitution
confidence reposed. 2. Profiting by prostitution
2. Seduction of a sister by her brother or descendant by 3. Enlisting the services of women for the purpose of
her ascendant, regardless of her age and reputation. prostitution.

ELEMENTS: ART. 342 - FORCIBLE ABDUCTION ELEMENTS:

1. That the offended party is a virgin
2. She must be over 12 and under 18 years of age
3. That the offender had sexual intercourse with her
4. That there is abuse of authority, confidence
relationship on the part of the offender
The following may be the OFFENDERS:
1. Those who abused their authority
a. Persons in public authority
b. Guardian
c. Teacher
d. Person who, in any capacity, is entrusted with the
education or custody of the woman seduced
2. Those who abused confidence reposed in them
a. Priest
b. House servant
c. Domestic
3. Those who abused their relationship
a. Brother who seduced his sister
b. Ascendant who seduced his descendant
ART. 338 – SIMPLE SEDUCTION
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offended party is over 12 and under 18 years
of age.
2. That she must be of good reputation, single or widow
3. That the offender has sexual intercourse with her
4. That it is committed by means of deceit.
ART. 339 – ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS WITH THE
CONSENT OF THE OFFENDED PARTY.
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender commits acts of lasciviousness or
lewdness
2. That the acts are committed upon a woman who is a
virgin or single or a widow of good reputation, under 18
years of age but over 12 years, or a sister or
descendant regardless of her reputation or age..
3. That the offender accomplishes the acts by abuse of
authority, confidence, relationship or deceit.
1. That the person abducted is a woman
2. That the abduction is against her will
3. That the abduction is with lewd design
or ART. 343- CONSENTED ABDUCTION:
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offended party must be a virgin
2. That she must be over 12 and under 18 years if age
3. That the taking away of the offended party must be
with her consent, after solicitation or cajolery from the
offender
4. That the taking away of the offended party must be
with lewd designs
ART. 344- PROSECUTION OF THE CRIMES OF
ADULTERY, CONCUBINAGE, SEDUCTION, ABDUCTION,
RAPE AND ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS.
1. Adultery and concubinage must be prosecuted upon the
complaint signed by the offended spouse.
2. Seduction, abduction and acts of lasciviousness must e
prosecuted upon the complaint signed by:
a. Offended party
1. even if a minor
2. if of legal age and not incapacitated, only she
can file complaint
3. If a minor or incapacitated and refuses to file
either of the next succeeding persons may
file:
b. Either of the parents
c. Either of the grandparents whether paternal or
maternal side
d. Legal or judicial guardians
e. The State, as parens patriae when the offended
party dies or becomes incapacitated before she
could file the complaint and she has no known
parents, grandparents or guardians.
ART. 345 – CIVIL LIABILITY OF PERSONS GUILTY OF
CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY.
PERSONS WHO ARE GUILTY OF RAPE, SEDUCTION, OR
ABDUCTION SHALL ALSO BE SENTENCED:
1. To indemnify the offended woman;
2. To acknowledge the offspring, EXCEPT:
(a) in adultery and concubinage since only a natural
child may be acknowledged
(b) where either the offended party or the accused is
married
(c) when paternity cannot be determined as in
multiple rape
(d) other instances where the law should prevent the
offender from doing so;
3. In every case to support the offspring.
ART. 346 – LIABILITY OF ASCENDANTS, GUARDIANS,
TEACHERS, OR OTHER PERSONS ENTRUSTED WITH
THE CUSTODY OF THE OFFNEDED PARTY
 This article provides for liability of the persons who act as
accomplices in crimes against chastity (EXCEPT adultery and
concubinage where there can be no acomplices nor
acessories), shall be punished as principals.
 In addition, teachers or persons entrusted with education
and guidance of the youth are penalized with
disqualification.
 Furthermore, all those falling within the terms of this
article shall be punished with special disqualification from
the office of guardian.
ART. 347 – SIMULATION OF BIRTHS, SUBSTITUTION
OF ONE CHILD FOR ANOTHER, CONCEALMENT OR
ABANDONMENT OF A LEGITIMATE CHILD.
ACTS PUNISHED:
1. Simulation of births
2. Substituting of one child for another
3. Concealing or abandoning any legitimate child with
intent to cause such child to lose its civil status
ART. 348 – USURPATION OF CIVIL STATUS
 Usurping the civil status of another is committed by
assuming the filiation, or the parental or conjugal rights of
another with intent to enjoy the rights arising from the civil
status of the latter.
 Crime is qualified if the purpose is to defraud offended
parties and heirs.
ART. 349 – BIGAMY
ELEMENTS
1. That the offender is legally married
2. That the marriage has not been dissolved or, in case
the spouse is absent the absent spouse could not yet
be presumed dead according to the Civil Code.
3. That he contracts a second marriage or subsequent
marriage
4. That the second or subsequent marriage has all the
essential requisites for validity.
ART. 350 – MARRIAGE CONTRACTED AGAINST
PROVISIONS OF LAWS.
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender contracted marriage
2. That he knew at the time that
a) The requirements of the law were not complied
with; or
b) The marriage was in disregard of a legal
impediment.
c) The offender must not be guilty of bigamy.
Qualifying Circumstance - if either of the contracting
parties obtains the consent of the other by means of
violence, intimidation or fraud.
ART. 351 – PREMATURE
MARRIAGES
PERSON LIABLE:
1. A widow who married within 301 days from the date of
the death of her husband, or before having delivered if
she is pregnant at the time of his death.
2. A woman whose marriage having been annulled or
dissolved, married before delivery or before expiration
of the period of 301 days after the date of legal
separation.
ART. 352 – PERFORMANCE OF ILLEGAL MARRIAGES
Priests, or ministers of any religious denomination or sect, or
civil authorities who shall perform or authorize any legal
marriage ceremony.
ART. 353 LIBEL
ELEMENTS:
1. That, there must be an imputation of a crime, or a vice
or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission,
condition, status or circumstance
2. That the imputation must be made publicly
3. That it must be malicious
4. That the imputation must be directed at a natural
person or a juridical person, or one who is dead
5. That the imputation must tend to cause the dishonor,
discredit, or contempt of the person defamed.
ART. 354 – REQUIREMENT FOR PUBLICITY
MALICE IN LAW – Every defamatory imputation is
presumed to be malicious, even if it be true, if no good
intention or justifiable motive is shown.
The PRESUMPTION is rebutted if it is shown by the accused
that –
a) The defamatory imputation is true, in case the law
allows proof of the truth of the imputation (see
Art. 361)
b) It is published with good intention
c) There is justifiable motive for making it
MALICE is not presumed in the following cases involving
qualifiedly privileged communication:
a) Private communication made by any person to
another in the performance of any legal, moral or
social duty.
b) A fair and true report of any judicial, legislative, or
other proceedings which are not of confidential
nature or of any statement, report, or speech
delivered in said proceedings, or of any other act
performed by public officers in the exercise of
their functions.
ART. 355 – LIBEL BY MEANS OF WRITINGS OR
SIMILAR MEANS
Committed by means of:
1. Writing
2. Printing
3. Lithography
4. Engraving or theatrical exhibition
5. Radio
6. Phonograph
7. Painting
8. Cinematographic
9. Or any similar means
ART. 356 THREATENING TO ART. 362 LIBELOUS REMARKS
PUBLISH AND OFFER TO PREVENT
SUCH PUBLICATION FOR A COMPENSATION Libelous remarks or comments connected with the matter
privileged under the provisions of Art. 354, if made with
Prohibited acts: malice, shall not exempt the author thereof nor the editor or
managing editor of a newspaper from criminal liability.
1) Threatening another to publish a libel concerning him,
or his parents, spouse, child or other members of the
family. ART. 363 – INCRIMINATING
2) Offering to prevent the publication of such libel for INNOCENT PERSONS.
compensation or money consideration
ELEMENTS:
ART. 357 – PROHIBITED
PUBLICATION OF ACTS REFERRED TO IN THE COURSE 1. That the offender performs an act
OF OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 2. That by such act he directly incriminates or imputes to
an innocent person the commission of a crime
ELEMENTS: 3. That such act does not constitute perjury

1. That the offender is a reporter, editor or manager of a ART. 364. INTRIGUING AGAINST HONOR.
newspaper, daily or magazine
2. He publishes facts connected with the private life of Committed by any person who shall make any intrigue which
another has for its principal purpose to blemish the honor or
3. Such facts are offensive to the honor, virtue and reputation of another.
reputation of said person
ART. 365 – IMPRUDENCE AND NEGLIGENCE
ART. 358 – SLANDER (oral defamation)
KINDS: ELEMENTS (RECKLESS IMPRUDENCE):
1. Simple slander
1. That the offender does or fails to do an act.
2. Grave slander, when it is of a serious and insulting nature
2. That the doing of or the failure to do that act is
Factors that determine the gravity of the oral voluntary.
defamation: 3. That it be without malice.
a. expressions used 4. That material damage results.
b. personal relations of the accused and the offended 5. That there is inexcusable lack of precaution on the part
party. of the person performing or failing to perform such act
c. the circumstances surrounding the case. taking into consideration -
d. social standing and position of the offended party. a) Employment or occupation.
b) Degree of intelligence, physical condition. and
ART. 359 - SLANDER BY DEED c) Other circumstances regarding persons, time and
place.
SLANDER BY DEED – is a crime against honor which is
committed by performing any act which casts dishonor, ELEMENTS (SIMPLE IMPRUDENCE):
discredit or contempt upon another person.
1) That there is lack of precaution on the part of the
ELEMENTS: offender.
2) That the damage impending to be caused is not
1. That the offender performs any act not included in any immediate nor the danger clearly manifest.
other crime against honor
2. That such act is performed in the presence of other
persons
3. That such act cast dishonor, discredit, or contempt
upon the offended party.

ART. 360 - PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR LIBEL.

1. The person who publishes exhibits or causes the

publication or exhibition of any defamation in writing or
similar means.
2. The author or editor of a book or pamphlet.
3. The editor or business manager of a daily newspaper
magazine or serial publication.
4. The owner of the printing plant which publishes a
libelous article with his consent and all other persons
who in any way participate in or have connection with
its publication.

ART. 361 - PROOF OF TRUTH

WHEN PROOF OF THE TRUTH IS ADMISSIBLE IN A
CHARGE FOR LIBEL:

1. When the act or omission imputed constitutes a crime

regardless of whether the offended party is a private
individual or a public officer.
2. When the offended party is a Government employee,
even if the imputation does not constitute a crime,
provided it is related to the discharge of his official
duties.