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Figure 1: Sample EIGRP Network....................................................................................................7
Introduction
Enterprise data networks are evolving into IP-only data networks. In this IP environment, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) are two popular interior gateway routing protocols (IGRPs) used by
large enterprises. EIGRP is Cisco’s proprietary protocol and provides link-to-link protocol-level security to avoid unauthorized
access to routing tables in Cisco routers. OSPF is an open standards-based and a complete link-state routing protocol, which
means that a table or database in the router stores all of the state information for each link in the network. The latest Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) OSPF specification, OSPF version 2, is IETF Standard 0054 (April 1998). This type of link-
state protocol is more efficient, more scalable, interoperable, and typically provides superior convergence. For these reasons,
enterprises that currently have EIGRP running in their networks commonly migrate to OSPF. This paper addresses the
migration from EIGRP to OSPF and important migration considerations.
The IP networks of today carry mostly commercial traffic. Multimedia applications used today are very delay-sensitive and
hence, routing protocols must provide stability, and security, and converge quickly. Today, the Internet is divided into many
autonomous systems or domains. Each domain uses its own internal routing protocol. The IP routing protocols in each domain
must be carefully designed in order to build a stable and scalable network. Physical instabilities and IP address planning and
summarization both inside and between autonomous domains must be taken into account.
EIGRP
EIGRP is a Cisco-proprietary distance vector Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) that allows routers to exchange
vector updates that represent link distances. These updates are non-periodic, partial and bounded, as generally represented
in link state-like functions. The EIGRP updates are based on a diffusing computational algorithm that provides advantages
of network resource utilization, loop topology avoidance, link bandwidth conservation, and multiple network-layer
protocol support (IP, IP eXchange (IPX), and AppleTalk (AT)) over previous generation distance vector routing protocols
such as RIP. These characteristics allow EIGRP to be used effectively for small-to-medium-scale IP networks.
However, the proprietary status of EIGRP presents an inherent limitation to its universal use. In addition, several other
notable deficiencies, such as its inability to be used in a hierarchical arrangement, which precludes its use in large IP
networks, and its lack of support for MultiProtocol Layer Switching-Traffic Engineering (MPLS-TE) also restrict its
overall networking utility.
OSPF
OSPF is a link state IGRP and was developed as an open standard application, primarily to overcome the limitations of
existing distance vector protocols. It is widely deployed and has been available and used for a number of years. (The
original OSPF specification, Request for Comment 1131, October 1988.)
OSPF differs from EIGRP in that it can be used in hierarchical arrangements, thereby supporting scalability to very large
IP networks. It also offers the advantages of capabilities such as On Demand Routing (ODR), acknowledged
communications, authentication, quick convergence due to use of the Dykstra algorithm, Variable Length Subnet Mask
(VLSM), route summarization for internal and external routes, and MPLS-TE.
A typical OSPF network is designed to map the two hierarchical levels permitted by the protocol to physical arrangements
comprised of a three-level configuration: core, distribution, and access. Additional design tasks include selection of Area
Border Router (ABR) locations, providing for Internet connectivity, and accommodating router-associated network scaling
issues such as the number of routers in an area, the number of neighbors, and the number of router areas.
IP addressing issues should be resolved by removing any ad-hoc assigned IP addresses and by grouping contiguous
subnets so that network summarization is the most efficient. A solid IP addressing design will ensure a cleaner
transition to OSPF.
Once there is a satisfactory addressing scheme in place, create the OSPF topology design. The OSPF topology design
will include the type and number of routers in the backbone area, the ABRs and Autonomous System Border Routers
(ASBRs). The routers in the broadcast domain and NonBroadcast MultiAccess (NBMA) clouds should be configured
to specify DR selection. Normally, a router with the highest Router ID (RID) is the elected DR on a segment and the
router with the second highest router ID is the elected Backup DR (BDR). In order for OSPF to function properly, the
DR and BDR routers should have full connectivity to all other routers in the area.
A prefix aggregation plan should be developed to align network prefixes with ABRs. The goal is to minimize routes
in a router’s routing table using route summarization. The number of routes needing summarization is dependent on
the IP addressing scheme. The cleaner the IP addressing scheme, the cleaner the routers’ routing tables. If the
network is carrying external routes, route summarization is done on the ASBRs as well as on the ABRs.
Selecting places that will incur the least amount of disruption such as during a downtime maintenance window to
beginS the cutover. Changing the OSPF administrative distance back to 110, the default, is a necessary step. During
the transition, monitoring the CPU, memory, and routing selection ensures proper functioning. Once OSPF has been
running for a predetermined time, removing the router EIGRP statements completes the migration.
One key consideration of this model is network stability, and in particular, the stability of EIGRP in the network. For
instance, if two EIGRP neighbors lose adjacency due to the instability of the EIGRP protocol, yet the OSPF adjacency
remains, then some routes use OSPF while other routes use EIGRP. If both EIGRP and OSPF are active, this causes
routing loops, as EIGRP and OSPF may not agree on the best path.
The route protocol preference is a key migration requirement. When a router learns EIGRP routes and OSPF routes, Cisco
routers select the best routes―the ones with the lower administrative distance values. External routes to the EIGRP
domain have a different administrative distance than the internal routes. Juniper implements a similar feature that
distinguishes routes learned from multiple protocols. Juniper's route distinguisher is based on preference values. The
routes with lower preference values are injected into the forwarding table. The Juniper router distinguishes the internal
and external OSPF routes with preference values in addition to the protocols distinguisher.
Figure 1 shows a sample EIGRP network topology for a simple migration to OSPF. Notice the core, distribution, and
access groupings. The routers in the access area are considered the weakest links because they cannot run both EIGRP and
OSPF. The migration can be done from core to access or from access to core.
Access/
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hot cuts of internal routers and redistribution of associated network sectors to OSPF. In the final stage of the migration
process, backbone routers are hot cut to OSPF and EIGRP is completely removed from the network.
The Route Redistribution approach is good for a relatively small network. The issues of this approach are:
Migration is localized and stability can be judged only at that level.
It requires a lot more planning in the IP address space assignment because of the mutual
redistribution and is prone to human error.
Once the entire network is migrated to OSPF, backing out is very difficult.
Routers that cannot run both protocols and are connected to the backbone will have to
wait until migration of the backbone is complete.
Integrated Model
The Integrated Model is used to integrate flat EIGRP networks that cannot be converted to a hierarchical configuration. In
this approach, a new network core, which runs OSPF, is built and connected to the EIGRP domain at one or more routers
capable of running both EIGRP and OSPF. Portions of the EIGRP domain are then migrated to the OSPF backbone on a
sequential basis. It should be noted that this approach also requires a considerable amount of IP re-addressing to ensure
that the new network is hierarchical and more manageable.
Classification of IP Networks
Each company may have additional considerations, other than those mentioned in this paper, to address during migration
based on the type of IP network and its projected growth. A company should evaluate the classification of its IP network
based on the size and breadth of the network. The size and breadth can be divided into the four categories: international
IP network, nationwide IP network, regional IP network, and campus IP network.
Conclusion
Converting a network from EIGRP to OSPF will create a more efficient, scalable, and interoperable network. However,
the migration must be well planned to ensure success. Careful consideration of the basic design for the OSPF network is
of utmost importance. The design of the OSPF network should incorporate redundancy measures and be based on a
hierarchical structure. It must ensure stability of the routers and links and provide for IP address summarization.
Before beginning the migration process, there are key tasks that are important to complete. It is important to have a
comprehensive understanding of the current network, including topology, IP addressing, the number of routers and links
employed, the CPU and router memory available, and the type of traffic carried, where it enters the network, and how it
flows. In addition, it is important to clean up any IP addressing issues that might reduce the efficiency of the network
route summarization. Checking CPU load and memory utilization of all the routers in the network running EIGRP is a
crucial pre-migration task. Moreover, sometimes memory upgrades need to be made prior to cutover to ensure successful
migration.
Once all pre-migration tasks have been completed, choosing the migration model that best suits your company’s needs
becomes an important consideration. The OSPF Overlay Model, Route Redistribution Model, and Integrated Model offer
varying approaches to migration that conform to networks of varying sizes, designs, and projected future needs.