Annals of Library and Information Studies

PANIGRAHI
Vol. 54, March 2007, pp. 37-43 & PRASAD: FACET SEQUENCE IN ANALYTICO SYNTHETIC SCHEME 37

Facet sequence in analytico synthetic scheme: A study for developing

an AI based automatic classification system

Pijushkanti Panigrahia and A R D Prasadb

a
Reader, Department of Library and Information Science, University of Calcutta, 87/1 College Street,
Kolkata, PIN 700 073, West Bengal, E-mail: panigrahipk@yahoo.com

b
Associate Professor, Documentation Research and Training Centre, Indian Statistical Institute, R V College - P O,
Bangalore, PIN - 560 059, E-mail: ard@drtc.isibang.ac.in or ardprasad@hotmail.com

Aims to demonstrate the techniques of fixing the facet sequence in developing an automatic classification system to
construct classification numbers for document titles, which appear in natural language. Describes the procedure of knowledge
representation for basic subjects and their facets with regard to five fundamental categories, their respective notations, symbols
etc. States the techniques of selecting their respective category name to follow the facet formula in general. Discusses the
method of identification of facets from the title of the document. Also includes the scope of defining the specific facet formula
for any specific subject. Facet formula for ACI of Colon Classification is also included to handle it successfully following
postulates and principles.

Introduction
of document titles. Canons, principles, postulates and
Prof S R Ranganathan bestowed an elaborate scientific
different instructions mentioned within schedules are
theory of library classification after a careful study of
implemented to a large extent through an inference
the various ways of formation of new subjects in the
engine developed in Prolog language4. The system is
‘Universe of Subjects’ and introduced the concept of
named as Viswamitra 5.
Analytico Synthetic Classification system devising
Colon Classification (CC) in 19331. These studies have
As the time isolates can appear with any one of the Main
obviously to do a lot with basic ideas and their relations.
Classes enlisted in the schedule of basic subjects, the
Typically ideas have a kind of CoSSCo relationship
schedule for time isolates is mentioned as a common
among themselves. The parallels can be easily seen
schedule in CC7. From the very beginning CC has
between the study of Universe of Knowledge and that
separately specified isolate numbers for time, which is
of Knowledge Based Computer Systems (KBCS)
one of the five fundamental categories. An elaborate
otherwise known as expert system in the field of
study is made to investigate the importance of time (i.e.
Artificial Intelligence (AI). Although both fields have
Meteorological time, Civil time etc) in classifying the
grown independently, they have a lot to offer to each
thought content of any document in the automatic
other. The application of Natural Language Processing
environment with proper implementation of the structure
(NLP), another important area of AI could solve the
of the schedule of the Common Time Isolates including
problem of designing a powerful automatic classification
its all divisions and subdivisions6. The expert system is
system 2.
developed to handle the procedure of picking up numbers
from other schedules and forming the special
An AI based automatic classification system
components to build compound time isolates 7.
An AI based automatic classification system is developed
for the CC7. This system consists of a large number of From the very beginning CC has separately specified
knowledge bases to represent the schedules of common isolate numbers for Space or Geographical areas, which
isolates and special isolates following the frame based is one of the five fundamental categories. As the space
knowledge representation model3. A huge lexicon is isolates can occur in any one of the Main Classes enlisted
developed to support the natural language based analysis in the schedule of basic subjects, the schedule for space
38 ANN LIB INF STU,
isolates is mentioned as a common schedule. A study is
made to explore the importance of space / geographic
area in classifying the thought content of any document
in the AI based automated environment with proper
implementation of the structure of the Common Space
Isolates including the political divisions and subdivisions
of continents, subcontinents and the administrative
divisions of the country. Frame based knowledge
representation technique is used to develop knowledge
base for different groups of isolate ideas as derived in
CC7 using characteristics like ‘by geographical feature’,
‘by population cluster’, ‘by zone’, ‘by area surrounded
by ocean’, ‘by orientation’, ‘by empire’ etc.
Geographical areas, their divisions and subdivisions with
imposed rules are mentioned at the beginning of the
knowledge base for space isolates; and the knowledge
base for special components to form the compound
isolates if necessary, are mentioned thereafter8.
Various devices for Colon Classification are used to
specify any isolate, especially when a new subject enters
into the universe of subjects. The procedure of building
numbers for compound isolates using Superimposition
device, Alphabetical devices, Geographic devices etc.
is tested in the automatic classification system using AI
techniques.
Similarly many other related matters (e.g. System,
Environment, Special constituents, ACI etc) are well
tested in the AI based automated environment. But an
obvious barrier was found while synthesizing facets in
their helpful sequence. This specific study is performed
to overcome this problem.
Objective of the study
Due to its unique analytico synthetic nature, Colon
Classification is considered for performing study of
developing an automatic classification system.
Synthesising facets in this regard is very important. Thus
this paper aims to demonstrate the methods of identifying
facets and synthesizing them in a helpful sequence
according to canons, postulates and principles. More
specifically this paper tries to find the position of
different facets in the facet formula in the automated
environment.
Knowledge representation techniques for facets
In CC, facets belong to five fundamental categories
mainly i.e. Personality, Matter, Energy, Space and Time.
While building class numbers, their sequence is
MARCH 2007
important and must be helpful. In the automated
environment, facets, their categories and corresponding
notations are stored in a b-tree which follows
alphabetical arrangements as storage technique and this
is used for future retrieval. A planning for achieving this
goal is taken by adopting two ways – proper
nomenclature of the categories and writing rules for facet
formula. Thus the nomenclatures of the categories are
to be changed carefully so that their positions are
properly sequenced in the b-tree according to canons,
postulates and principles. The following subsections are
dealt with this direction. Frame based knowledge
representation technique is used to develop a Knowledge
base to represent the basic subjects, special isolates,
categories of isolates, the isolate numbers, etc.
Basic Subject (B S)
An AI system must be domain specific. ‘Medicine’ is
considered as the domain for developing an automatic
classification system. Hence a frame based knowledge
representation model is developed to represent the
semantics of isolate ideas belonging to the basic subject
‘Medicine’. For example, the following Prolog fact may
be added to the knowledge base.
cc7 ( medicine, number, ’L’ ).
The fact ‘Basic subject medicine has the notation L’ is
true for all special isolates. But this fact is used only
once, and inheritance mechanism can be invoked to find
out the basic subject of individual isolate idea and its
subsequent as mentioned earlier. Similarly, for any
topmost isolate, the basic subject is to be mentioned only
once. e.g. cc7(digestive^system, basic_subject,
medicine).
Some basic subjects are formed either as systems,
environment or special basic subjects, which are
accompanied and/or denoted by systems constituents,
environment constituents or special constituents
respectively. For examples, Child medicine L 9C, Female
medicine L 9H etc belong to specials category; whereas
Ayurvedic medicine L B, Homeopathic medicine L L etc
belong to systems category of medicine. CC7 provides
the sequence of these constituents as systems,
environment and/or special9. To fix their sequential
position in the facet formula these names have been
adopted as ‘a_system’ for system constituents,
‘b_environment’ for environment constituents and
 PANIGRAHI & PRASAD: FACET SEQUENCE IN ANALYTICO SYNTHETIC SCHEME
‘c_specials’ for special constituents. Again they are
connected using the indicator digit ‘-’(hyphen). They
are represented in the Prolog as
cc7(a_system, symbol, ’†’).
cc7(b_environment, symbol, ’†’).
cc7(c_specials, symbol,’†’).
Personality (P)
The category personality is represented by ‘e_1p1’ (i.e.
Personality of first round first level) in knowledge base.
Actually it is ‘1p1’ as per Colon Classification 7th
edition10, but to identify its position easily in the facet
sequence ‘e’ is added. This is to force the isolates of
personality to appear before matter-property, which are
represented by ‘mp’. In the b-tree where the isolates
along with their categories are stored, the personality
isolates appear before matter-property isolates as they
are represented by e_1p1 and mp respectively (i.e. in
the alphabetical order). Similarly, personality of the first
round and second level can be represented as ‘e_1p2’.
However, this addition of a character does not in any
way affect the system, but on the other hand helps the
program to determine the facet sequence. This technique
is adopted only to set the ordinal value of the facets for
facet formula. The knowledge base contains following
facts
cc7 ( e_1p1, symbol, ’,’ ).
cc7 ( circulatory^system, category, e_1p1 ).
cc7 ( circulatory^system, basic_subject, medicine ).
cc7 ( circulatory^system, number, ’3’ ).
Here, circulatory^system belongs to the basic subject
‘medicine’, the symbol for Medicine is ‘L’. The
circulatory system belongs to the category of e_1p1
(personality), whose indicator digit is ’,’ and the isolate
number is ’3’.
In case of heart, it is a part of circulatory system. This
information gives the impression that all attributes (like
basic_subject, category, symbol ) of circulatory system
is applicable to ‘heart’. These attributes can be
accumulated by part_of inheritance method.
cc7 ( heart, part_of, circulatory^system ).
cc7 ( heart, number, ’32’).
Hence, there is no need to mention the individual facts
that indicate the basic subject, category etc., of the
isolate t:‘heart’. Those will inherit to subordinate
39
concepts by the following Prolog rules developed for
this purpose 11, 12.
find_category (Term, Basic_no, Category, Symbol, Number):-
has_value(Term, basic_subject, Basic),
has_value(Basic, number, Basic_no),
has_value(Term, category, Category),
cc7(Category, symbol, Symbol),
has_value(Term, number, Number).
has_value (Term, Slot, Value):-
cc7(Term, Slot, Value), !.
has_value (Term, Slot, Value):-
cc7(Term, part_of, Superconcept),
has_value(Superconcept, Slot, Value).
Where, Term is a variable to represent any isolate.
(Arguments started with uppercase letter are variable
and started with lowercase letter are constant.) The
has_value predicate is to perform inheritance
mechanism, which again in turn helps to find the
category, symbol and basic number of any isolate (i.e.
Term) for find_category predicate.
Matter Property (M)
The matter property of medicine includes broadly the
following isolates
2 Morphology
3 Physiology
4 Disease
5 Personal hygiene etc.
Of theses, the mostly used matter property isolate is
‘Disease’ and its sub divisions. Indicator digit for matter
is ’;’ (semicolon)13. This category is represented in the
knowledge base as ‘mp’, so that the isolates of this
category appear after the personality isolates
(represented by e_1p1) 14. This also helps in placing the
matter-property isolates before energy isolates (i.e.
‘r_energy’).
Following is the representation in the knowledge base.
cc7 ( mp, symbol, ’;’ ).
Again ‘disease’ belongs to the basic subject ‘medicine’,
and to the category ‘mp’ and has isolate-number ‘4’. If
disease is an object, then following are the facts in the
knowledge base
cc7 (disease, basic_subject, medicine).
cc7 (disease, category, mp).
cc7 (disease, number, ’4’).
40 ANN LIB INF STU,
The indicator digit for mp is ’;’. The part_of presentation
is used for successive isolates.
Energy (E)
Generally energy manifests as action, reaction or
interaction of some kind or the other. Diagnosis,
preventive measures or steps, treatment, surgery etc., can
be considered as action on disease. So they belong to the
energy category. It is mentioned as ‘r_energy’. According
to Ranganathan, the energy (E) is supposed to appear in
between Matter, Property and Space. So, ‘r’ is preceded
the term energy to fix its position in the facet sequence.
Thus ‘r_energy’ is used to fix its position before ‘space’.
The indicator digit for it is ‘:’(colon) and the
corresponding fact is represented as
cc7 (r_energy, symbol, ’:’).
‘Nursing’ is an isolate, which belongs to Energy. So
related Prolog facts are
cc7 (nursing, basic_subject, medicine).
cc7 (nursing, category, r_energy).
cc7 (nursing, number, ’1’).
The system gathers all information about nursing using
the above slots.
In CC7, the isolate idea ‘therapeutics’ is used as standard
term instead of ‘treatment’. But query language may
contain ‘treatment’ instead of ‘therapeutics’. So a
thesaurus entry can be used as Prolog fact
cc7 (treatment, use, therapeutics).
The hierarchical relation of any order can be presented
with the help of part of relationship 15.
Space (S)
This category is very easy to identify from their
manifestations. But procedure of its full implementation
following the CC7 schedule is very important. Since the
Space facet can occur only in the last round among the
facets of compound subject, it is sufficient to represent
this by ‘space’. As the space isolates can occur in any
one of the Main Classes enlisted in the schedule of basic
subjects, the schedule for space isolates is mentioned as
a common schedule. The importance of space /
geographic area in classifying the thought content of any
MARCH 2007
document in another paper entitled ‘Inference Engine
for Space Isolates of Colon Classification for AI Based
Automated Classification System’. It also discusses the
structure of the schedule of the Common Space Isolates
including the political divisions and subdivisions of
continents and subcontinents and the administrative
divisions of the country. The procedure of developing
the knowledge base applyng frame based knowledge
representation technique for divisions and subdivisions
of geographical areas, for different groups of isolate
ideas as derived in CC7 using characteristics like ‘by
geographical feature’, ‘by population cluster’, ‘by
zone’, ‘by area surrounded by ocean’, ‘by orientation’,
‘by empire’ etc. are mentioned there clearly. Rules of
expert systems developed using Prolog to handle the
procedure of picking up numbers from other schedules
and forming the special components to build compound
space isolates are discussed in detail 16.
Time (T)
Time is one of the easily identifiable manifestations.
From the very beginning CC has separately specified
isolate numbers for time, which is one of the five
fundamental categories. As the time isolates can appear
with any one of the Main Classes enlisted in the schedule
of basic subjects, the schedule for time isolates is
mentioned as a common schedule. And since the time
isolate of Colon Classification (CC), 7th edition appears
after the space facet, so ‘time’ could be used as category
name in the automatic environment. The importance of
time (i.e. Meteorological time, Civil time etc) in
classifying the thought content of any document has
been described in detailed in another paper entitled “A
Knowledge Representation Model for Time Isolates of
Colon Classification (7 th Edition)” 17 including the
structure of the schedule of the Common Time Isolates
including all divisions and subdivisions. Rules of expert
systems developed using Prolog to handle the procedure
of picking up numbers from other schedules and forming
the special components to build compound time isolates
have been incorporated for the automated system. Some
special techniques of defining lexical knowledge
regarding time isolates are also adopted18.
Anteriorising Common Isolates (ACI)
Some documents are considered as ‘Approach
Documents’ as user may approach for any one of those
‘Form of Expositions’ to have a look on them before
 PANIGRAHI & PRASAD: FACET SEQUENCE IN ANALYTICO SYNTHETIC SCHEME
taking up the study of a normal book or any other
document on any subject. On account of this, Dr S.R.
Ranganathan has called these ‘Form of Expositions’ as
Anteriorising Common Isolate (ACI) and decided that
subjects having an Anteriorising Common Isolate
should precede the host subject on the shelf. This ACI
can be attached to a host class number with a connecting
symbol -”- (double inverted comma). Any Host Number
followed by the digit –”– (double inverted comma) will
precede – that is, will be anterior to – Host Number 19.
These isolates are used for documents which require to
be arranged anterior to the ordinary documents on the
concerned subject. In CC7, bibliography, encyclopedia,
concordance, etc., are treated as ACI. On the basis of
position of their attachment with the host subject three
different ACIs have been recognized. They are (i)
applicable before space facet, (ii) Applicable only after
Space Facet and (iii) Applicable only after Time Facet
as suggested in CC7 20, 21. Each has its own facet formula
which may be used for further individualization of these
isolates. As far as the knowledge representation model
is concerned, a special technique for presenting
knowledge is adopted. Thus, the categories of ACI
are identified and named as
ACI applicable before space aci1 s_aci
ACI applicable only after space aci2 t_aci
ACI applicable only after time aci3 u_aci
The first character in the category-names has no specific
connotation, but they are chosen so to get the sorting
order only. For example,
s_aci appears before space ( as 95( i.e. ASCII value
of the under score _ ) < 112 ( i.e. ASCII value
of p)
t_aci appears after space and before time
u_aci appears after time
Due to the ASCII values of characters they would appear
in the proper sequence.
In the knowledge base, the following facts indicate that
they all use the same symbol 22.
cc7(s_aci, symbol, ’”’).
cc7(t_aci, symbol, ’”’).
41
cc7(u_aci, symbol, ’”’).
Facet Formula
The second method of sequencing facets properly is
framing rules for facet formula. There are again two ways
of it.
Facet Formula in General
Though as an analytico synthetic scheme CC7 does not
have rigidity in facet formula, the general facet sequence
which is based on the postulate, may be adopted. In most
cases, facet formula may follow the P, M, E, S, T
sequence. The basic subject precedes personality (P),
Matter property (M), Energy (E) with their respective
rounds and levels followed by Space (S) and Time (T).
The individual categories must be identified with their
corresponding indicator digits. The simplest form of a
facet formula would look like23
(BS) , [P] ; [M] : [E] . [S] ‘ [T]
In Viswamitra, a b tree data structure is used for storing
information/data in the computer memory. Prolog
compiler does this using ASCII value of characters. To
get the sorting effect, the names of categories have been
changed to match the sequence depending on the ASCII
values as discussed in the earlier section.
Hence, constituents to basic subject (e.g. system,
environment and specials), and isolate facets (i.e
personality, matter property, energy in different rounds
and levels) and space, time will appear. For fixing their
positions, following names are taken so that they will
appear sequentially in the b-tree24.
‘a_system’ for system constituents
‘b_environment’ for environment constituents
‘c_specials’ for special constituents.
‘e_1p1’ is used to represent personality of first round,
first level.
‘mp’ is used to represent matter property
‘r_energy’ is used to represent energy.
‘space’ is used to represent space.
‘time’ is used to represent time
42 ANN LIB INF STU,
Respective indicator digits can be incorporated in the
knowledge base through the following facts,
cc7(a_system, symbol, ’ ’).
cc7(b_environment, symbol, ’ ’).
cc7(c_specials, symbol,’ ’).
cc7(e_1p1, symbol, ’,’ ).
cc7(mp, symbol, ’;’ ).
cc7(r_energy, symbol, ’:’ ).
cc7(space, symbol, ’.’ ).
cc7(time, symbol, ’ ‘‘’ ).
However, the above-mentioned names are used to
maintain facet sequence while constructing the class
number. Names for categories of different rounds and
levels are fixed in such a way that their position is
adjusted.
Facet Formula in Specific
Viswamitra allows defining specific facet formula for
different subjects. Specific rules can also be
implemented in constructing a class number. For
example, in case of Medicine, CC7 suggests that
‘disease’ cannot appear unless an organ of human body
appears (i.e. Wall Picture Principle) 25 . Similarly
‘treatment’ has no meaning, if the concept of ‘disease’
does not exist. In an expressive title, if no organ is
mentioned but only disease is mentioned, the system
should pick up the number for ‘body and its organ’, i.e.
1 at least and fill the position for personality (e_1p1).
So is the case with the isolate ‘Treatment’.
A facet formula is defined for medicine in the knowledge
base following the list data structure of Prolog26
cc7 ( medicine, formula, [[e_1p1, ’1’],[mp,’4’],
[r_energy, ’6’] ] ).
Here, the third argument is a Prolog list structure of
categories and their corresponding isolate numbers,
which will represent that category as a minimum
requirement in the classification number. If any of these
three categories are absent, the corresponding isolate
number, which appears next to the category name in the
facet formula, is picked up. To perform this job the
inference engine has following rules.
formula (C+N):
cc7 ( medicine, formula, L ), !,
isitover(C,L).
MARCH 2007
The formula predicate is supported by another predicate
isitover, which checks the presence or absence of any
category.
isitover ( C, L ) :
not(lmember(C, L)), !.
isitover(C,[[]|_]): !.
isitover (C, [[C,_] | T)): !.
isitover (C, [[Cat, Num] | T]):-
recorded(done, Cat+N, _),
isitover(C,T).
isitover(C, [[Cat, Num] | T]):
recorded (out,Output,_),
cc7(Cat, symbol, S),
write(S), write(Num),
write(Output,S),
write(Output,Num),
record(done, Cat+Num, _),
isitover(C, T).
isitover(_,_).
The first isitover(C, T) predicate is used to check the
list membership using lmember predicate. If it is found
that C (i.e. category) is not a member of L (i.e. List)
then the system proceeds further and uses other isitover
predicate to pick up the category, symbol and its isolate
number as defined in the facet formula27.
Conclusion
Viswamitra is an attempt to build an automatic
classification using the tools and techniques of Artificial
Intelligence (AI), especially Natural Language
Processing (NLP) and Expert System (ES). The system
comprises of two major components viz, the NLP
component and the knowledgebase modeled on frame
based ES. These two components compliment each other.
The purpose of the system is to construct classification
numbers using CC7 schedule, which is represented in
the form of knowledge base.
The system has proven the fact that Ranganathan’s idea
of defining isolates in the line of meccano set is the best
suited and highly computer compatible to develop an
automated classification system using artificial
intelligence techniques. Viswamitra uses the frame-
based expert system. In a frame-based system,
description about any isolate idea is represented in the
form of a frame. And it becomes easier to identify the
isolate idea, its number, its category, its basic subjects
 PANIGRAHI & PRASAD: FACET SEQUENCE IN ANALYTICO SYNTHETIC SCHEME
etc., from this model. The NLP components help in facet
analysis. The system is able to follow the facet formula
being guided by principles of helpful sequence for facets.
Flexibility in it also can be imposed. Finally synthesing
the classification number becomes easier.
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(West Bengal, India). (Unpublished).p231-6
66
44 ANN LIB INF STU, MARCH 2007

Corrigendum

It is regretted that a wrong figure was inserted above the caption, “Figure 4 – Bradford – Zipf
Bibliograph for A J Legget” on page 208 in Annals of Library and Information Studies, 53 (4)
2006. The correct figure is as follows:
FREQUENCY OF NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS

CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS

FREQUENCY
50
CUMULATIVE
140
45

40 120

35
100
30
80
25

20 60

15 40
10
20
5
0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

CHANNEL NUMER

Figure 4 — Bradford – Zipf Bibliograph for A J Leggett

— Editor