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Operating System
Components of a Computer System
Components of a Computer System
Computer system can be divided into four components:
Hardware – provides basic computing resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices
Operating system
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems,
video games
Users
People, machines, other computers
OS Definition
A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a
computer and the computer hardware
Operating system goals:
Execute user programs
Make the computer system convenient to use
Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair
resource use
OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper
use of the computer
The kernel.
OS features and functionalities
Scheduling
The task of handling how active processes are making efficient use of the CPU
processing cycles is called scheduling.
Memory Management
The operating system has to make sure that applications are able to run in the
amount of memory available and that they do not interfere with one another.
Allocation of resources
The operating system will provide a working area for each user. This includes
Disk space. A personal GUI set up, how many processing cycles, how much
printer output they are allowed
Data and User security
Each users data and files will be kept private from other users, unless they
choose to make some shareable with others.
Providing system services such as print spooling
Managing input / output
Handling Network communication
User’s view of Operating System
It varies according to the interface
Personal Computers (PC): Such OS are designed for ease of use and with
some attention to performance and resource allocation
Terminal Systems: Such OS are designed for maximum resource
utilization. This assures that the system resources are distributed fairly
among all the terminals.
Workstations: they have dedicated h/w as well as they share network
resources. Such OS are designed to compromise between individual
usability and resource utilization.
Handheld Devices: Such OS are designed for individual use, with atmost
importance to performance per unit of battery
Embedded Devices: Such OS are designed basically with very less user
intervention
System view of Operating System
From computer view the OS is a program most
intimately involved with the h/w.
Resource Allocator
Controller Program
OS structure
System calls and System programs
System calls provide an interface between the process and
the operating system.
a system call is the programmatic way in which
a program requests a service from the OS, it is executed on.
Eg. hardware-related services (for example, accessing a disk drive,
creation and execution of new processes, and communication with
integral kernel services such as process scheduling).
System calls allow user-level processes to request some services from
the operating system which process itself is not allowed to do.
System programs provide basic functioning to users so that
they do not need to write their own environment for program
development (editors, compilers) and program execution (shells).
In some sense, they are bundles of useful system calls
Concept of Virtual Machine
Virtualization technology enables a single PC or server to
simultaneously run multiple operating systems