Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Summer has finally arrived, and with it comes warm weather, busy schedules, yard
work, pool time and … goosebumps? On a hot summer day, the hair on your arms may
raise on end. When our bodies experience a temperature difference that makes us feel
cold, like exiting a pool or running through a sprinkler, we release adrenaline.
Adrenaline causes tiny muscles under the skin to contract, resulting in the bumpy
appearance we commonly call goosebumps. Just as temperature fluctuations can shock
our bodies, they can shock concrete too.
¿Por fin ha llegado el verano, y con viene cálido clima horarios ocupados, jardín, piscina
de tiempo y... piel de gallina? En un caluroso día de verano, el pelo de los brazos puede
aumentar en el extremo. Cuando nuestros cuerpos experimentan una diferencia de
temperatura que nos hace sentir frío, como salir de una piscina o correr a través de un
rociador, soltamos adrenalina. Adrenalina provoca pequeños músculos debajo de la piel
a contraerse, dando lugar a la aparición de baches que vulgarmente llamamos piel de
gallina. Así como las fluctuaciones de temperatura pueden choque de nuestros cuerpos,
puede sorprender demasiado concreto.
Wieser Concrete Products’ plant in Maiden Rock, Wis., uses heated, covered bins
for aggregate storage. A conveyer is then used to transport aggregate
underground to the plant in order to maintain a consistent temperature
throughout the year. (Photo provided by Wieser Concrete Products)
Precasters must also take temperature gradient into account. A product that is stripped
from its form 24 hours after it is cast may feel cool to the touch, but a temperature
gradient exists temporarily as the concrete temperature increases closer to the center
of the mass.
In general, higher temperatures during the first few days of curing promote faster early
strength gain, but can reduce 28-day strength. For example, with all other factors
maintained constant at an optimal humidity of 80% and without special external
treatments, early age cement hydration rates and concrete compressive strength
steadily increase when comparing curing temperatures of 73, 90, 105 and 120 degrees
F.
En general, temperaturas más altas durante los primeros días de curado promoción la
ganancia de resistencia temprana más rápido, pero pueden reducir la resistencia de 28
días. Por ejemplo, con todos los demás factores mantenidas constante una humedad
óptima de 80% y sin tratamientos externos especiales, tasas de hidratación de cemento
edad temprana y resistencia a la compresión del concreto constantemente aumentan al
comparar las temperaturas de curado de 73, 90, 105 y 120 grados F.
However, if temperatures get too low, a different set of issues arise. Hydration rates
slow as temperature decreases and hydration and compressive strength development
discontinue below 32 F.
Concrete must reach 500 psi prior to exposure to freezing temperatures. This
compressive strength value is considered the minimum acceptable point at which the
hydrating cement paste is strong enough to resist stresses applied to it by expansive,
freezing pore water. Concrete that freezes prior to reaching 500 psi may develop as
little as 50% of its intended ultimate strength. The effects of early freezing are
irreversible. ACI 306, “Guide to Cold Weather Concreting,” outlines precautions,
procedures and considerations for manufacturing concrete in cold weather. Section
4.4.7 of the NPCA Quality Control Manual for Precast Concrete Plants states, “In cold
weather the temperature of concrete at the time of placing shall not be less than 45
degrees F.”
Sompura recommends precast plants located in colder climates prevent thermal shock
in concrete by doing the following:
Sompura recomienda prefabricadas plantas ubicadas en climas más fríos evitar choque
térmico en concreto haciendo lo siguiente:
"La temperatura del hormigón debe ser suficientemente alta como para evitar que el
concreto de congelación antes de llegar al conjunto final", dijo Sompura. "Esta es la
principal preocupación cuando el hormigón se coloca en medio abierto".
Other available options include using set-accelerating admixtures, heated mix water,
heated forms, high early strength cement or accelerated curing.
Otras opciones disponibles incluyen el uso de aditivos acelerar el sistema, mezcla agua
caliente, calefacción formas, alta temprana cemento de endurecimiento o acelerado de
curado.
Temperature rising
On the other end of the spectrum, special thermal considerations must also be made for
hot weather concreting. Dry aggregate stockpiles can be misted with water to provide
an appropriate moisture content prior to batching, iced or chilled mix water can be
used instead of room-temperature water, and set-retarding admixtures or low heat
hydration cement can be used. ACI 305, “Guide to Hot Weather Concreting,” outlines
precautions, procedures and considerations for producing concrete in especially warm,
dry weather. Section 4.4.6 of the NPCA Quality Control Manual for Precast Concrete
Plants states, “In hot weather the temperature of concrete at the time of placing shall
not exceed 90 degrees F.”
Sompura said precautions made by precast plants in warmer weather are somewhat
similar to the points listed for plants located in colder climates. He recommends plants
can do the following to prevent thermal shock:
Sompura dijo precauciones realizadas por plantas prefabricadas en clima más cálido
son algo similares a los puntos enumerados para las plantas ubicadas en climas más
fríos. Él recomienda plantas pueden hacer lo siguiente para evitar choque térmico:
Minimize the temperature difference between the concrete form and concrete.
Use supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash and, when possible,
Type I cement to control the temperature of concrete.
Spray water on aggregates to control the internal temperature of concrete and
maintain an appropriate aggregate moisture content.
Reducir al mínimo la diferencia de temperatura entre el encofrado y el
concreto.
Utilizar materiales cementantes suplementarios como cenizas volantes y,
cuando sea posible, tipo cemento para controlar la temperatura del
concreto.
Rocíe agua sobre los agregados para controlar la temperatura interna del
concreto y mantener un contenido adecuado de humedad agregada.
To avoid disrupting hydration and early strength development, concrete must reach
initial set prior to applying any form of accelerated curing. Attaining initial set, which is
tested in accordance with ASTM C403, “Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of
Concrete Mixtures by Penetration Resistance,” ensures curing concrete has developed
sufficient strength to withstand the thermal stresses that result from applying steam
and heat.
Clay Scott, assistant quality control manager of Forterra Pipe & Precast in Austin, Texas,
explained that at his plant, steam curing is used to help maintain appropriate curing
conditions for dry-cast pipe and box products during winter months and misting is
used during summer months.
Clay Scott, Subgerente de control de calidad de OpenSim tubos y prefabricados en
Austin, Texas, explicó que en su planta, curado de vapor se utiliza para ayudar a
mantener adecuadas condiciones para dry-cast tubo y caja de productos de curado
durante los meses de invierno y niebla se utilizan durante los meses de verano.
“As soon as one (curing zone) is filled up and production has finished their work, they
lower the curtain,” Scott said. “It keeps the pipe moist and the curing temperatures up
until the curtain is raised the next morning. Curing temperatures are monitored to
make sure they don’t increase too fast.”
"Tan pronto como uno (zona de curado) se llena para arriba y producción ha terminado
su trabajo, bajan la cortina", dijo Scott. "Mantiene el tubo húmedo y las temperaturas de
curado hasta que el telón se levanta a la mañana siguiente. Temperaturas de curado son
monitoreadas para asegurarse de que no aumentan demasiado rápido".
The α values of concrete and steel indicate that when exposed to a certain temperature
change, a like-sized sample of each will display a similar change, but water will change
6 times as much as concrete.
Los valores α de concreto y acero indican que cuando está expuesto a un cierto cambio
de temperatura, una muestra de cada uno como muestra un cambio similar, pero agua
cambia 6 veces tanto como el concreto.
In any scenario, concrete temperature and ambient temperature must be maintained at
appropriate levels throughout mixing, casting, finishing and curing. Straying from the
guidelines for any length of time can cause serious, irreversible damage to concrete
that prevents strength development and dramatically reduces durability, permeability,
freeze-thaw resistance, abrasion resistance, resilience and service life.