A study of solving integral equations by using laplace transorm

Contents
I. Introduction
II. Methodology
III. Result & Discussion
IV. Conclusion
V. References.
 I. INTRODUCTION
 INTEGRAL EQUATION DEFINITIONS:-
Definition (i):-
Integral Equation of convolution type:-
t
An equation of the form y(t) = F(t) +∫0 k (t − u)y(u) du is called an Integral

Equation of convolution type:-

The above equation can be written as y(t) = F(t)+k(t)* y(t)
Definition (ii):-
Integro – Differential Equations:-
An integro – Differential equation is an integral equation in which various derivatives of
unknown function y(t) can also be present
t
Y1(t) = F(t) + ∫0 k (t − u)y(u) du
t
Ex:- Y11(t) = Y(t) + sint +∫0 cos(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑦(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
Definition (iii):-
Abel’s Integral Equations:-
t y(u)
An equation of the form ∫0 (t−u)n du = G(t) is called Abel’s Integral Equation.

Where G(t) is known function and ‘n’ is constent such that 0<n<1.

Definition (iii):-
Laplace Transforms:-
t
The Laplace Transformation of F(t) denoted by L{F(t)} = ∫0 e–st F(t) dt = f(p)

Here ‘L’ is called laplace Transformation operators. The Parameter ‘S’ is a real and
complex number.
 Some Standard Formula in Laplace Transforms
1. L {1 } = 1/p
𝑛!
2. L { tn} = 𝑃 𝑛+1
1
3. L { t } = 𝑃2
1
4. L { eat } = 𝑃−𝑎
1
5. L { e-at } = 𝑃+𝑎
𝑎
6. L { sinat } = 𝑃2 +𝑎2
𝑃
7. L { cosat } = 𝑃2 +𝑎2
𝑎
8. L { sinhat } = 𝑃2 −𝑎2
𝑃
9. L { coshat } = 𝑃2 −𝑎2
(𝑛+1)
10. L { tn } = (for rational numbers)
𝑃 𝑛+1
Objectives:-
1. Solving Integral Equations of convolution type.
2. Solving Integro – Differential equations.
3. Solving Abel’s Integral equations.
II. Methodology

Working rule to solve Integral equation of convolution type:

Consider the convolution equation
t
Y(t) = F(t) + ∫0 k(t − u) y(u) du
1. We write the given Integral equation in the form
Y(t) = F(t) + K(t) * Y(t)
2. Applying Laplace Transform on both sides
3. Write y(p) as a function of ‘p’
4. Applying Inverse Laplace Transform on both sides we get the required solution in ‘t’.

Working Rule to solve Integro – Differential Equations:-

Consider the Integro – Differential equations.
t
Y1(t) = F(t) + ∫0 k(t − u) y(u) du Y(0) = Y0
1. We write the above equation in the form
Y1(t) = F(t) +K(t) * Y(t)
2. Applying Laplace Transforms on both sides
3. Applying the given initial condition
4. Write y(p) as a function of ‘p’.
5. Applying Inverse Laplace Transforms on both sides, we get the required solutions in ‘t’

Working Rule to solve Abel’s Integral Equations:-

Consider the equation
t y(u)
∫0 (t−u) n
du = G(t)

1. We write the above equation in the form Y(t) = t-n = G(t)

2. Applying Laplace Transforms on both sides
 3. Write y(p) as a function of ‘P’.
4. Applying Inverse Laplace Transform on both sides, we get the required solution in ‘t’.

III. RESULT & DISCUSSION

Problem 1:-
t
Solve F(t) = e-t – 2 ∫0 F(u) cos(t − u) du
Solution:-
Given integral equation is
t
F(t) = e-t – 2 ∫0 F(u) cos(t − u) du
The above equation can be written as
F(t) = e-t – 2 [F(t)* cost t]
Taking Laplace Transform on both sides.
L{F(t)} = L{ e-t } – 2[l{F(t) } . L { cost} ]
1 𝑝
f(p) = 𝑃+1 - 2 [f(p) . 𝑝2 +1]
1 2𝑝
f(p) = 𝑃+1 - [f(p) . 𝑝2 +1]
2𝑝 1
f(p) [1 + 𝑝2 +1 ] = 𝑝+1
𝑝2 +1+2𝑝 1
f(p) [ ] = 𝑝+1
𝑝2 +1

(𝑝+1)2 1
f(p) [ ] = 𝑝+1
𝑝2 +1

1 𝑝2 +1
f(p) = 𝑝+1 . [(𝑝+1)2 ]

𝑝2 +1
 f(p) = [(𝑝+1)3 ]

Taking Inverse Laplace Transform on both sides

𝑝2 1
L-1 { f(p) } = L-1 { (𝑝+1)3 } + L-1 { (𝑝+1)3}

(𝑝−1)2 1
F(t) = e-t L-1 { } + e-t L-1 { (𝑝)3 }
(𝑝)3

(𝑝)2 2𝑝 1 𝑡2
= e-t [L-1 { (𝑝)3 } - L-1 { (𝑝)3 }+ L-1 { (𝑝)3 } ] + e-t 2!
 1 2 𝑡2 𝑡2
= e-t [L-1 { 𝑝 } - L-1 { (𝑝)2 }+ 2! ] + e-t 2!

𝑡2 𝑡2
F(t) = e-t [(1) -2t+ 2 + 2
-t 2
F(t) = e [1 -2t+t ]
F(t) = e-t (1-t2)
Which is the required solution.

Problem 2:-
t
Solve F(t) = 1 + ∫0 sin(t − u) F(u) du
Solution:-
Given Integral equation is
t
F(t) = 1 + ∫0 sin(t − u) F(u) du
The above equation can be written as
F(t) = 1 + sint * F(t)
Taking Laplace Transform on both sides
L { F(t) } = L { 1 } + [L { 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡} .L { F(t) } ]
1 1
f(p) = 𝑝 +[ 𝑝2 +1 . f(p) ]
1 𝑓(𝑝)
f(p) = 𝑝 +[ 𝑝2 +1]
1 1
f(p) [ 1- 𝑝2 +1 ] = 𝑝
𝑝2 +1−1 1
f(p) [ ]=𝑝
𝑝2 +1

𝑝2 1
f(p) [𝑝2 +1 ] = 𝑝
𝑝2 +1 1
f(p)= .
𝑝2 𝑝

𝑝2 +1
f(p)= 𝑝3
1 1
f(p)= 𝑝 + 𝑝3

Taking Inverse Laplace Transform on both sides

1 1
L-1 {f(p) } = L-1 { 𝑝} + = L-1 { 𝑝}
 𝑡2
 F(t) = 1 + 2!

Which is the required solution.

Problem 3:-
t
Solve F1(t) = t + ∫0 F(t − u) cosu du ; F(0) = 4
Solution :-
Given equation is
t
F1(t) = t + ∫0 F(t − u) cosu du ; F(0) = 4
The above equation can be written as
F1(t) = t + [ F(t) * cost]
Taking Laplace Transform on both sides.
L{F1(t)} =L{ t }+ [L{ F(t) } * L {cost}]
1 𝑝
P f(p) – F(0) = 𝑝2 + [𝑓(𝑝) 𝑝2 +1]
1 𝑝
P f(p) – 4 = 𝑝2 + [𝑓(𝑝) 𝑝2 +1]
𝑝 1
f(p)[p– ]= +4
𝑝2 +1 𝑝2

𝑝3 +𝑝−𝑝 1
f(p)[p– ] = 𝑝2+4
𝑝2 +1

1 𝑝2 +1
f(p)= 𝑝2+4 𝑝3

𝑝2 +1+4𝑝4 +4𝑝2
f(p)= ]
𝑝5
5 4 1
f(p)= 𝑝3+ 𝑝 +𝑝5+

Taking Inverse Laplace Transform on both sides

1 1 1
L-1 {f(p) } = 5L-1 { 𝑝3} + L-1 { 𝑝5}+ 4L-1 { 𝑝}
𝑡2 𝑡4
F(t) = 5 + + 4(1)
2! 4!
𝑡2 𝑡4
F(t) =4+ 5 + 24
2

Which is required solution.

Problem 4:-
t
Solve F1(t) = sint + ∫0 F(t − u) cosu du ; F(0) = 0
Solution:-
The above equation is
t
F1(t) = sint + ∫0 F(t − u) cosu du ; F(0) = 0
The above equation can be written as
F1(t) = sint + [F(t) ∗ cost]
Taking Laplace Transform on both sides
L{F1(t)} =L{ sint } + [L{F(t)} ∗ L{cost}]
1 𝑝
Pf(p) –F(0) = 𝑝2 +1 + (𝑓(𝑝) 𝑝2 +1)
𝑝 1
f(p) [ p-𝑝2 +1] = 𝑝2 +1
𝑝3 1
f(p) [𝑝2 +1] = 𝑝2 +1
1 𝑝2 +1
f(p)= 𝑝2 +1 = 𝑝3
1
f(p)= 𝑝3

Taking Inverse Laplace Transform on both sides

1
L-1 {f(p)} = L-1 { 𝑝3 }
1
F(t) = L-1 { 𝑝2 +1 }
𝑡2
F(t) = 2
𝑡2
 F(t) = 2

Which is the required solution.