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ELEMENT METHOD
VIJAYAVITHAL BONGALE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MALNAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
HASSAN - 573 202.
Mobile : 9448821954
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Experimental Investigation:
• Expensive and impossible
• Performance on small scale model
• Small scale model do not simulate all the
features of the full scale difficulties of
measurement
Theoretical Calculation:
• Low cost and fast
• Complete information
• Ability to simulate realistic condition
• Ability to simulate ideal model
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Methods of Analysis:
• Exact methods( e.g. Separation of
variables and Laplace transformation
Analytical methods)
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Why FEM?
• In nature every phenomenon is governed by laws of
physics, in terms algebraic, differential or integral
equations relating various quantities of interest.
• Examples
1. Dynamic behavior of the body- Newton’s law of motion
2. Heat conduction for analysis of temperature distribution in
solids -Fourier’s law
3. Study of motion of viscous fluids- Navier-Stokes equations
4. Structural Analysis – Force-stress-strain relations
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What is Finite Element Method?
• FEM is a numerical analysis technique
for obtaining approximate solutions to
a wide variety of engineering
problems.
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FEA: Basic concept
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Example of FEA Mesh
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Applications of FEM:
1. Equilibrium problems or time independent problems.
e.g. i) To find displacement distribution and stress
distribution for a mechanical or thermal loading in
solid mechanics. ii) To find pressure, velocity,
temperature, and density distributions of equilibrium
problems in fluid mechanics.
2. Eigenvalue problems of solid and fluid mechanics.
e.g. i) Determination of natural frequencies and
modes of vibration of solids and fluids. ii) Stability
of structures and the stability of laminar flows.
3.Time-dependent or propagation problems of continuum
mechanics.
e.g. This category is composed of the problems that
results when the time dimension is added to the
problems of the first two categories.
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Engineering applications of the FEM:
• Civil Engineering structures
• Air-craft structures
• Heat transfer
• Geomechanics
• Hydraulic and water resource engineering and
hydrodynamics
• Nuclear engineering
• Biomedical Engineering
• Mechanical Design- stress concentration problems,
stress analysis of pistons, composite materials,
linkages, gears, stability of linkages, gears and
machine tools. Cracks and fracture problems under
dynamic loads etc
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Advantages of Finite Element Method
• Model irregular shaped bodies quite easily
• Can handle general loading/ boundary conditions
• Model bodies composed of composite and
multiphase materials because the element equations
are evaluated individually
• Model is easily refined for improved accuracy by
varying element size and type
• Time dependent and dynamic effects can be
included
• Can handle a variety nonlinear effects including
material behavior, large deformation, boundary
conditions etc.
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Disadvantages:
• Needs computer programmes and computer
facilities
• The computations involved are too numerous for
hand calculations even when solving very small
problems
• Computers with large memories are needed to
solve large complicated problems
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Similarities that exists between various
types of engineering problems:
1. Solid Bar under Axial Load
u
AE 0,
x x
Where , E is the Young' s modulus,
u is axial displaceme nt,
and A is cross sectional area
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2. One – dimensional Heat Transfer
T
KA 0, Laplace equation
x x
Where , K is the thermal conductivi ty,
T is temperature, and A is cross sectional area
3. One dimensional fluid flow
Φ
ρA 0, Where ,
x x
ρ is the density , φ is potential function ,
Φ
and A is cross sectional area and u
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x 16
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General Steps to be followed while
solving a structural problem by using
FEM:
1. Discretize and select the element type
2. Choose a displacement function
3. Define the strain/displacement and stress/ strain
relationships
4. Derive the element stiffness matrix and equations
by using direct or variational or Galerkin’s approach
5. Assemble the element equations to obtain the
global equations and introduce boundary conditions
6. Solve for the unknown degrees of freedom or
generalized displacements
7. Solve for the element strains and stresses
8. Interpret the results
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Step 1. Discretize and Select element type
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Step 3. Define the strain/displacement and
stress/strain relationships
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x E x 21
Step 4. Derive element stiffness matrix and
equations
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Step 6. Solve for the unknown degrees of
freedom or generalized displacements
• After introducing boundary conditions, we get a set
of simultaneous algebraic equations and these
equations can be written in the expanded form as
F1 K11 K12 K13 K1n d1
F K K K K d
2 21 22 23 2n 2
F3 K 31 K 32 K 33 K 3 n d 3
Fn K n1 K nn d n 25
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The above equations can be solved for unknown
degrees of freedom by using an elimination
method such as Gauss ‘s method or an iteration
method such as the Gauss-Seidel method
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Step 8. Interpret the results
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Computer Programmes for the FEM
1. Algor
2. ANSYS – Engineering Analysis System
3. COSMOS/M
4. STARDYNE
5. IMAGES-3D
6. MSC/NASTRAN- NASA Structural Analysis
7. SAP90- Structural Analysis Programme
8. GT- STRUDL – Structural Design Language
9. SAFE- Structural Analysis by Finite Elements
10.NISA- Non linear Incremental Structural Analysis etc.
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Matrix Algebra:
Matrix is an mxn array of numbers arranged in m rows
and n columns
a
11
a a a
12 13
1n
a a a a
21 22 23
2n
a a a a a
31 32 33 3n
a
m1
a a
m2 m3
a
mn
a or a or a
A matrix is represented by
ij
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Matrix types:
• Rectangular matrix if m ≠ n
• Row matrix if m = 1 and n > 1
• Column matrix if m > 1 and n = 1
• Square matrix if m=n
Row matrices and rectangular matrices are denoted
by using brackets and column matrices are
denoted by using braces
In FEM
• Force matrices and Displacements matrices are
Column matrices
• Stiffness matrix is a square matrix
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Matrix operations:
• Multification of a matrix by a scalar
• Addition of matrices- Matrices of same order
C a b b a
• Multification of matrices- If two matrices to be
multiplied then the number of columns in one
matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the
other.
a xb b xa
ji
T
T
- 31
aa
T
• Symmetric matrix
• Unit matrix or identity matrix – a square matrix with
each element of the main diagonal to 1 and all other
elements equal to zero and is denoted by matrix I
• Diagonal Matrix- A square matrix with non-zero
elements only along the principle diagonal
• Upper triangular matrix- matrix with the elements
below the principle diagonal are all zero
• Differentiating a matrix-differentiating every element
in the conventional manner
• Integrating a matrix- integrating every element in the
conventional manner
• Determinant of a matrix c adj a T
• Inverse of a matrix- a
1
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a
a
32
• Inverse of a matrix is also obtained by row reduction
or Gauss-Jordan method
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Methods for solution of
simultaneous linear equations
a x a x a x c
21 1 22 2 2n n 2
a x a x a x c
31 1 32 2 3n n 3
a x a x a x c
n1 1 n2 2 nn n n
Where,
'
a are the coefficient of the unkowns x s and
ij j
a a a
11 12 1n x 1 c 1
a a a x c
21 22 2n
2
2
( 1 )
a a a
n1 n2 nn
x n
c
n
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• To solve
1. Eliminate the coefficient of x1 in every equation except
the first one
To do this, select a11 as the pivot and
a
a) Add the multiple of the first row to the second
21
a 11
a11
22 2n
2
2
33 3n 3 3
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0 0 a a ''
n3
''
nn
x n
c 38
''
n
• Repeat this process for the remaining rows until we
have the system of equations (called triangular zed) as
a 11
a 12
a x1n 1 c 1
0 a '
a
' x c '
22
2n 2
2
0 0 a a a x
'' '' ''
c ''
33 34 3n 3 3
0 0 0 a a
'''
44
'''
4n ( 4 )
0 0 0 0 a
''''
5n
0 x c
0 0 a n 1 n 1
0 nn n n
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3. Determine xn from the last equation as
n 1
c
x n
n
n 1
a nn
1
x a a x
n
where,
a
i i ,n 1 r i1 ir r
a a a a
21 22 23
a a a
31 32 33
We have,
1 0 0 0 0
I 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
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a
11
a a 12 13
therefore a I a
21
a a
22 23
a
31
a a 32 33
a a a x
11 12 13 1
and a I X a a
21
a x 22 23 2 0
a a31
a x 32 33 3
We get ,
a x a x a x 0
11 1 12 2 13 3
a x a x a x 0
21 1 22 2 23 3
8/14/2015 a x a x a x 0
31 1 32 2 33 3 43
• The solution for the above system of
equations exists the determinant
a 11
a 12
a 13
a 21
a
22
a 23
0
a 31
a 32
a 33
i .e . a I 0
This equation is called the characteristic
equation of matrix [a]
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• Example: Find all the Eigen values and the corresponding Eigen
vectors of the matrix
8 6 2
a 6 7 4
2 4 3
The characteristic equation for the above matrix will be in the form of
a I 0
8 6 2
i .e . 6 7 4 0
2 4 3
i .e .( 8 )7 3 ( 4 x 4 )
( 6 ) 6 x 3 ( 2 )( 4 )
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• We get, after simplification of above equation
3 15 0
Therefore ,
0 , 3 and 15
• These are called Eigen Values
To determine the Eigen vectors, form the equation based on,
a I X 0
8 6 2 x
1
i .e . 6 7
4 x 2 0
2 4 3 x 3
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i .e . 8 x 6 x 2 x 0
1 2 3
6 x 7 x 4 x 0
1 2 3
2 x 4 x 3 x 0
1 2 3
Case 1 If λ= 0
Using the rule of cross multification
x1 x2 x3 x x2 x3
i .e 1
6 2 8 2 8 6 10 20 20
7 4 6 4 6 7
we get , x1 1 , x 2 2 , x 3 2
6 2 5 2 5 6 16 8 16
4 4 6 4 6 4 Therefore Eigen vector at 3 is
we get , x 2 , x 1 , x 2
1 2 3 2
X 1
2
Case 3 If λ= 15
Using the rule of cross multification
x x x x x x
1
i .e
2
3 1 2 3
6 2 7 2 7 6 40 40 20
8 4 6 4 68
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1 2 3
48
Therefore Eigen vector at 15 is
2
X 2
1
2 x 1x
1 2
4
1x 1x 1x 6
1 2 3
In matrix form
2 2 1 x 9
2 1 0 x 4 ( 1 )
1
2
a 11
2
a 1
b) Add the multiple of the first row to the third
31
a 11
2
We obtain
2 2 1 x1 9
0 1 1 x2 5 ( 2 )
1 x 3 3
0 0
2 2
Second row operations :
a 21 a a
( x a11 a 21 ) 0 , ( 21 x a12 a 22 ) 1 , ( 21 x a13 a 23 ) 1 and
a11 a11 a11
a 21
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( x c 1 c 2 ) 5 50
a11
Step 2:
Eliminate the coefficient of x2 in every equation below the
second equation. In this case, we accomplished this in step 1.
Step 3:
Solve for x3 in the third of equation (2) as
1 3
x x 3
3 3
2 2
Solve for x2 in the second of equation (2) as
1 x2 1 x3 5 x2 2
Solve for x1 in the first of equation (2) as
9 2( 2 ) 1( 3 )
x1 1
2
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Ex 2. x 4x 5x 4
1 2 3
3x 4x 1
2 3
2 x 1x 2 x 3
1 2 3
Ex 3. 2 x 1 x 3 x 11
1 2 3
4x 2x 3x 8
1 2 3
2 x 2 x 1x 6
1 2 3
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Thank You
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