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In order to identify living organisms, scientists listed 7 characteristics which all living
organisms have:
1. Nutrition:
Taking in nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions, containing raw materials
and energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them.
2. Excretion:
Removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism and substances
in excess.
3. Respiration:
Chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy.
4. Sensitivity:
The ability to detect or sense changes in the environment and to make responses.
5. Reproduction:
6. Growth:
The permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in number of cells, cell size, or
both.
7. Movement:
M- Movement
R- Respiration
S- Sensitivity
G- Growth
R- Reproduction
E- Excretion
N- Nutrition
The Binomial System:
The Binomial System of scientifically naming organisms was developed by Carolus Linnaeus
of Sweden. It consists of the organism’s Genus and species name, and thus it is called as
Binomial. It consists of 7 levels:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Please
Count
On
Frank
Giving
Snacks
Kingdom- Animal
Phylum- Vertebrates
Class- Mammalia
Order- Primate
Family- Hominidae
Genus- Homo
Species- Sapiens
Eukaryotes:
Protoctista
Protoctista: are organisms with a nucleus, and many flexible organelles amongst their species
(for example, some have chloroplasts and cell walls like plants and some like animal cells
without these distinguishing characteristics). Their main characteristics include:
Examples of Protoctista:
Paramecium
Chlamydomonas
Seaweeds
Fungi
Fungi: are organisms which do not have chlorophyll, thus are heterotrophic and feed on dead
organic matter parasitically. The most common known is the edible mushroom; others include
fungi causing diseases like athlete’s foot, ringworm, panama disease etc. Their characteristics
include:
Multicellular bodies (very few are unicellular)
Have nuclei
Examples include:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Penicillium
Mushroom
Animals ( Annimalia )
Phylum Arthropoda:
Hard exoskeleton
Segmented bodies
jointed appendages
Open circulatory systems in which heart pumps hemolymph through short arteries
into open spaces (sinuses)
terrestrial members have tracheal system of branched tubes leading from their surface
throughout body
Class -Crustaceans:
More than 4 pairs of jointed legs
Antennae present
Mostly marine
Arachnids:
Mostly terrestrial
Insects:
Antennae present
Mostly terrestrial
Terrestrial
Phylum Annelida
Phylum Nematodes
The encephalon is placed inside the skull and spinal cord is placed inside the spine.
Aquatic
Have fins
Class Amphibians
Give birth to offspring by laying eggs
Have 4 limbs
Breathe through gills when young; when mature, breathe through lungs
Class Reptilia
Terrestrial
Class Mammalia
Warm blooded
Females have mammary (milk secreting) glands that produce milk to feed young
ones.
Root
System Adventitious root only Adventitious root, Taproot or both
Phylum Conifers:
Viruses
Entirely microscopic
Prokaryotes
Bacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular. they have cell walls and circular DNA called
plasmids. They are Heterotrophs or Autotrophs.
Example: L.bulgaricus
Dichotomous Keys :
a key used to identify a plant or animal in which each stage presents descriptions of two
distinguishing characters, with a direction to another stage in the key, until the species is
identified.