Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Expectancy:
The expectancy is the belief that one’s effort will result in achievement of
desired performance goals. The belief is generally based on an individual’s
past experience, self-confidence (often termed self-efficacy); the perceived
difficulty of the performance standard or goal.
Examples include
expectations, he or she will receive a greater reward. This reward may come
accomplishment.
Examples include:
Valance: The valance refers the value the individual personality places
on the rewards. This is a function of his or her needs, goals and values.
Example include:
Psychological needs:
Psychological needs are the very basic needs such as air, water, food, sleep etc. When
these are not satisfied we may feel sickness, Irritation, pain, discomfort etc.
Safety Needs:
Love Needs:
Love and belongingness are next on the ladder. Humans have a design to belong to
groups, clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs etc. We need to feel loved by
others, to be accepted by others. We need to be needed.
Esteem Needs:
There are two types of esteem needs. First is self-esteem, which results from
competence or mastery of a task. Second, there’s the attention and recognition that
comes from others. This is similar to the belongingness level; however; wanting
admiration has to do with the need of power.
Self-Actualization:
The need for self-actualization is “the desire to become more and more what one is, to
become everything that one is capable of becoming.” People who have everything can
maximize their potential. They can seek knowledge, peace, experience, self-fulfillment,
and oneness with God etc.
Theory X
The Manager who believes in applying Theory X. (The Authoritarian) Style tends to
believe that
So, he gives close supervision and defines jobs and systems that structure how a worker
allocates and applies their time. They place stress on workers being calculative.
________________________________________________________________________
Theory Y
The Manager who believes in applying Theory Y (The Participative Style) tends to believe
that
that has been built up in the course of one’s life.” (Warren &
Carmichael, 1930)
(Mayer, 2005)
Stages of Personality
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Basic Important
Stage Conflict Events Outcome
Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers
Infancy (birth Trust vs. provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this
to 18 months) Mistrust Feeding will lead to mistrust.
The First personality tests were developed in the early 20th century and were
forces.
Since these early efforts, a wide variety of personality tests have been developed,
notably the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the MMPI, and a number of tests
Today, personality tests are used in a range of contexts, including individual and
development.
What is psychological test?
Psychological testing is the process of understanding how a person thinks, learns, feels
The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is the most widely used personality assessment
Myers concluded there were four primary ways people different from one another. She
labeled these differences “preferences”. The Indicator is based on four scales. Each scale
represents two ends of a continuum of two preferences. These are like “right” or “left”
handedness to use.
The first set of mental preferences relates to how people PERCEIVE or take in
information.
S These who prefer ‘Sensing’ Perception favor clear, tangible data and information that
N In contrast, those who prefer ‘Intuition’ Perception are drawn to information that is
more abstract, conceptual, big picture and represents imaginative possibilities for the
future.
The ‘Second’ set of mental preferences identifies how people from “JUDGEMENTS”, to
make decisions.
T Those who prefer ‘Thinking’ judgement have a natural preference for making decisions
F Those whose preference is for ‘Feeling’ judgement make their decisions in a somewhat
global, visceral and value-oriented way. Paying particular attention to the impact of
There are two other mental preferences that are part of the MTBI Model.
S S N N
I ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ J
I ISTP ISFP INFP INTP P
E ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP P
E ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ J
T F F T
Stress
Stress???
Types of Stress
Symptoms
Major Stresses
Coping Strategies
Stress:
environment.
When you feel threatened, a chemical reaction occurs in your body, that
1) Acute Stress
Acute stress is the most common type of stress.
It’s your body immediate reaction to a new challenge, it triggers your
fight-or-flight response
As the pressure of a near-miss automobile accident, an argument
with a family member, your body turns on this biological response.
2) Episodic acute stress
When acute stress happens frequently, it’s called episodic acute
stress.
People who always seem to be having a crisis tend to have episodic
acute stress.
They are often short tempered, irritable and anxious.
3) Chronic Stress
If acute stress isn’t resolved and begins to increase or lasts for long
periods of time, it becomes chronic stress
This stress is constant and doesn’t go away.
It can stem from such things as (reasons)
a poverty
a dysfunctional family
an unhappy marriage
a bad job
It can contribute to several serious diseases or health risks, such as:
(effects)
heart disease, cancer, lung disease, accidents, cirrhosis of the
liver, suicide.
Symptoms of Stress
Intestinal Distress
Rapid Pulse
Insomnia (Lack of sleep)
Irritability
Nail Biting
Lack of Concentration
Increased use of Drugs
Hunger for Sweets / Carbohydrates
High Blood pressure
Types of Conflict
Approach-approach: having to choose between two or more desirable
alternatives;
Avoidance- avoidance: having to choose between two or more
undesirable alternatives;
Approach-avoidance: having to choose between two or more
alternatives which have desirable and undesirable results.
Major stresses
Stresses are the agents which trigger the various stress reactions.
Organizational Stressors
Change in work place
Performance appraisals
Role ambiguity
Role conflict
Career development
Being responsible for other people
Assembly line wake
Piece work
Coping strategy from Stress
1) Communication
Communication is the best strategy to eliminate stress
The communicational should be opened
Employee can easily communicate or transfer their though to the
upper management or colleagues
3) Social Support
Organization provides social support by facilitating to cohesiveness of
work groups and training supervisors
Manager should clearly state to their subordinates what is expected
of them and what are the responsibilities of their job?
5) Counselling
Management provides in-house counselling programs that teach
individual