UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

___________________________________________________________________________

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer :
Group : EM4D6A
___________________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : TORSION TEST

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1. MUHAMMAD HILMAN BIN HAZMI 2017806658
2. MUHAMMAD FAZRUL SYAFIQ BIN KHAIRUL 2017
SALEH
3. MUHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN KAMIL HAMZAH 2016218292
4. MUHAMMAD AMIRIN SOFI BIN ROSLAN 2017

LABORATORY SESSION : 14/5/2017

(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 21/5/2017

(DATE)

*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have
contributed to this submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result
in an investigation of academic msconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly
more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

ABSTRACT

The following experiment outlines the proper procedure for determining the shear modulus for
a material. The experiment conducted is to determine the torsion properties subjected to pure
torque loading, identify Types of fracture surface under pure torque and to validate the data
between experimental and theoretical values. During this experiment, mild steel was used as
samples to demonstrate how materials behave during testing conditions. By measuring the
applied torque with respect to the angle of twist, the shear modulus, shear stress at the limit of
proportionality, and failure conditions can be found. We can conclude that not all deformation
is elongational or compressive. The concept of stress and strain can be extended to inclined
shearing or distortional effects. In solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an
applied torque.

2
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

CONTENTS PAGE

ABSTRACT 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS 3

LIST OF TABLES 4

LIST OF FIGURES 4

LIST OF GRAPHS 4

1.0 INTRODUCTION 5

2.0 THEORY 6-8

3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 9-11

4.0 RESULTS 12

5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

6.0 REFERENCES

7.0 APPENDICES

3
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

2.1 Example of Drive Shaft subject to torsion in service 8
3.1.1 Torsion test machine 9
3.1.2 Torque meter 9
3.1.3 Vernier caliper 9
3.1.4 Mild steel 9
3.1.5 Apparatus Settings 10
3.1.6 Torsion house 10
3.1.7 Worm gear 10
3.2.1 Specimen 11

3.2.2 Shifting Specimen holder 11

LIST OF GRAPHS

Graph Title Page

4
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

1.0 Introduction

This experiment was devoted to analysis and design of shaft or more specifically to analyze the
stress and strain in members of circular cross section subjected to twisting couple or torques. A
torsion test will be done to determine the stress and deformation of a specimen that is mild
steel until it reaches its failure. From this result we can obtained:

 Modulus of rigidity, G
 Maximum shear stress τmax
 Relationship between torque and angle of twist θ
 Strain energy per unit volume up to limit of proportionality
 Types of fracture surface.

Using this formula: T/J = τ/R = G θ/L

where

T = Torque in Nm

J = Polar moment of area in m4

τ = Shearing stress in Nm-2

R = Radius of specimen in m

θ = Angle of twist in radians

L = Specimen gauge length in m

5
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

2.0 Theory

In solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque. It is expressed
in newton meters (Nm). In sections perpendicular to the torque axis, the resultant shear
stress in this section is perpendicular to the radius. Torsion occurs when any shaft is subjected
to a torque. The shaft is rotating such as drive shafts on engines, motors and turbines or
stationary such as with a bolt or screw. The torque makes the shaft twist and one end rotates
relative to the other inducing shear stress on any cross section. Failure might occur due to shear
alone or because the shear is accompanied by stretching or bending

 For shafts of uniform cross-sectional the torsion is:

T is the applied torque or moment of torsion in Nm. T is the maximum shear stress at the outer
surface JT is the torsion constant for the section. It is identical to the second moment of
area Jzz for concentric circular tubes or round solid shafts only. For other shapes, J must be
determined by other means. For solid shafts, the membrane analogy is useful, and for thin-
walled tubes of arbitrary shape, the shear flow approximation is fairly good, if the section is
not re-entrant. For thick-walled tubes of arbitrary shape, there is no simple solution, and finite
element analysis (FEA) may be the best method. r is the distance between the rotational axis
and the farthest point in the section (at the outer surface). L is the length of the object the
torque is being applied to or over. θ is the angle of twist in radians. G is the shear modulus or
more commonly the modulus of rigidity and is usually given in gigapascals (GPa),The
product JT G is called the torsional rigidity wT.

 The shear stress at a point within a shaft is:

6
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Note that the highest shear stress occurs on the surface of the shaft, where the radius is
maximum. High stresses at the surface may be compounded by stress concentration such as
rough spots. Thus, shafts for use in high torsion are polished to a fine surface finish to reduce
the maximum stress in the shaft and increase their service life.

The angle of twist can be found by using:

Consider a cylindrical bar subjected to a torsional moment at one end. The twisting moment is
resisted by shear stresses set up in the cross section of the bar. zero at centre, max at surface

τ = shear stress, Pa
MT = torsional moment, Nm
r = radial distance measured from centre of bar, m
J = polar moment of inertia,𝑚4

For the shear stress

The maximum shear stress at the surface of the bar is

For a tubular specimen, the shear stress on the outer surface is

Where
D1 = Outside diameter of tube
D2 = Inside diameter of tube
Both equation of stress is applied only for a linear relationship.

7
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Torsion Test
Torsion test are made on materials to determine such properties as the modulus elasticity in
shear, the torsion yield strength and the modulus of rupture. It is often used for testing brittle
materials and can be tested in full-sized parts, i.e., shafts, axles and twist drills which are
subjected to torsion loading in service.

Figure 2.1 Example of Drive Shaft subject to torsion in service

This experiment is designed to determine the modulus of rigidity. Utilizing test specimens with
a known geometry, specimens can be twisted with the values for torque simultaneously
measured. With the sample secured and clamped within the Torsion Test Machine, the
specimen can be twisted by applying a rotational torque to one end, while the opposing end is
kept straight.

8
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

3.0 Procedure

3.1 List of apparatus

Figure 3.1.1 - Torsion test machine

Figure 3.1.2 - Torque meter

Figure 3.1.3 - Vernier caliper

Figure 3.1.4 - Mild steel

9
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Figure 3.1.5 – Apparatus Settings

Figure 3.1.6 - Torsion house Figure 3.1.7 - Worm gear

10
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

3.2 Procedure

1. Measure the specimen size and overall length

Figure 3.2.1 - Specimen

2. Put the specimen and fix it at the end on the machine chuck and the zero reading is
needed to be set all on gauge.

Figure 3.2.2 - Shifting Specimen holder

3. The handwheel is needed to turn it on the clockwise to provide the applied load

4. For the rotation, firstly we rotate (90° ) for the four time then (180)° also four time.
After that we rotate the gear for (360° ) for 10 times and continue to rotate the gear for
(720° ) until the specimen break.

5. For the reading the turning the handwheel at the position first or second or other then
the dial gauge is needed to set to be initial value as 0 and from that the reading of
torque will display at torque meter.

6. Record the data that obtain from the torque meter and the rotation of handwheel and
plot the graph from the given data.

11
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

4.0 Results

12
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

5.0 Discussion and Conclusion

13
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

6.0 References

14
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

7.0 Appendices

15