Info Eddy Current

20/4/2018 Eddy current separator | Goudsmit Magnetics
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Eddy current separators
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Application
Eddy current separators, or non-ferrous separators, separate non-magnetic (non-ferrous) metals. They purify large bulk
streams and/or separate non-ferrous metals for reuse. Eddy current separators have many uses. They can handle high
capacities, because the conveyor belt separates and carries away non-ferrous metals continuously and fully automatically.
An important factor for good separation is an even ow of material, supplied by a vibrating feeder or conveyor belt for
example. This results in a uniform distribution across the belt, so that the material arrives as a monolayer: this means that
the supplied layer thickness is about as thick as the largest piece, and thus that there are no pieces lying one on top of the
other. This is especially important with smaller fraction sizes. Goudsmit separators are robustly built so they can remain
operational day and night in even the most demanding applications, such as incinerator slag reprocessing. Application
examples include:
removal of aluminium caps for the glass recycling industry;

removal of brass rivets and hinges in the wood recycling industry;
removal of non-ferrous metals from slag from waste incineration plants;
processing of scrap, electronics waste or household waste;
elimination of impurities from recycled plastic streams for protection of injection moulding machines;
clean-up of mining and mineral streams, e.g. removal of broken-off excavator teeth;
recovery of casting residues in the metal casting industry.
Working principle
Goudsmit has been producing eddy current separators for many years. Market and customer wishes are focal points for the
design of a robust, reliable machine line.
How eddy current separators work

Eddy current separators have a conveyor belt system with a high-speed magnetic rotor at the end. The rotation speed of
the magnets generates an induction eld, creating a rapidly changing magnetic eld (see animation). The separation is
based on the principle that every electrically conductive particle located in an alternating magnetic eld is temporarily
magnetized.
Simply put: for a brief moment all metals that pass the magnetic roller become magnetized themselves, causing them to
be ejected.
This enables us to separate a huge number of non-ferrous metals and their alloys, including aluminium, copper and brass.
Material Electrical conductivity Density Conductivity/Density
σ = [1/Ω ⋅ m] ρ = [kg/m3] σ/ρ = [m2/ kg ⋅ Ω]
x106 x103
Non-magnetizable metals
Aluminium 37,0 2700 13,7
Magnesium 21,7 1740 12,5
Copper 59,9 8960 6,7
Silver 62,1 10500 5,9
Zinc 16,9 7140 2,4
Gold 41,7 19320 2,2
Brass 15,2 8500 1,8
Cadmium 13,3 8650 1,54
Tin 8,7 7300 1,2
Chrome 7,7 7190 1,07
Bronze 7,1 8900 0,80
Solder 50-50 6,7 9000 0,74
Titanium 2,3 4510 0,52
Platinum 9,4 21450 0,44
Lead 4,8 11360 0,42
Stainless steel 1,4 7800 0,18
Magnetizable metals
Cobalt 17,2 8850 1,95
Nickel 14,3 8890 1,61
Steel 5,6 7800 0,71

Material
Some non-ferrous metals are more easily separated than others; this has to do with the physical properties. This table lists
non-ferrous metals categorized on the basis of three factors. The rst column shows the electrical conductivity of the
material: a measure of how easily a material conducts electricity. The second column indicates the density of the material;
this is important for the effect of gravity on the ejected piece of metal. After all, the eddy current forces generated by the
magnetic rotor must overcome these forces. The last column shows the ratio between these two factors. The greater the
electrical conductivity and the lower the density, the better a material can be separated with the eddy current technique.
Size and shape

The fraction size (i.e. the size of the particles in the ow of material) is also a very important factor for achieving good
separation. Eddy currents induce repulsive forces in a piece of metal that cause it to be ejected with a certain trajectory. As
a result, the non-ferrous metals have a different ejection trajectory than the other residue and inert materials in the
product stream. This ultimately results in a range of trajectories for inert and non-ferrous material. The larger the volume,
the more widely separated ('a') the ejection trajectories of a chunk of inert material and a non-ferrous metal object of the
same volume. This is why it is easier to separate aluminium cans (or pieces of them) than small copper wires.
Size plays a role, as does the shape. For example, a ball has less air resistance than a tangle of copper wire or a bent piece
of sheet metal. This also affects the range of trajectories, as shown here.
Machine operation
Thus eddy currents affect the trajectory of non-ferrous metals. A rapidly rotating magnetic rotor creates these eddy
currents. This rotation can be either concentric or eccentric.
Concentric vs eccentric
All Goudsmit eddy current separators are based on an eccentric design. This means that the magnet rotor rotates
eccentrically inside an outer jacket. Systems of this type have a number of advantages over concentric systems:
Concentric systems suffer from a problem referred to as 'burn-in’. This phenomenon occurs when the product stream
still contains iron or ferrous particles and these end up under the conveyor belt. The eddy currents heat up these
magnetic particles, just like an induction hob. The hot magnetic particles then burn through the protective jacket,
causing permanent damage. Eccentric systems are not susceptible to this problem because they are not magnetic
around the entire circumference of the roller and therefore magnetic particles do not remain attached around the entire
perimeter.
In uencing the ejection angle: the magnetic rotor can be tilted inside the drum, changing the moment at which the
non-ferrous metals are ejected. For more information on adjusting the machine, please contact our application
specialists.
HI (High Intensity)
Some Goudsmit magnetic rotors, such as the 22HI and 38HI, feature a HI (High Intensity) magnet con guration. This is a
Goudsmit exclusive, which generates extremely high magnetic forces. The HI magnetic rotors are therefore also suitable
for small fractions that are dif cult to process and weakly magnetic non-ferrous particles that are dif cult to separate.
Ferromagnetic separation
Because product streams often contain pieces of iron (ferrous elements), the Goudsmit eddy current systems include a
deferrization module. This allows removal of pieces of iron via a separate route, before the actual non-ferrous separation
takes place. Possible solutions include a vibrating chute in combination with a drum magnet, or a conveyor belt in
combination with a magnetic head roller separator. Both systems can be built with various magnetic strengths, for
separation of strongly magnetic or even weakly magnetic metals (such as stainless steel). See animation.
Goudsmit Eddy-Current non-ferrous separator for metal recovery
Separation partition/splitter
For the nal, de nitive separation of the two product streams we place a partition between the inert and non-ferrous
streams. There are different types to ensure maximum separation or purity of your product stream.
Location
Eddy current separators are normally placed at the end of the production line. Prior to that, in chronological order, the
following processing steps take place:
shredding/crushing of the material;

sieving of the various fractions;
iron and ferrous separation;
non-ferrous separation;
possibly supplemented by sensor separation.
Type Separation partition relative to range of trajectories
Type Separation partition relative to range of trajectories

The non-ferrous fractions contain all the valuable and precious metals; the non-ferrous separation is therefore the
processing step that recovers the value from the product stream. In theory, everything prior to this is pre-processing or
preparation, to maximize the ef ciency of the non-ferrous separation. Depending on the product stream and sales contract,
you can choose between 'optimum in recovery' or 'optimum in grade'. For questions concerning these terms please feel free
to contact our sales representatives. They will be happy to advise you.
Mobile versions are also possible, with the eddy current separator mounted on a trailer for exible use at any location; ask
about the possibilities.
Filter ▼
Suitable for fraction

0 - 200+ mm
5 - 200+ mm
20 - 200+ mm
Working width
600 mm
800 mm
1000 mm
1500 mm
2000 mm
Magnetic system
12 poles
22 poles
22 poles HI (High Intensity)
38 poles HI (High Intensity)
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20/4/2018 Eddy current separator | Goudsmit Magnetics

info@goudsmitmagnets.com (mailto:info@goudsmitmagnets.com) | + 31 (0)40 221 32 83

Industrial magnetic systems ▼

> Suspended magnets

> Magnetic head pulleys

> Magnetic drum separators for

> Overband magnetic separator

> Eddy current separators

Eddy current separators

removal of aluminium caps for the glass recycling industry;

How eddy current separators work

Material Electrical conductivity Density Conductivity/Density

σ = [1/Ω ⋅ m] ρ = [kg/m3] σ/ρ = [m2/ kg ⋅ Ω]

Aluminium 37,0 2700 13,7

Magnesium 21,7 1740 12,5

Copper 59,9 8960 6,7

Silver 62,1 10500 5,9

Zinc 16,9 7140 2,4

Gold 41,7 19320 2,2

Brass 15,2 8500 1,8

Cadmium 13,3 8650 1,54

Tin 8,7 7300 1,2

Chrome 7,7 7190 1,07

Bronze 7,1 8900 0,80

Solder 50-50 6,7 9000 0,74

Titanium 2,3 4510 0,52

Platinum 9,4 21450 0,44

Lead 4,8 11360 0,42

Stainless steel 1,4 7800 0,18

Cobalt 17,2 8850 1,95

Nickel 14,3 8890 1,61

Steel 5,6 7800 0,71

Size and shape

Goudsmit Eddy-Current non-ferrous separator for metal recovery

shredding/crushing of the material;

Type Separation partition relative to range of trajectories

Type Separation partition relative to range of trajectories

Suitable for fraction

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+31 (0)40 2213 283

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