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Process #2 is a two-step process in which the gas sample is a. The change in the entropy of the system (∆S)
first cooled under constant pressure (1 bar) until its
equilibrium volume is reduced to 0.25 dm 3, and then the gas b. The change in the Gibbs free energy of the system
is heated under constant volume conditions until its pressure (∆G)
reaches a value of 10 bar and its temperature is 301 K. c. The change in the internal energy of the system (∆U)
Process #3 is a single-step process in which the gas is d. The work done and heat exchanged during the
isothermally compressed from its initial state to its final state process
at a fixed temperature of 301 K.
Question 21
Which of the three processes above would require the least Consider the reaction 2 C(s) + Cl 2(g) + 2 F2(g) → CF2ClCF2Cl(g),
amount of work in effecting the specified change of state, and for which the standard reaction enthalpy has a value of ∆rH0
what would be the ∆U (change in internal energy) for this = -890.4 kJ/mol at a temperature of 298 K. What is the value
process? of ∆rU0 for this reaction at T = 298 K?
Question 18 Question 22
Consider a cyclic process in which a system performs a net In a free expansion (or Joule expansion) of a gas, no work is
amount of work on its surroundings (i.e., w net < 0, done either on or by the gas system. If the gas in such a
corresponding to the net work done by the system). Would process behaves as an ideal gas, which of the following
this process be endothermic (qnet > 0), exothermic (qnet < 0), or statements is also true for the free-expansion process?
adiabatic (qnet = 0) with respect to the net heat (q net) exchange
between system and surroundings? And what would be the Note: In the answer options below, U denotes the internal
relationship between qnet and wnet? energy of the gas, S denotes the entropy of the gas, q denotes
the heat exchanged between the gas and its surroundings,
a. Endothermic, with |qnet | > |wnet| Vinitial denotes the initial volume of the gas (before expansion),
b. Exothermic, with qnet = wnet < 0 and Vfinal denotes the final volume of the gas (after
c. Endothermic, with qnet = -wnet expansion).
d. Adiabatic, with qnet = 0 and wnet < 0
a. ∆U = 0; q > 0; and ∆S = nR ln (Vfinal/Vinitial)
Question 19 b. ∆U > 0; q > 0; and ∆S = nR ln (Vfinal/Vinitial)
Consider a process in which a gas is expanded adiabatically c. ∆U = 0; q = 0; and ∆S = nR ln (Vfinal/Vinitial)
and reversibly under constant-pressure conditions, and the d. ∆U = 0; q = 0; and ∆S = 0
amount of work done by the gas in this process is 10 kJ. What
changes in the internal energy (U) and entropy (S) of the gas Question 23
will accompany this process? Suppose a 1-mol sample of an ideal gas is expanded
isothermally and reversibly from a volume of 10 L to a volume
a. ∆U = -10 kJ and ∆S = 0 of 20 L at a temperature of 298 K. How much work (w) is done
b. ∆U = 10 kJ and ∆S = 0 in this process, and what are the changes in the internal
c. ∆U = 0 and ∆S = 10 J/K energy (∆U) and entropy (∆S) of the gas?
d. There is not enough information to determine the
values of ∆U and ∆S. a. w = 1.717 kJ; ∆U = 0; ∆S = 5.76 J/K
b. w = -1.717 kJ; ∆U = -1.717 kJ; ∆S = 0
Question 20 c. w = 0; ∆U = 1717 J; ∆S = 5.76 J/K
Consider a process in which a system undergoes a change d. w = -1717 J; ∆U = 0; ∆S = 5.76 J/K
from some initial thermodynamic state (1) to some final
thermodynamic state (2). Suppose that the thermodynamic Question 24
variables of state are well-characterized for both the initial Suppose you want to cool a sample of N 2(g) from 25oC to
and final states, but the path (through the variable space) -195oC by a one-step process involving a Joule-Thomson
between the two states is not well-characterized. Which of expansion in which the final pressure is 1 bar. The Joule-
Thomson coefficient for N2(g) over the specified temperature during an isothermal expansion process at a temperature of
range may be taken to be μ J-T = 0.75 K/bar. Calculate the 900 K, and the system subsequently gives up heat to heat sink
enthalpy change (∆H) associated with this cooling process and during an isothermal compression process at a temperature
determine what the initial pressure (P initial) of the gas must be of 300 K. What would be the maximum efficiency (ηmax)
in order to realize the desired temperature change. Which of achievable with this engine, and what would be the maximum
the following equations gives correct results for P initial and ∆H? net work (wnet,max) that one could derive from this engine?
a. Pinitial = 292 bar and ∆H > 0 a. ηmax = 0.333; maximum net work from engine = 300
b. Pinitial = 292 bar and ∆H = 0 J
c. Pinitial = 225 bar and ∆H = 0 b. ηmax = 0.667; maximum net work from engine = 900
d. Pinitial = 292 bar and ∆H < 0 J
c. ηmax = 0.333; maximum net work from engine = 200
Question 25 J
The Joule-Thomson experiment involves an isenthalpic d. ηmax = 0.667; maximum net work from engine = 600
thermodynamic process, and the measurements performed J
in a Joule-Thomson experiment permit evaluation of the
quantity μJ-T = (∂T/∂P)H ≈ ∆T/∆P. The observed values of μJ-T Question 29
are: Consider the following chemical reactions and their standard
reaction enthalpies (∆rHo) at 298 K.
a. < 0 for nearly all gases.
b. > 0 for nearly all gases. NH3 + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s) ∆rH0 = -176 kJ/mol
c. > 0 only for gases that exhibit ideal-gas P-V-T N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g) ∆rH0 = -92 kJ/mol
behavior. N2(g) + 4 H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2 NH4Cl(s) ∆rH0 = -629 kJ/mol
d. independent of the initial temperature and pressure
of the gas undergoing the Joule-Thomson expansion Use this thermochemical data to calculate the standard heat
process. of reaction for the synthesis of hydrogen chloride gas from
H2(g) and Cl(g) at a temperature of 298 K. The value of ∆ rHo (at
Question 26 298 K) for the reaction H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2 HCl(g) is:
The standard heat of combustion of solid glucose (C6H12O6) at
298 K is ∆cH0(298 K) = -2801 kJ/mol. What is the value of a. -242 kJ/mol
∆cU0(298 K) for glucose (where ∆cU0 denotes the change in b. -897 kJ/mol
internal energy accompanying the combustion of glucose at 1 c. -185 kJ/mol
bar pressure)? d. 391 kJ/mol
c. ∆H = -46.11 kJ; ∆S = -99.38 J/K; ∆G = -16.49 kJ a. ∆S = 16.97 J/K; the value of q depends on whether
the process is carried out reversibly or irreversibly
d. ∆H = -46.11 kJ; ∆S = -129.8 J/K; ∆G = -7.43 kJ
b. ∆S = 5.44 J/K; q = 1825 J
Question 32 c. ∆S = 11.53 J/K; q = 1825 J
The Carnot heat engine operates on a thermodynamic cycle d. ∆S = 16.97 J/K; q = 1825 J
comprised of the following sequence of processes:
Question 36
Consider a container with rigid, adiabatic walls that is fitted
a. An isothermal expansion, an adiabatic expansion, an
with a partition that separates the container into two
isothermal compression, and an adiabatic
chambers (one having twice the volume of the other). The
compression
larger chamber contains a 2-mol sample of N 2(g) at 298 K and
b. An isothermal expansion, an isochoric expansion, an
1 bar pressure, and the smaller chamber contains a 1-mol
isothermal compression, and an isochoric
sample of He(g) at 298 K and 1 bar pressure. Now suppose
compression
that the partition between the chambers is removed and the
c. An isentropic expansion, an isoenthalpic expansion,
N2 and He gases are allowed to mix. This mixing process is
an isothermal compression, and an adiabatic
isothermal and also adiabatic. Assuming that the gases
compression
behave ideally, what would be the ∆U (change in internal
d. An isobaric heating, an isothermal expansion, an
energy), ∆H (enthalpy change), and ∆S (entropy change) that
isobaric cooling, and an isothermal compression
accompany this mixing process?
Question 33
a. ∆U = ∆H = ∆S = 0
The standard heat of reaction for the decomposition of ZnO(s)
b. ∆U = 0; ∆S = 15.88 J/K; and there is not enough
is ∆rHo = 348 kJ/mol. What does this information tell you
information to determine ∆H
about the formation of ZnO(s) under standard STP
c. ∆U = 0; ∆H = 0; ∆S = -15.88 J/K
conditions?
d. ∆U = 0; ∆H = 0; ∆S = 15.88 J/K
a. The formation of ZnO(s) is an endothermic process.
Question 37
Consider a process in which a 2-mol sample of a certain gas is
b. The formation of ZnO(s) is an exothermic process. heated reversibly from 275 K to 375 K under a constant
pressure of 1 bar, and the entropy change for the gas is ∆S =
c. No thermal energy is either taken up or given off in 13.3 J/K. What will be the value of ∆S for a process in which
the formation process. the same gas sample is heated irreversibly from 275 K to 375
d. None of the above answers is correct. K under a fixed pressure of 1 bar?
Question 60
Consider the following reaction for the decomposition of
sodium bicarbonate:
Question 56
Consider a process in which 1 mol of an ideal gas is 2 NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
isothermally expanded from 0.01 m 3 to 0.10 m3 at a
temperature of 25oC. What is the ∆G for this process? The ∆rH0 and ∆rS0 for this reaction have values of 85.2 kJ/mol
and 215 J/K-mol, respectively. What is the minimum
a. 5.7 kJ temperature required for an NaHCO3(s) sample to
b. -479 J spontaneously decompose into the products shown above
c. -5.70 kJ (under 1 bar pressure conditions)?
d. 479 J
a. 275 K
Question 57 b. 396 K
Consider the dimerization reaction 2 NO 2(g) → N2O4(g). This c. 479 K
reaction is exothermic, since the major chemical change is the d. 301 K
formation of a new bond (the N-N bond). The value of ∆ rH0 for
this reaction carried out at a temperature of 298 K is -57.2 kJ. Question 61
The standard molar capacity of N2O4(g) is Cp,m = 77.28 J/K-mol, Consider the following two reactions: (1) glutamate + NH 4+ ↔
and the standard molar heat capacity of NO 2(g) is Cp,m = 37.2 glutamine, for which ∆rG0 = 15.7 kJ/mol at 37oC; and (2) ATP
J/K-mol. Given this information, what is the value of ∆ rH0 for ↔ ADP + Pi, for which ∆rG0 = -31.0 kJ/mol at 37 oC. (In
the dimerization reaction carried out at a temperature of reaction (2), ATP denotes adenosine triphosphate, ADP
1298 K? denotes adenosine diphosphate, and Pi represents inorganic
phosphate.) These two reactions can be coupled by an
a. -54.3 kJ enzyme catalyst (glutamine synthetase), which leads to the
b. -60.1 kJ following reaction: (3) glutamate + NH4+ + ATP ↔ glutamine +
c. -43.2 kJ ADP + Pi. What is the equilibrium constant for reaction (3) at a
d. 12.2 kJ temperature of 37oC?
Question 59 a. -116 kJ
Consider the following reaction between glycine and nitrous b. -24.9 kJ
acid in an aqueous solution: NH2CH2COOH(aq) + HNO2(aq) ↔ c. 24.9 kJ
HOCH2COOH(aq) + N2(g) + H2O(l). What would be the d. There is not enough information provided to answer
difference between the ∆rG0 and ∆rA0 for this reaction at 298 this question.
K, assuming that the N2(g) product can be treated as an ideal
gas? Question 63
Consider the reaction glycerol(aq) + HPO 42-(aq) ↔ DL- c. -104.6 J/K-mol
glycerol-1-phosphate2-(aq) + H2O(l). The equilibrium constant d. There is not enough information provided to answer
for this reaction at 37oC is 0.012, and the value of ∆ rG0 at 25oC this question.
is 9.37 kJ. Given this information, what is the equilibrium
constant (Keq) for the reaction at 25oC, and what is the value Question 68
of ∆rH0 for the reaction? (You may assume that the ∆ rH0 of the Suppose you wanted to shift the equilibrium position of the
reaction is independent of temperature.) reaction 2 NO2(g) → N2O4(g) in the direction that favors
more dimer formation. Which of the following changes in
a. Keq = 0.462 at 25oC; ∆rH0= 40.1 kJ reaction conditions would help achieve that goal?
b. Keq = 0.046 at 25oC; ∆rH0= 21.2 kJ
c. Keq = 0.003 at 25oC; ∆rH0= -40.1 kJ a. An increase in the total pressure of the reaction
d. Keq = 0.023 at 25oC; ∆rH0= -40.1 kJ mixture, with temperature held constant
Question 64 b. An increase in the temperature of the reaction
Consider the reaction H2(g) + I2(g) → 2 HI(g). It is reported that mixture, with total pressure held constant
an equilibrium mixture of this reaction system contains the c. A decrease in the total pressure of the reaction
following concentrations of the reacting species: [H 2] = 1.14 x mixture, with temperature held constant
10-2 M; [I2] = 1.2 x 10-3 M; and [HI] = 2.52 x 10-2 M. Given this d. A simultaneous increase in temperature and increase
information, the equilibrium constant for this reaction may be in pressure
calculated to have a value of:
Question 69
a. 1842 The enzyme catalase catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen
b. 46.4 peroxide by the exothermic reaction H2O2(aq) → H2O(l) + ½
c. 18.4 O2(g). Suppose that a small amount of solid catalase is added
d. 12.6 to a 0.1 M aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide in a
calorimeter, with the initial temperature of the solution being
Question 65 25oC. If all the heat liberated in the reaction is retained by the
Consider the reaction N2(g) + O2(g) ↔ 2NO(g). The solution, what will be the final temperature of the solution
equilibrium constant for this reaction has a value of 2.5 x 10 -3 after the reaction mixture has reached its final equilibrium
at a temperature of 2400 K. What would be the partial state? (The relevant heats of formation for H 2O2(aq) and
pressure of NO in an equilibrium mixture that is at 2400 K and H2O(l) are: ∆fH = -191.17 kJ/mol (for aqueous H2O2) and ∆ fH =
contains N2(g) at a partial pressure of 0.1 bar and O 2(g) at a -285.83 kJ/mol (for liquid H2O). (The heat capacity of the
partial pressure of 0.1 bar? solution may be taken as having a value of 4.18 kJ/K-L (i.e.,
4.18 kJ/K per liter of solution).)
a. 2.5 x 10-5 bar
b. 5.0 x 10-3 bar a. 47.6oC
c. 0.2 bar b. 27.3oC
d. There is not enough information provided to answer c. 25.2oC
this question. d. 22.7oC
Question 66 Question 70
For the process H2O(l) → H2O(s), occurring at a temperature The equilibrium constant (Kc) for the hydrolysis of adenosine
of -10oC, the ∆Sm has a value of -20.54 J/K-mol. Which of the triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and
following would reflect the values of ∆H m and ∆Gm associated phosphate is 1.67 x 105 mol/dm3 at 37oC, and the ∆rH0 for this
with the freezing of water at a temperature of -10oC? reaction has a value of -20.1 kJ/mol. Given this information,
what is the value of ∆rS0 for the reaction?
a. ∆Hm < 0; ∆Gm < 0
b. ∆Hm < 0; ∆Gm = 0 a. 35.1 J/K-mol
c. ∆Hm < 0; ∆Gm > 0 b. 35.1 J/mol
d. ∆Hm > 0; ∆Gm = 0 c. 295 J/K-mol
d. -35.1 J/K-mol
Question 67
Methanol boils at a temperature of 337.2 K under standard Question 71
pressure (P = 1 bar) conditions, and its standard enthalpy of The equilibrium constant for the dimerization reaction 2
vaporization is ∆vapH0 = 35.27 kJ/mol. What is the standard NO2(g) → N2O4(g) has a value of 6.75 at a temperature of 298
entropy of vaporization of methanol? K. What is the value of ∆rG0 for this reaction at 298 K?
Question 89
Consider a real gas which, at a temperature of 298 K and observed for a 1-molal solution of CaCl 2 in water? (Recall that
some particular pressure P, has a fugacity coefficient with a both NaCl and CaCl2 are completely dissociated in aqueous
value of 1.75. At the given pressure P, what is the difference solution.)
between the chemical potential of the real gas versus that of
an ideal gas? That is, what is the value of μ(real gas) - μ(ideal a. 5.55oC
gas)? b. 11.1oC
c. 2.47oC
a. -1.39 kJ/mol d. There is not enough information provided to answer
b. 0 this question.
c. 1.39 kJ/mol
d. There is not enough information provided to answer Question 94
this question. The solubility of argon in water is 5.15 x 10 -3 g of Ar per 100 g
of H2O at 25oC and an argon pressure of 1 atm. Given this
Question 90 information, what is the value of the Henry's law constant for
Consider a solution made by dissolving 342 g of sucrose in an argon-water mixture at 25oC?
127 ml of water at 45oC. The vapor pressure of water at 45 oC
is 0.095 atm and the density of water at 45 oC is 0.992 g/ml. a. 4.31 atm
What is the vapor pressure of the sucrose/water solution? b. 4.31 x 105 Pa
(Note: The molar mass of sucrose is 180.2 g/mol.) c. 12.4 bar/mol
d. 4.31 x 104 atm
a. 0.075 atm
b. 0.115 atm Question 95
c. 0.224 atm The vapor pressure of pure liquid toluene at 300 K is P* =
d. 0.008 atm 3.572 kPa, and the vapor pressure of pure liquid benzene at
300 K is P* = 9.657 kPa. Assuming that mixtures of toluene
Question 91 and benzene behave as ideal solutions, what will be the total
Consider a toluene-benzene solution in which the mole- vapor pressure (PT) of a toluene-benzene mixture containing
fraction of toluene is 0.33. At a temperature of 300 K, the 0.60 mole-fraction of toluene at a temperature of 300 K, and
total vapor pressure of this solution is 7.89 kPa, and the what will be the mole-fraction of toluene (X toluene) in the vapor
partial pressures of the toluene and benzene constituents of over this mixture?
the vapor are Ptoluene = 1.214 kPa and Pbenzene = 6.677 kPa,
respectively. At 300 K, the vapor pressure of pure liquid a. PT = 7.219 kPa; Xtoluene = 0.643 (in vapor)
toluene is P* = 3.572 kPa and the vapor pressure of pure b. PT = 6.006 kPa; Xtoluene = 0.643 (in vapor)
liquid benzene is P* = 9.657 kPa. What are the activities (a) c. PT = 6.006 kPa; Xtoluene = 0.357 (in vapor)
and activity coefficients (γ) of the toluene and benzene d. There is not enough information provided to answer
constituents of the solution? this question.
a. 1115
Question 100 b. 1.115
Which of the following will have the lowest freezing-point c. 10.15 s-1
temperature? d. 10.15 J
Question 105
a. A 0.01 M aqueous solution of NaCl The ground electronic state of atomic oxygen is five-fold
b. A 0.01 M aqueous solution of BaCl2 degenerate, the first electronic excited state is three-fold
c. A 0.01 M aqueous solution of KBr degenerate and is located 3.142 x 10 -24 J above ground, and
d. A 0.01 M aqueous solution of FeCl3 the second electronic excited state is nondegenerate and is
located 4.498 x 10-24 J above ground. No other electronic
Question 101 excited states of atomic oxygen are thermally accessible at
Among the following statements, which one is incorrect? 300 K. Given this information, what is the value of the
electronic partition function for atomic oxygen at a
temperature of 300 K?
a. The molar entropy of a substance is an extensive
property.
b. The molar entropy of a substance always increases a. 9
with an increase in temperature. b. 6.74 x 10-24
c. The molar entropy of a molecular gas depends on c. 4.03 x 10-24
the molar mass of the constituent molecules. d. 6.743
Question 106
d. The entropy of a molecular system depends on the
What is the value of the molecular translational partition
spacings between the rotational and vibrational
function for the nitrogen molecules in a sample of N 2(g)
energy levels of the constituent molecules.
confined to a container of volume 1 m 3 and a temperature of
300 K?
Question 102
Consider two systems that are identical in all respects, except
that in one the molecules are distinguishable, whereas in the a. 2.41 x 108
other the molecules are indistinguishable. What would be the b. 1.45 x 1032
difference between the molar entropies of these two c. 1.45 x 1032 J/m3
systems? d. 2.41 x 108 kJ/molecule
a. 446.9 J/K-mol
b. 53.8 J/K-mol
c. There is no difference.
ANSWER KEY 58. A
59. A
1. C 60. B
2. C 61. C
3. B 62. B
4. C 63. D
5. A 64. B
6. A 65. B
7. A 66. A
8. A 67. B
9. A 68. A
10. C 69. B
11. C 70. A
12. A 71. C
13. C 72. B
14. D 73. A
15. A 74. C
16. D 75. D
17. B 76. A
18. C 77. A
19. A 78. C
20. D 79. A
21. D 80. B
22. C 81. B
23. D 82. B
24. B 83. C
25. B 84. B
26. A 85. C
27. D 86. C
28. D 87. D
29. C 88. B
30. D 89. C
31. A 90. A
32. A 91. A
33. B 92. A
34. D 93. A
35. A 94. D
36. D 95. C
37. B 96. C
38. B 97. A
39. A 98. B
40. A 99. A
41. B 100.D
42. C 101.A
43. A 102.A
44. A 103.C
45. C 104.B
46. C 105.D
47. C 106. B
48. C
49. A
50. C
51. D
52. D
53. D
54. D
55. B
56. C
57. A