NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OPEN AND DISTANCE (UNAD)

Electromagnetic theory and waves

Unit 1 - Step 2

Activity:

Recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

Group: 203058_3

Produced by:

Mario Jose De Los Rios Torres

Code: 1102851098

Presented to: Wilmer Hernan Gutierrez

Course tutor

Place and Date: Corozal Sucre March 07, 2018

Activities to develop

Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using
academic references to support the research:

1. Explain the practical application of the loss tangent with an

example.
The type of medium can be determined by the tangent of losses because
it is a measure of the quality of an insulation, the lower the conduction
current compared to the displacement current, the better the quality of
the electrical insulation. The classification of the media can be
established taking into account that the greater the angle of losses, the
greater the current component will be compared to the displacement
current, that is, the conductor will be the medium.
The tangent of losses is a property of the material, and does not depend
on the geometry. The greater the tangent of losses, the greater the
dielectric losses
It greatly influences the usefulness of a dielectric in electronic
applications. In practice it is found that the lowest dissipation factor is
associated with materials having their lowest dielectric constant, and the
materials with the largest dielectric constant have a higher dissipation
factor.
Medium example: aluminum

σ = 3.82 ∗ 107
𝜖r = 1
𝑤 = 2𝜋 𝑓
1
𝜖0 = 𝑥10−9 𝐹/𝑚
36𝜋
𝜖 = 𝜖0 𝜖 𝑟

La tangente de perdidas a 10 khz:

𝑓 = 1 𝑘ℎ𝑧 => 𝑤 = 2𝜋(10000) => 𝑤 = 20000𝜋

𝜎 3.82 ∗ 107
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = = 6.876 ∗ 1013 𝑠/𝐹
𝜔𝜖 (20000𝜋)(1 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9 )
36𝜋

Lo cual da un angulo de pérdidas de:

 𝛿 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (6.876 ∗ 1013 ) = 89.9 ⋯ 9 °

2. What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in

electromagnetic waves propagation?
The velocity of propagation can be measured as the time necessary for a
zero crossing or a maximum of the signal to occur again at the same
point in space. The phase velocity of electromagnetic waves depends
exclusively on the electromagnetic properties of the medium in which
they propagate and not on the relative displacement between observers,
which clearly violates the laws of mechanics known. This observation
gave rise to the so-called special theory of relativity, whose fundamental
statement was published, in the year 1905, by Albert Einstein. The
speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is a universal constant
whose value is equal to the speed of light. Therefore, it was concluded
that the light had an electromagnetic nature.
Since the minimum electrical permittivity is that of the vacuum and, in
most cases, the relative magnetic permeability is greater than unity, the
speed of the electromagnetic signals is lower in any medium than in the
vacuum.

3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space,

perfect dielectrics and good conductors.
free space
The propagation of radio waves or radio propagation is the behavior of
radio waves (electromagnetic) when they move through space. They are
transmitted, received or propagated from one point on Earth to another,
to the atmosphere or space.1 Being a form of electromagnetic radiation,
in the same way as light waves, radio waves are affected by the
phenomena of Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction, Absorption,
Polarization and Dispersion
This wave propagation is affected by the frequency (as the inverse of
the Wavelength) and by the medium through which it propagates. Daily
changes of water vapor in the troposphere (Relative Ambient Humidity)
and ionization in the upper atmosphere (Ionosphere). Understanding the
effects of different radio propagation conditions has many practical
applications, from the choice of frequencies for international short-wave
radio broadcasting organizations, to the reliable design of mobile
telephone systems, radio systems aids to navigation , radar systems, as
well as to control remote equipment (without pilot) or space exploration.
perfect dielectrics
The electromagnetic waves move in the free space as a straight line the
waves through the so-called free space suffer changes in its amplitude,
its phase and changes in the polarization of these, for aspects between
which we have the climate, the place of transmission and reception, and
in specific cases the effects caused by physical obstacles that the signal
has to go through when transmitting satellite communications.

In wave media in general, there are displacement and conduction

currents by virtue of an electromagnetic field. In a pure dielectric
medium only displacement currents are present, but when the wave hits
the surface of the Earth or another obstacle, such obstacles present the
characteristics of a dissipative medium. To what extent the object is a
dielectric or a reflector, depends on the frequency of operation.
good conductors
In a good conductor, the conduction current is much greater than the
displacement current:
Now, the depth of penetration decreases with frequency. But also the
condition of good driver also depends on the frequency. The fields that
propagate in a good conductor decay to 1 e ≅ 0.37 of their value when
they travel δ. By traversing 10δ the fields decay to approximately 5, 5
10 10 × their value. As the frequency increases, the ratio σ / ω⋅ε
decreases and the material stops behaving progressively as a good
conductor. In addition, the values of σ and ε vary with frequency.

4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical

application of every type of radiation.
 5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us
about the electromagnetic waves behavior?
The part of the wave that passes through the cloud will be refracted (it
will change its direction) if the electromagnetic properties of the cloud
differ from those of the surrounding air. In fact and in general, when a
wave finds any medium whose properties differ from those of the
medium from which it proceeds, the reflection and refraction
phenomena will take place simultaneously.
The absolute refractive index of a substance is taken in relation to the
vacuum, and it is practically the same value as the index with respect to
air. The change in the refractive index determines the path of an
electromagnetic wave through the atmosphere.
6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they
used? What is a magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and where
are they used? Why do we use plane waves to explain practical
models associated to electromagnetic phenomenon?
In the physics of wave propagation (especially in fields and
electromagnetic waves), a flat wave or also called a one-dimensional
wave, is a wave of constant frequency whose wave fronts (surfaces with
constant phase) are parallel planes of constant amplitude normal to the
vector phase speed. That is to say, they are those waves that propagate
in a single direction throughout the space, like for example the waves in
the springs or in the cords. If the wave propagates in a single direction,
its wave fronts are flat and parallel.

Bibliography

traducción del epígrafe “QUANTITIES AND UNITS”, inserto en el documento GUIDELINES FOR
LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME-VARYING ELECTRIC, MAGNETIC AND ELECTROMAGNETICS FIELDS (UP
TO 300 GHZ) Health Physics, April 1998, Vol.74. recuperado de:
http://www.uco.es/organiza/departamentos/ing-
electrica/documentos/ONDAS_EM_CONCEPTOS_BASICOS.pdf

 J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley: New York, 1998).

 FIELD AND WAVE ELECTROMAGNETICS, by David K. Cheng, Addison-Wesley
Recuperado de:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_plana

Propagación Básica de las Ondas Electromagnéticas. Recuperado de:

http://www.cartagena99.com/recursos/fisica/apuntes/ondas_electromagneticas.pdf
Byron Quelex. 2012. Dieléctricos Y Aislantes, Tangente De Perdidas, Conductores Para Altas Y
Bajas Frecuencias. Recuperado de: https://es.slideshare.net/Byronf46/tarea-1-lt-200818857