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x *
v
(e)
2
y u
(e)
u
(e) *
2
2
v (e)
x
1
u
(e) *
1
u
(e)
1
Figura 12.1. Eje del elemento rotado respecto a los ejes globales
114
u1(e )
( e)
(e) v
u 1(e )
u 2
v 2( e)
Recuérdese que el vector de desplazamiento respecto al eje local es
*( e ) u1*(e )
u *(e )
u 2
Para relacionar u(e) con u*(e) se plantean las siguientes ecuaciones, solo
válidas para desplazamientos pequeños
1 *( e )T
(pe ) u K *(e) u *(e) u *(e )T F *(e ) AL(T ) 2 / 2 .
2
El vector de desplazamientos locales se puede reemplazar por el
vector de desplazamientos globales mediante las expresiones
u*(e) = Tu(e)
115
u*(e)T = u(e)T TT
con lo cual se obtiene
1 ( e )T T
u T K T u u T F AL(T ) 2 / 2
*( e ) (e ) ( e )T T *( e )
(pe )
2
En esta expresión se reconoce la matriz de rigidez respecto a los ejes
globales ya que aparece entre los vectores
1 ( e )T (e)
u y u
2
El cálculo de los elementos de dicha matriz conducen al siguiente
resultado, que puede ser verificado por el lector
C2 CS C 2 CS
AE CS S2 CS S 2
K T K T 2
(e) T *( e )
(12.2)
L C CS C 2 CS
CS S
2
CS S 2
P1*(e ) cos
*(e )
P1 sen
T F
(e) T *( e )
F *(e ) (12.3)
P2 cos
P2*(e ) sen
Donde F(e) es el vector que contiene las componentes de las fuerzas en
los nodos respecto al sistema x, y. La fuerza axial en el elemento se
calcula como
P2*(e )
L
AE ( e )
(u 2 u1( e ) )Cos (v 2( e ) v1( e ) ) Sen
P2(e)
P1(e)
116
Figura 12.2. Fuerzas en los nodos del elemento cercha
(0,0)
E = 2e06 kg/cm2
A = 0.5 cm2
3.0
(0,1) (2,3)
4.0 3.0 kg
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% DATOS DEL PROBLEMA
% np : número de nodos
% nel : número de elementos
% ns : número de materiales y secciones tipo
% nec : número de ecuaciones
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
np = 3;
nel = 3;
ns = 1;
nec = 3;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% el contiene la distancia en x, dx, la distancia en y, dy;
% la conectividad y el tipo de sección de cada elemento
% ss contiene el módulo de elasticidad y el área de cada sección
%
% f contiene las fuerzas en cada grado de libertad
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
117
%
el = [0.0 -3.0 0 0 0 1 1; 4.0 0.0 0 1 2 3 1; 4.0 -3.0 0 0 2 3 1];
ss = [2.0e6 0.5];
%
f = [0.0;0.0;-3.0];
%
%
% ANALISIS DE LA ARMADURA
%
kt = sparse(zeros(nec,nec)); % matriz de rigidez total llena de ceros
%
fprintf(' Secc. Tipo Modulo E Area \n');
for i = 1:ns
fprintf(' %4d %9.2e %5.2f \n',i,ss(1,1),ss(1,2));
end
fprintf(' Datos de los elementos \n');
fprintf(' Elemento dx dy n1 n2 n3 n4 Secc.tipo \n');
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% GENERA LA MATRIZ DE RIGIDEZ GLOBAL
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
for i = 1:nel
dx = el(i,1);
dy = el(i,2);
ts = el(i,7);
e = ss(ts,1);
a = ss(ts,2);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% CALCULA LA MATRIZ DE RIGIDEZ DEL ELEMENTO MEDIANTE LA FUNCIÓN rigiel
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
kel = rigiel(dx,dy,e,a);
%
n = el(i,3:6);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% ENSAMBLA LA MATRIZ LOCAL EN LA GLOBAL
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
for j=1:4
if n(j) ~= 0
for k=1:4
if n(k)~=0
kt(n(j),n(k)) = kt(n(j),n(k)) + kel(j,k);
end
end
end
end
fprintf(' %4d %6.2f %6.2f ',i,dx,dy);
fprintf('%4d %4d %4d %4d %4d \n',n(1),n(2),n(3),n(4),ts);
118
%
% Fin del ciclo en elementos
%
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% SOLUCIONA EL SISTEMA DE ECUACIONES PARA CALCULAR DESPLAZAMIENTO
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
u = kt \ f;
fprintf(' Desplazamientos \n');
fprintf(' Grado libertad Desplazamiento \n');
for i = 1:nec
fprintf(' %4d %9.7f \n',i,u(i));
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% CALCULA LAS FUERZAS EN LOS ELEMENTOS
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
fprintf(' Elemento Fuerza \n');
for i = 1:nel
for j = 1:4
ue(j) = 0.0;
if el(i,j+2) ~= 0
ue(j) = u(el(i,j+2));
end
end
%
dx = el(i,1);
dy = el(i,2);
ts = el(i,7);
e = ss(ts,1);
a = ss(ts,2);
xl = sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy);
c = dx/xl;
s = dy/xl;
fe = (a*e/xl)*(ue(3)*c + ue(4)*s - ue(1)*c - ue(2)*s);
fprintf(' %4d %5.2f \n',i,fe);
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% FIN DEL PROGRAMA
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% FUNCION rigiel PARA CALCULAR LA MATRIZ DE RIGIDEZ LOCAL
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function kel = rigiel(dx,dy,e,a);
xl = sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy);
ael = a*e/xl;
c = dx/xl;
s = dy/xl;
119
k0 = ael*[c*c c*s; c*s s*s];
%
kel = [k0 -k0; -k0 k0];
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% FIN DE rigiel
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
120