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V. References…………………………………………………………………………………………7
I. Outline and Scope of the Report
Processing of Data
I. Quantitative Analysis
a. Descriptive Statistics
i. Measures of Central Tendency
ii. Measures of Variability or Dispersion
b. Inferential Statistics
These topics were divided into two (2) reporters and here, the reporter is assigned to
After the reporter had presented the topics, she and the audience were expected to learn:
What inferential statistics is, when and how it is used in the research.
To be familiar with some of the statistical tests that can be used in Inferential statistics
The characteristics of Qualitative Analysis, its sources of data, and how the data are
processed
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III. Inferential Statistics
Inferential Statistics is one of the two types of statistical analysis (the other is Descriptive
Statistics) considered for the methods data processing in research. These statistical tools is used
statement, and reach a conclusion based on the observation of sample from a population. With
this, conclusions are made in extend beyond the immediate data alone. It is use to infer from the
sample data what the population might think or the reaction. Or it is use to make judgements of
the probability that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that
might have happened by chance. Thus, inferential statistics is use to make inferences from the
estimation and hypothesis test determining relationship among variables and making
predictions. It is use to describe the chance of an event occurring and the final result will be in
form of probability.
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Example:
Consider the company went to test the effectiveness of newly developed drug of heart
The flow chart above shows the process to be used in the example stated above.
Dividing respondents into groups: Two groups of men over 70 would be selected, one
group would be given the drug and the other would be given placebo a substance with
Collect Data for each Group: The number of heart attacks occurred in the group will
Make Conclusion: Decision would be made about the effectiveness of the drug
There are some statistical tests that can be considered for inferential statistics, some are
as follows:
T-test – used to examine the difference between the means of two independent
groups
Chi-square – use to test hypotheses about the proportion of elements that fall into
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IV. Qualitative Analysis
methodology. This is also called nonquantitative analysis for the reason that, in the process of
interpreting data, the emphasis is not on quantification but on the quality of the information.
Raw Data can be used for interpreting information. This fulfils two functions.
Stimulating new insights. Whatever the design of the study, and no matter how
Qualitative analysis involves the “why” and “how” of decision making as opposed to the
what, where, and when of quantitative analysis. Since qualitative analysis focuses on in-depth
reasoning and quality of results, many researchers prefer it over the quantitative analysis that
focuses on bigger sample sizes. This type of analysis does not use any statistical tools in the
process. This needs small and focused samples instead of the large random samples that
Example: Factors that led to the creation of more states (or more universities) in Nigeria
Although qualitative data is much more general than quantitative, there are still a
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‘Postcards’, or small-scale written questionnaires that ask, for example, three or
four focused questions of participants but allow them space to write in their own
words;
Secondary data, including diaries, written accounts of past events, and company
reports; and
where participants are asked to role-play a situation to show what they might do.
In this approach, narrative data is collected in order to study the topic of interest and no
Because qualitative data are drawn from a wide variety of sources, they can be radically
different in scope.
There are, therefore, a wide variety of methods for analysing them, many of which involve
There are many aspects of qualitative analysis, and there are many tasks that different
people must perform in order to collect the data. The roles involved are the moderators,
facilitators, planners, and consultants. The moderators initiate group discussions and take care
of the group members. This includes making them feel comfortable and supervising the
discussion without wasting time or hurting the participant’s feelings. The facilitators in
qualitative analysis also take care of the sensitive questions in order to avoid any disturbances in
the discussion. The planners involved help the facilitators by creating templates and plans. They
ensure that the discussions are smooth and productive for the research.
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Qualitative analysis is one of the best methods of research for many fields of study. It
provides depth and detail by analyzing things more than just numbers and sizes. It does this
through examining attitudes, feelings, and behaviors. This type of analysis encourages people to
expand their responses and also helps people to have a better and more detailed picture of the
causes and conclusions of different actions and reactions in the world. This deals with the
exclusion of prejudices and prejudgments, because every thought, action, and behavior is
If respondents do not see a value for them in the research, they may provide
inaccurate or false information. They may also say what they think the researcher
wishes to hear. Qualitative researchers therefore need to take the time to build
relationships with their research subjects and always be aware of this potential.
Although ethics are an issue for any type of research, there may be particular
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V. References
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/quantitative-and-qualitative.html
https://www.statisticssolutions.com/qualitative-analysis/
https://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/statinf.php
https://www.study.com/academy/lesson/analysis-of-varince-anova-examples-
definiftion-application.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84H8HNV9mk0