Física para las ciencias Biológicas

CFIS026
Profesora: Alejandra Montecinos

Guía Unidad 3

3
1. La masa de un gas ocupa un volumen de 4.00 m a 758 mmHg. Calcúle su volumen a 635 mmHg, si la
3
temperatura permanece constante. Resp. 4.77 m .

2. Una masa de gas dada ocupa 38 mL a 20 °C. Si su presión se mantiene constante, ¿cuál es el volumen que
ocupa a una temperatura de 45 °C? Resp. 41 mL

3. Un tanque que contiene un gas ideal se sella a 20 °C y a una presión de 1.00 atm. ¿Cuál será la presión (en
kPa y mmHg) en el tanque, si la temperatura disminuye a –35 °C? Resp. 82 kPa = 6.2 x 102 mmHg

4. Dados 1000 mL de helio a 15 °C y 763 mmHg, determínese su volumen a – 6 °C y 420 mmHg. Resp. 1.68 x
103 mL

5. La presión de aire en un vacío razonablemente bueno podría ser de 2.0 x 10-5 mmHg. ¿Qué masa de aire
existe en un volumen de 250 mL a esta presión y a 25 °C? Tómese M = 28 kg/kmol para el aire. Resp. 7.5 x
-12
10 kg
6. ¿Qué volumen ocupará 1.216 g de SO2 gaseoso (M = 64.1 kg/kmol) a 18.0 °C y 775 mmHg, si este actúa
como un gas ideal? Resp. 457 mL
7. Calcúlese la densidad del H2S gaseoso (M = 34.1 kg/kmol) a 27 °C y 2.00 atm, considerándolo como gas
ideal. Resp. 2.76 kg/m3

8. Un tubo cerrado de 30 mL, contiene 0.25 g de vapor de agua (M = 18 kg/kmol) a una temperatura de 340
°C. Suponiendo que es un gas ideal, ¿cuál es su presión? Resp. 2.4 MPa

9. Un método para estimar la temperatura en el centro del Sol se basa en la ley de los gases ideales. Si se
supone que el centro consiste de gases cuya masa promedio es de 0.70 kg/kmol, y si la densidad y la
3 3 11 7
presión son 90 x 10 kg/m y 1.4 x 10 atm, respectivamente; calcúlese la temperatura. Resp. 1.3 x 10 K

10. Una burbuja de aire de volumen V0 se deja escapar del fondo de un lago a una profundidad de 11.0 m
¿Cuál será su volumen en la superficie? Considérese que su temperatura es de 4.0 °C en el punto de
partida y de 12 °C en la superficie. El agua tiene una densidad de 1000 kg/m3 y la presión atmosférica es
de 75 cmHg. Resp. 2.1 V0

11. ¿Qué masa de un metal muy puro (Calor específico 0,8998 J/g°C) se debió introducir en un litro de agua a
10 °C, si su temperatura logra disminuir desde 92,4 °C hasta 18 °C? R: 500 g.

12. Se mezclaron 5 Kg de agua hirviendo con 20 Kg de agua a 25 ºC en un recipiente. La temperatura final de
la mezcla es 40 ºC. Si no se considera el calor absorbido por el recipiente; calcular el calor entregado por
el agua hirviendo y el recibido por el agua fría. R: se intercambian 1255,2 KJ

13. El calor específico del Hierro es 0,107 cal/g°C. ¿Qué cantidad de calor se necesita para calentar 100 g de
Hierro desde 20 ºC hasta 70 °C? R: 2238,4 J

14. ¿Qué cantidad de Energía calórica se necesita para calentar 200 g de Aluminio desde 20 ºC hasta 30 ºC? El
calor específico del Aluminio es 0,908 J/gºC. R: 434,03 cal 10. ¿Qué masa de agua es posible calentar
desde 15 °C hasta 50 °C con 7322 J? R: 0,05 Kg

 Section 20.5 The First Law of The

Section 20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic 28. A gas is compressed at a constant
Processes from 9.00 L to 2.00 L. In the pr
leaves the gas by heat. (a) What is
23. A sample of ideal gas is expanded to twice its original gas? (b) What is the change in its in
volume of 1.00 m3 in a quasi-static process for which
29. A thermodynamic system undergoe
P ! "V 2, with " ! 5.00 atm/m6, as shown in Figure
internal energy decreases by 500 J.
P20.23. How much work is done on the expanding gas?
Física para las ciencias Biológicas
of work is done on the system. Find
toCFIS026
or from it by heat.
C H A P T E R 2 0 • Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics P
fProfesora: Alejandra30. A gas is taken through the cyclic p
634
Montecinos
ure P20.30. (a) Find the net energ
15. 11.Una muestra de un elemento metálico desconocido de 50,80 g, se calienta desde 15 °C hasta 28 °C tem by heat during one complete c
27. One mole of an ideal 2gas is heated slowly so that it goes
of the suministrándole 69,3 Calorías. ¿Cuál es su Ce? R: 0,105 Cal/g°C
system? (b) How much ice remains when the system
P=α αV cycle is reversed—that is, the pro
reaches equilibrium? from the PV state (Pi , Vi ) to (3Pi , 3Vi ) in such a way that the
pressure is directly proportional to the volume. (a) How
ACBA—what is the net energy input
22. Review problem. Two speeding lead bullets, each of mass o
16. g,Un mol de una muestra de gas ideal se mantiene a 0 much work is i
C mientras se expande desde 3 a 10 litros. (a)
done on the gas in the process? (b) How is
5.00 and at temperature 20.0°C, collide head-on at
the temperature of the gas related to its volume during this P(kPa)
speedsDetermine el trabajo que se realiza en la expansión (b) Determine cuánta energía es transferida mediante
of 500 m/s each. Assuming a perfectly inelastic col-
lision and no loss of energy by heat to the atmosphere, de- O
process? V 8 B
calor al medio externo en el proceso (c) si el gas se vuelve a su volumen inicial mediante un proceso
scribe the final state of the two-bullet system.
1.00 m3 2.00 m3
3 Figure3 P20.23 3
isabárico, ¿quá trabajo se realiza? ( Resp: -2.7 x 10 J; 2.7 x 10 J ; 1,6 x 10 J) 6
Section 20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics

24. (a) Determine
28. A gas the work done at
is compressed onaaconstant
fluid thatpressure
expandsoffrom 0.800 atm 4
17. 20.4
Section Una muestra de gas ideal se expande al doble de su volumen original, como muestra el gráfico. Si alpha =
Work and Heat in Thermodynamic
i to f as fromindicated
9.00 LintoFigure
2.00 L.P20.24.
In the (b) What 400
process, If ? J How
of energy
Processes
6
5 atm/m , determine el trabajo realizado al expandir el gas. (Resp: -1.18 MJ)
much work is performed
leaves the gas by heat. on the
(a)fluid
Whatifisittheis compressed
work done on the 2
A
C
23. A sample of ideal gas is expanded to twice its originalfrom f to gas? i along the same path?
(b) What is the change in its internal energy?
volume of 1.00 m3 in a quasi-static process for which
29. A thermodynamic system undergoes a process in which its
P ! "V 2, with " ! 5.00 atm/m6, as shown in Figure 6 8 10
internal energy decreases by 500 J. At the same time, 220 J
P20.23. How much work is done on the expanding gas? Figure P20.30 Problems
P(Pa)
of work is done on the system. Find the energy transferred
to or from it by heat.
i 31. Consider the cyclic process depicted
P 6 ×30.
10 6A gas is taken through the cyclic process described in Fig-
f is negative for the process BC and #
ure P20.30. (a) Find the net energy transferred to the sys-
E R 2 0 • Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics process CA, what are the signs of Q
tem by heat during one complete cycle. (b) What If? If the
4 × 106 associated with each process?
P=ααV 2 cycle is reversed—that is, the process follows the path
ACBA—what is the net energy input per cycle by heat? 32. A sample of an ideal gas goes thro
tem? (b) How much ice remains when the system 27. One mole of an ideal2 gas × 106is heated slowly so that it goes f in Figure P20.32. From A to B, th
i
quilibrium? from the PV state (Pi , Vi ) to (3Pi , 3Vi ) in such a way that the from B to C, it is isobaric with 100
P(kPa)
roblem. Two speeding lead bullets, pressure is directly proportional to the volume. (a) How
O each of mass V 8 B V(m 3
) the system by heat. From C to D, th
nd at temperature 20.0°C, collide head-on 1.00 mat3 2.00much
m3 work is done on the gas 0 in the 1 process? 2 (b)
3 How4 is from D to A, it is isobaric with 150 k
500 m/s each. Assuming a perfectly col- P20.23 the temperature
Problema 17
Figure
inelastic of the gas relatedProblema 18
to its volume
Figure
6
during this
P20.24 system by heat. Determine the dif
process? ergy E int, B $ E int, A.
d no loss of energy by heat to the atmosphere, de-
24. (a) system.
e final state of the two-bullet Determine the work done on a fluid that expands from
i18.
to f Determine el trabajo realizado sobre un fluido que se expande de i a f como se indica en la (b) ¿Cuánto
4
as indicated in Figure P20.24. (b) What If? 25. How An ideal gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a movable
much trabajo es realizado sobre el fluido si se comprime de f a i a lo largo de la misma trayectoria? (Resp: -12
work is performed on theSection
fluid if it20.5 P(atm)
The First
is compressedpistonLawon of topThermodynamics
of it. The 2
A
piston has a mass of 8 000 g and
2 C B C
from f to i along the same path? an area of 5.00 cm and is free to slide up and down, keep-
MJ, 12 MJ) 28. A gas is compressed 3.0
4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic ingatthea constant
pressure of pressure
the gas of 0.800 atm
constant. How much work is
Processes from 9.00 L to 2.00 doneL. on
In the thegasprocess, 4006J of 8energy
as the temperature 10
of 0.200
V(m )3
mol of the gas
19. Un gas ideal está encerrado en un cilindro con un émbolo movible sobre él. El émbolo tiene una masa de
P(Pa) leaves the gas by heat. (a) What is the
is raised from 20.0°C to 300°C? work
Figure done
P20.30 on
Problemsthe 30 and 31.
ample of ideal gas is expanded to twice its original gas? (b) What is the change in its internal energy?
8000 gr. y un área de 5 cm2 y está libre para subir y bajar, manteniendo constante la presión del gas.
of 1.00 m3 in a quasi-static process for
i which 26. An ideal gas is enclosed
31. Consider inprocess
the cyclic a cylinder that in
depicted hasFigure
a movable
P20.30. If Q A
29. A thermodynamic system
piston onundergoes
top. The afor
process
piston has in which
a mass m its
and
6 × ¿Cuánto trabajo se realiza sobre el gas cuando la temperatura de 0.2 mol del gas se eleva de 20°C a
106 an isarea A andfor the 1.0
6
with " ! 5.00 atm/m , as shown in Figure is negative the process BC and #E int negative
internal energy decreases byprocess
is free to 500 J.
slide upAtand
CA, the
what same
down, time,
signs220
keeping
are the J ,pressure
the
of Q W, and #E ofintthe
that are
300°C? (Resp: -466 J)
How much work is done on the expanding gas?
of work is done on gasthe constant.
system. Find
Howthemuchenergy
work transferred
is done on the gas as the
4 × 106 associated with each process?
temperature of n mol of the gas is raised from T1 to T2?
to or from it by heat. 32. A sample of an ideal gas goes through the process shown
0.090 0.20 0.40
Figure P20.32
P 20.2 Un gas es llevado a través del proceso cíclico descrito en la figura P20.30. (a) Encuentre la energía neta
× 106 f is taken through the in
30. A gas cyclic process
Figure P20.32. described
From A in to Fig-
B, the process is adiabatic;
f
transferida al sistema por calor durante un ciclo completo. (b) ¿Qué pasaría si el ciclo se invierte, es decir,
from
ure P20.30. (a) Find the net B to transferred
energy C, it is isobaric withsys-
to the 100 kJ of energy entering
tem by heat 3
V(mduring
) one the system
complete cycle.by heat.
(b) FromIfC?to
What If D,
thethe process is isothermal;
el proceso sigue la trayectoria ACBA, ¿cuál la energía neta de entrada por ciclo por calor? (Resp: 12KJ; -12
0 1 2 3 4
P=α
αV 2 cycle is reversed—that is, from
the Dprocess
to A, it isfollows
isobaricthe
withpath
150 kJ of energy leaving the
KJ) Figure P20.24 system by heat. Determine the difference in internal en-
ACBA—what is the net energy input per cycle by heat?
ergy E int, B $ E int, A.
i
25. An ideal gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a P(kPa)
movable
P(atm)
O piston on topV of it. The piston has a mass of 8 0008 g and B
1.00 m3 2.00 m 3 2
an area of 5.00 cm and is free to slide up and down, keep- B C
3.0
Figure P20.23ing the pressure of the gas constant. How much work is
6
done on the gas as the temperature of 0.200 mol of the gas
is raised from 20.0°C to 300°C?
mine the work done on a fluid that expands from 4
26. An ideal
indicated in Figure P20.24. (b) gas is enclosed
What If ? Howin a cylinder that has a movable A D
piston on top. The piston has a mass m and an area A and 1.0
rk is performed on the fluid if it is compressed A
is free to slide up and down, keeping the pressure2of the C
i along the same path? gas constant. How much work is done on the gas as the
V(m3)
temperature of n mol of the gas is raised from T1 to T2? 0.090 0.20 0.40 1.2
V(m3)
Figure P20.32
6 8 10
(Pa) Figure P20.30 Problems 30 and 31.

i 31. Consider the cyclic process depicted in Figure P20.30. If Q

6
is negative for the process BC and #E int is negative for the
process CA, what are the signs of Q , W, and #E int that are
6 associated with each process?
32. A sample of an ideal gas goes through the process shown
6 f in Figure P20.32. From A to B, the process is adiabatic;
from B to C, it is isobaric with 100 kJ of energy entering
V(m3) the system by heat. From C to D, the process is isothermal;
0 1 2 3 4 from D to A, it is isobaric with 150 kJ of energy leaving the
Figure P20.24 system by heat. Determine the difference in internal en-