Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Angles:-
An angle is a figure formed by two rays with a common initial point, say O. This
point is called the vertex
Types of Angles:-
3) If an angle is greater than 900 but less than 1800,it is called obtuse.
4) If an angle is of 1800 , it is called a straight angle, an angle greater than 1800 but less than
3600 is called a reflex angle.
5) Two angles whose sum is 1800 are called supplementary angles, each one is a
supplement of the other.
6) Two angles whose sum is 900 are called complementary angles, each one is a
complement of the other.
7) Two adjacent angles whose sum is 1800 are the angles of a linear pair.
Triangles:-
A triangle is a polygon with three vertices and three sides (edges). It has three
internal angles. When we add all the internal angles together, we will definitely get 180°.
1. Acute triangle: The triangle which has all acute angles (i.e less than 900).
2. Obtuse triangle: The triangle which has one obtuse angle (i.e greater that 900)
3. Right angle triangle: The triangle which has one right angle i.e 900.
5. Isosceles triangle: An isosceles triangle is a triangle that has two equal sides.
6. Equilateral triangle: The triangle of which all sides are equal is known as equilateral
triangle & all angles are equal to 600.
Properties of Triangles
1. Sum of the angles of a triangle are 180° (angles of a triangle are supplementary)
2. The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior opposite angles.
Here, 1 = 2 + 3
3. Angles opposite to two equal sides of a triangle are equal & vice versa.
Here, 1 = 2
4. If two sides of a triangle are unequal then the greater angle is opposite to greater side &
vice versa
5. Two triangles are congruent if two angles & included side of one triangle is equal to the
corresponding two angles & included side of the other triangles.
1= 3 2 = 4, BC = EF
or ABC DEF
6. If two sides & included angle of a triangle are equal to corresponding two sides &
included angle of another triangle then the two triangles are congruent.
AB = DE, AC = DF , 1 = 2
ABC DEF
7. If two angles & non included side of one triangle are equal to corresponding two angles &
non included side of another triangle then the two triangles are congruent.
8. If three sides of a triangle are equal to three sides of another triangle each to each then
the triangles are congruent
AB = DE, AC = DF, BC = EF
9. Triangles on the same base & between the same parallels are equal in Area
10. Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse & one side of one triangle are
respectively equal to hypotenuse & one side of the other triangle.
AB = DE, AC = DF
or ABC DEF
11. Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third.
Similar Triangles
1. If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle the other two sides are divided
proportionally & vice versa
if DE || BC so =
if so = then DE || BC
2. If two triangles are equiangular (i.e. the corresponding angles are equal) then the
triangles are similar & hence their sides are proportional
= =
3. If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional then the triangles are
equiangular / similar.
4. Ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of two
corresponding sides.
5. In a right triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the
other two sides
= + 2AB.BD
if B > 90°
7. In the figure (Acute angles triangle)
= + - 2BC.BD
if B < 90°
Area of triangle
Area =
3) When lengths of two sides and the included angle are given:-
Area =
√
Area =
Area = √4
6) When three median are given
A= √ ( )( )( )
Where,
S=
Apollonius Theorem
=
Inradius and circumradius of triangle
# Inradius
# Circumradius
Circle illustration with circumference (C) , diameter (D) , radius (R) , and centre or
origin (O)
Circumference = 2
Area =
Length of arc ( ) = 2 ( )
°
Area of sector = ( )
°
Properties of circle
1. The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
2. Perpendicular bisectors of two chords of a circle passes through its centre (i.e. intersect at
centre).
3. If two chords of a circle drawn from the same point are equal then the line bisecting the
angle between them passes through centre (or is the diameter)
4. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre & vice versa.
8. From the above we come to know that 2 = 3 hence angles in the same segment of a
circle are equal.
11. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact
OA = OB
13. If two chords of a circle intersect inside or outside the circle when produced, the
rectangle formed by the two segments of one chord is equal in area to the rectangle formed
by the two segments of the other.
Circle with centre O chords AB & CD intersect at P (fig. 1 inside & fig. 2 outside)
PA.PB = PC.PD
14. If a chord is drawn through the point of contact of a tangent to a circle, then the angles
which this chord makes with the given tangent are equal respectively to the angles formed
in the corresponding alternate segments.
Common tangents are lines or segments that are tangent to more than one circle at the
same time.
The possibility of common tangents is closely linked to the mutual position of circles.
1. If two circles touch inside, the two internal tangents vanish and the two external ones
become a single tangent.
2. If two circles intersect, the common tangent is replaced by a common secant, whence
there are only two external tangents.
3. If two circles touch each other outside, the two internal tangents coincide in a common
tangent, thus there are three common tangents.
4. If two circles are separate, there are four common tangents, two inside and two outside.
Area = ( )
If lengths of two diagonals and the included angle are given of any quadrilateral
Area =
Solids:-
Cuboids 2( ) 2( )
Cylinder 2 2 ( )
Cone 1 ( )
3
= √
Sphere 4 4 4
3
Hemi- 2 2 3
sphere 3
Right
2
prism
Right 1 1
pyramid 3 2
Polygon:-
A closed plane figure made up of several line segments that are joined together.
The sides do not cross each other. Exactly two sides meet at every vertex.
Types of Polygons
Regular - all angles are equal and all sides are the same length. Regular polygons are both
equiangular and equilateral.
Equiangular - all angles are equal.
Equilateral - all sides are the same length.
Convex - a straight line drawn through a convex polygon crosses at most two sides. Every
interior angle is less than 180°.
Concave - you can draw at least one straight line through a concave polygon
that crosses more than two sides. At least one interior angle is more than 180°.
= Number of sides
Number of diagonals
( 3)
2
= Number of sides
( 4)( 5)
6
= Number of sides