NONLINEAR SOLUTION: NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD

By
DR AZIAH KHAMIS
 POWER / LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Objective : Important analysis for planning, economic scheduling and
control of existing system as well as planning its future expansion.

In this analysis, the problem consists of determining the :

magnitudes and phase angle of voltages at each bus
Active & reactive power flow in each line

Slack bus reference ( V , δ ) are specified

Load bus P , Q are specified

(P-Q buses) V , δ are unknown
Bus
system
“voltage-controlled buses”
Regulated buses P & V are specified
(P-V Buses) δ & Q to be determine
 POWER / LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
I. Intention (problem to solved)
Determining the magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each
bus (node) and the active and reactive power flowing in each
line

II. Assumption
Power system (network) is operating under balanced condition

III. Technique
Use single phase approach
Each bus is associated with 4 quantities:
1. Voltage, |V |
2. Phase angle, δ
3. Real power, P
4. Reactive power, Q
 POWER / LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
IV. Technique (cont’d) :
- Buses of power system are generally classified into 3 types :
1. Slack (swing) bus
• Reference bus where the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage are specified
• There is one slack bus in a power system
• This bus makes up the difference between the scheduled loads and the generated
power that are caused by losses in the network

2. Load busses (P-Q busses)

• Active and reactive powers are specified
• Magnitude and phase angle of voltage are unknown

3. Regulated buses (P-V buses)

• Voltage controlled buses
• These buses are connected to generators
• Limit value of reactive power, real power and voltage magnitude are specified
• Phase angle of voltage and reactive power are to be calculated
SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR ALGEBRAIC
EQUATIONS

Common techniques

Gauss -Seidel
FAST DECOUPLED
Newton-Raphson
Gauss – Seidel method of successive displacements
Newton – Raphson a successive approximation procedure based
on an initial estimate of the unknown & the
use of Taylor’s series expansion
Fast Decoupled Same with Newton –Raphson but different in
angle and voltage magnitude
Each iteration is relatively fast (computational
order is proportional to number of branches +
number of buses in the system).
Relatively easy to program.

6
Tends to converge relatively slowly, although this can
be improved with acceleration.
Has tendency to fail to find solutions, particularly on
large systems.
Tends to diverge on cases with negative branch
reactances (common with compensated lines).
Need to program using complex numbers.
Gauss and Gauss-Seidel mostly replaced by Newton-
Raphson.

7
 NEWTON RAPHSON POWER FLOW SOLUTION
Advantages
less number of iteration to reach
convergence, takes less computation time
More accurate and not sensitive to the
factors likes slack bus selection, regulation
transformer, the number of iteration
required is almost independent of system
size
 NEWTON RAPHSON POWER FLOW SOLUTION
Disadvantages
more calculations involved in each
iteration and require large computation
time per iteration and large computer
memory
Difficult solution technique
(programming is difficult)
 POWER FLOW EQUATIONS
KCL for current injection

Real and reactive power injection

Substituting for Ii yields :

Separating the real and imaginary parts:

 NEWTON RAPHSON POWER FLOW SOLUTION
Cast power equation into iterative form

Matrix function formation of the system of equations

 NEWTON RAPHSON POWER FLOW SOLUTION
General formation of the equation to find a solution

The iterative equation

The Jacobian - the first derivative of a set of functions

a matrix of all combinatorial pairs

JACOBIAN MATRIX
 JACOBIAN TERMS
Real power w.r.t. the voltage angle

Real power w.r.t. the voltage magnitude

 ITERATION PROCESS
Power mismatch or power residuals
difference in schedule to calculated power

New estimates for the voltages

 BUS TYPE AND THE JACOBIAN FORMATION
Slack Bus / Swing Bus
one generator bus must be selected and defined as the voltage and angular reference
The voltage and angle are known for this bus
The angle is arbitrarily selected as zero degrees
bus is not included in the Jacobian matrix formation
Generator Bus
have known terminal voltage and real (actual) power injection
the bus voltage angle and reactive power injection are computed
bus is included in the real power parts of the Jacobian matrix
Load Bus
have known real and reactive power injections
bus is fully included in the Jacobian matrix
 NEWTON-RAPHSON STEPS
1. Set flat start
For load buses, set voltages equal to the slack bus
or 1.0 ∟0
For generator buses, set the angles equal the
slack bus or 0
2. Calculate power mismatch
For load buses, calculate P and Q injections using
the known and estimated system voltages
For generator buses, calculate P injections
Obtain the power mismatches, P and Q
3. Form the Jacobian matrix
Use the various equations for the partial derivatives w.r.t. the
voltage angles and magnitudes
 NEWTON-RAPHSON STEPS
4. Find the matrix solution (choose a or b)
a. inverse the Jacobian matrix and multiply by the mismatch power
b. perform gaussian elimination on the Jacobian matrix with the vector
equal to the mismatch power
compute

5. Find new estimates for the voltage magnitude and angle

6. Repeat the process until the mismatch (residuals) are less than
the specified accuracy
 LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES
After solving for bus voltages and angles, power flows
and losses on the network branches are calculated
Transmission lines and transformers are network branches
The direction of positive current flow are defined as follows for a
branch element (demonstrated on a medium length line)
Power flow is defined for end of the branch
Example: The power leaving bus i and flowing to bus j
LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES
 EXAMPLE : NEWTON RAPHSON
Figure below shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
generators at buses 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage
magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load
consisting of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in
per unit on a 100 MVA base, and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the
power flow solution by the Newton Raphson method including line flows and line losses.
SOLUTION
 SOLUTION
The expression for real power at bus 2 and 3 and the reactive power at bus 2 are
 SOLUTION
Elements of Jacobian matrix are obtained by taking derivatives of the previous
equation with respect to ∂2, ∂3 and |V2|.
SOLUTION
 SOLUTION
The load and generation expressed in per units are:
 SOLUTION
Evaluating the elements of the Jacobian matrix with the initial estimate, the set of
linear equations in the first iteration becomes

Obtaining the solution of the above matrix equation, the new bus voltages in the
first iteration are
 SOLUTION
Voltage phase angle are in radian. For second iteration:

AND
 SOLUTION
For third iteration:

AND
 SOLUTION
The power converge in 3 iterations with a maximum power mismatch of 2.5 x 10-4
with V2 =0.97168 ∟-2.696◦ and V3 = 1.04 ∟-0.4988◦

Thus;

Q3= 1.4617 pu; P1 = 2.1842 pu; Q1 = 1.4085 pu