APPENDIX A – LINUX Basic Commands

Command Description
ls Lists the files in the current directory.
ls -l Long listing of files with dates and permissions.
ls -a Lists all files, including hidden files (hidden files start with a period).
ls (pathname) Lists files in the directory described.
mv (pathname1) (pathname2) Moves the file found at (pathname1) to the position specified by
(pathname2). After a file has been moved, it no longer exists at
(pathname1).
cp (pathname1) (pathname2) Copies the file at (pathname1) to (pathname2). Works like the 'mv'
command, except that the file found at (pathname1) is not destroyed
when written to (pathname2). If there was a file at (pathname2), the file
is destroyed/overwritten.
rm Deletes (removes) a file.
rm (pathname1) Removes (destroys/deletes) the file at (pathname1).
mkdir (pathname1) Makes a directory with the name specified by (pathname1).
cd (pathname1) Changes the current directory to be that specified by (pathname1).
cd - Changes the previous directory.
cd ~ Changes the home directory.
cd .. Changes the parent directory.
pwd Displays what the current directory is, i.e. short for print working
directory.
rmdir -f Removes the directory specified by (pathname1).
cat (pathname1) Allows us to view the contents of a file. This works best for files
that contain simple characters, instead of executable programs.
cat (pathname1) (pathname2) Adds the file at (pathname2) to the end of the file at (pathname1).
This is called concatenation.The result is a single file with the
name (pathname1), having the contents of both.
vi To invoke the vi Editor, a complex and powerful text editor.
da To invoke the Design Architect tool.
sx To invoke the Waveview Analyzer tool.
ic To invoke the IC Station tool.
 APPENDIX B – Design Rules

These diagrams for scalable CMOS design rules have been extracted from MOSIS. All values
are in λ.