MIND

Electricity
Important Source of Energy

Electric Circuit Electric Charge Electric Current

● A closed and continuous path through
which electric current flows.
● Components of electric circuit are
cell/battery, bulb, switch/key, fuse,
connecting wire, ammeter, voltmeter,
rheostat, galvanometer etc.
Potential Difference
It is work done per unit charge in moving a
unit positive charge between two points.
V –V
V = Bq A = W
q or 1V = 1 J/C
●
It is a physical quantity of matter which ● Rate of flow of electric charges
causes it to experience a force when placed through a conductor.
near other electrically charged matter. ● I = qt or 1 A = 1 C/s.
● A body is negatively charged if it gains ● Its SI unit is ampere.
electrons. ● It is a scalar quantity.
● A body is positively charged if it loses ● Measured by ammeter
electrons.
1 mA = 10–3 A, 1 µA = 10–6 A
● Its SI unit is coulomb.
● It is a scalar quantity.
● Charges are conserved and quantised. Electric Power
● Rate at which electric energy is dissipated
or consumed in an electric circuit.
● P = VI = I 2 R = V 2/R
Ohm's Law ● Its SI unit is watt.
1W = 1 J/s, 1kW = 10 3 W
●
The current passing through a

conductor is directly proportional to the ● Commercial unit of electric energy is kWh.

● Its SI unit is volt.
potential difference across its ends, such ● 1 kWh = 3.6 x 10 6 J
● It is a scalar quantity. that the physical conditions like
● Measured by voltmeter temperature, density etc.,
● 1mV = 10–3 V, 1 µV = 10 –6 V remain unchanged. V Joule's Law of Heating
● 1kV = 103 V, 1 MV = 10 6 V V∝I
The heat produced in a conductor is directly
or V = RI I
proportional to the (i) Square of the current (I),
(ii) Resistance (R) of the conductor and (iii) the
time (t) for which the current is passed.
Resistance H ∝ I2 ∝ R ∝ t
Property of a conductor due to which it opposes the flow of current through it. H = I 2RT
V
● R= I or 1Ω = 1 V/A ● It is a scalar quantity. ● Its SI unit is Joule.
● Its SI unit is ohm. ● 1 k Ω = 10 Ω, 1m Ω = 10 Ω
3 –3

Practical Applications
● Electric bulb (to produce light)
● Electric fuse that protects
Factors Affecting Resistance in Series Resistance in Parallel circuits and appliances.
Resistance ● Maximum effective ● Minimum effective resistance.
● Electrical heating appliances.
● Length of the conductor resistance. ● Two or more resistors are
● Area of cross-section ● Two or more resistors are connected simultaneously
● Nature of material connected end to end. between two points. Resistivity
● Effect of temperature ● Current remains constant ● Voltage remains constant but It refers to resistance of a conductor of
ρl but voltage varies. current varies. unit length and cross-sectional area.
● R= A
V = V1 + V2 + V3 It depends on the nature of the
(where, ρ is resistivity
●
I = I1 + I2 + I3
R = R1 + R2 + R3 1= 1+ 1+ 1 substance and temperature.
of conductor)
R R 1 R 2 R3 ● Its SI unit is Ohm-metre (Ω-m).