Yield Percent Lab

By De’Andre Shufford

Research Question: ​How much of the actual yield of CaCO​3​ will be produced compared to the
projected amount?

Objectives​:
1.) To observe the reaction between solutions of Sodium carbonate and Calcium chloride.
2.) To determine the theoretical mass of precipitate that should form.
3.) To compare the actual mass to the theoretical mass of precipitate and calculate the percent yield.

Balanced Chemical Equation​:

1Na​2​CO​3​ + 1CaCl​2​ = 2NaCl + 1CaCO​3

Hypothesis: ​The actual yield of CaCO​3 ​ will be at least 70% of the theoretical yield.

Variables:
Independant- 1.86 g Na​2​CO​3 (Sodium
​ carbonate) used in reaction
Dependent- Actual yield of CaCO​3 ​(Carbon carbonate) from reaction
Controlled Factors-
Methods of Control-

Materials:

Equipmen​t-

Electronic Balance (±0.01g)

Weigh paper

2 graduated cylinders (25mL and 50mL)

2 beakers (250mL)

Distilled H​2​0 wash bottle

Filtering apparatus (ring with stand, funnel, and stir rod)

Qualitative filter paper

Lab apron (optional)

Goggles
Chemicals-

Sodium carbonate solid (Na​2​CO​3​)

0.50 M Calcium chloride solution (CaCl​2​)

Procedure:

Day 1:

1.) Put on your lab apron and safety goggles.

2.) Obtain 2 clean, dry graduated cylinders (one 50 mL and one 25 mL) and 2 clean, dry beakers.

3.) In the 50.0mL graduated cylinder, measure 25.0mL of distilled water.

4.)Using the weigh paper, measure out 1.86g of Na​2​CO​3​; record the mass you measure.

5.) Add the solid Na​2​CO​3​ to the 50.0mL graduated cylinder containing the distilled water and mix
thoroughly to create a solution; record the final volume of the Na​2​CO​3 ​solution.

6.) In the 25.0mL graduated cylinder, measure 25.0mL of the CaCl​2​ solution; record the volume.

7.) Pour the contents of both graduated cylinders into one of the 250 mL beakers and observe the results;
record for qualitative observations. Allow the contents of the beaker to sit undisturbed for 5 minutes to
observe what happens to the suspended solid particles. Meanwhile, proceed to step 8.

8.) Obtain a piece of filter paper and put your name on it using a pencil. Weigh and record the mass of the
filter paper, then use it to set up a filtering apparatus as shown in Figure 6D-1.

9.) Use the wash bottle to lightly wet the paper in the funnel to keep the filter paper in place. Swirl the
beaker and its contents to suspend the precipitate in the solution, then pour it carefully and slowly into the
filter funnel. It takes time to complete the filtering process so plan to do it in stages. Use the wash bottle to
rinse the remaining precipitate from the beaker.

10.) Use the wash bottle one last time to rinse the precipitate in the filter paper. This will remove any
residual NaCl​(​aq​)​ that remains with the precipitate.

11.) After the filtering is complete, remove the wet filter paper contain CaCO​3​ precipitate and suspend it
carefully over the dry apparatus set up for your class period. Put your labeled filter paper + precipitate on
the lab counter to dry for at least 24 hours.

12.) Clean all your apparatus. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the
laboratory.

Day 2:
13.) Retrieve the beaker with filter paper + precipitate from the lab counter and find the mass of the dry
filter paper containing the CaCO​3​ precipitate. Record this mass in data collection.

14.) Calculate the mass of CaCO​3​ precipitate you’ve isolated.

Data Collection and Processing:

Data Collection-
Molar Mass:
Na-22.99
C- 12.01
O- 16 × 3 = 48
83.00 g/mol

Ca- 40.08
C- 12.01
O- 16 × 3 = 48
100.09 g/mol

Quantitative Data
Volume of CaCl​2 Mass of Na​2​CO​3 Volume of Na​2​CO​3 Mass of filter Mass of filter
paper paper + CaCO​3

25.00 mL 1.60 g 26.00 mL 1.05 g 1.99 g

Qualitative Data-
● The Sodium carbonate is white and powdery in its solid form.
● When dissolving in water, it turns the water cloudy.
● When combined Calcium chloride, the newly formed Calcium carbonate is white and brittle.

Errors-
Our only but most devastating error was our inability to get a considerable amount of CaCO​3 ​off of the
beaker because we left the CaCO​3 inside
​ for too long, leaving small chunks that were too sticky to
remove.

Data Processing and Presentation:

1Na​2​CO​3​ + 1CaCl​2​ = 2NaCl + 1CaCO​3

Theoretical Yield
1.86 g Na​2​CO​3 1 mol Na​2​CO​3 100.09 g CaCO​3

105.99 g Na​2​CO​3 1 mol CaCO​3

= 1.76 g CaCO​3
Actual Yield- ​(Mass of the filter paper + CaCO​3​) - Mass of filter paper = Mass of CaCO​3
1.99 - 1.05 = .94 g CaCO​3

% Yield
(Actual ÷ Theoretical) × 100

Theoretical Yield 1.76 g (± .01)

Actual Yield .94 g (± .01)

% Yield 53.41%

Conclusion:
Through experimentation, it was discovered that the percent yield of CaCO​3 ​ was approximately 17% less
than what was anticipated.