Source Participants Variables Electrodermal Heart Rate Positive Negative Reported Conclusio

Information Activity (EDA) Affect (PA) Affect (NA) feelings by n

(measuring participant
stress) s
Anderson, A. P., 18 Control Decrease Variability: Significant No Bored, Does not
Mayer, M. D., participants Scene Returned from decrease with improveme frustrated, provide
Fellows, A. M., (9 male, 9 (empty induced stress Low time nt nervous relaxation
Cowan, D. R., female) indoor to baseline Frequency and
Hegel, M. T., & Age of 32 ± classroom) Greater (sympatheti restoration
Buckey, J. C. 12 years fluctuation c activity): after a
(2017). Significant stressful
Relaxation with difference experience
Immersive with time
Natural Scenes value during
Presented Using stress test
Virtual Reality. lower than
Aerospace values at
Medicine and beginning of
Human VR
Performance,
88(6), 520-526. High
doi:10.3357/amh Frequency
p.4747.2017 (parasympa
thetic
activity):
Changed
with time

LF/HF:
Changed
with time
Lower than
baseline
First Greater Variability: No significant Significant Enjoyment, Provide
Natural decrease than decrease with decrease engaged relaxation
Scene control Low time with time and
(Ireland) Decrease Frequency restoration
below baseline (sympatheti after a
Exponential, c activity): stressful
smooth Significant experience
decrease difference
with time
value during
stress test
lower than
 values at
beginning of
VR

High
Frequency
(parasympa
thetic
activity):
Changed
with time

LF/HF: Not
significantly
different
Second Greater Variability: No significant Significant Provide
Natural decrease than decrease with decrease relaxation
Scene control Low time with time and
(Dream Decrease Frequency restoration
Beach) below baseline (sympatheti after a
Exponential, c activity): stressful
smooth No change experience
decrease
High
Frequency
(parasympa
thetic
activity(:
Changed
with time

LF/HF:
Changed
with time

HF and
LF/HF end
point less
than
baseline
Valtchanov, D., 22 Control Increase No significant No Does not
Barton, K. R., & participants Scene change significant promote
Ellard, C. (2010). Control: 4 (Slideshow change restorative
Restorative male, 6 of 10 effects
Effects of Virtual female abstract
Nature Settings. Nature: 6 paintings)
Cyberpsychology male, 6
, Behavior, and female
Social Aged
Networking, between 17
13(5), 503-512. and 26
doi:10.1089/cybe
r.2009.0308
Natural Greater Increased No Promotes
Scene Increase significantly significant restorative
(Exploratio change effects
n of a
photo-
realistic,
interactive
forest)
Calogiuri, G., 26 In Real Increased Not present Provides
Litleskare, S., participants Life Walk larger
Fagerheim, K. (14 males, Outdoors benefits
A., Rydgren, T. 12 females)
L., Brambilla, E., Aged 26 ± 8
& Thurston, M. years
(2018).
Experiencing
Nature through
Immersive Virtual
Environments:
Environmental
Perceptions,
Physical
Engagement,
and Affective
Responses
during a
Simulated Nature
Walk. Frontiers
in Psychology, 8.
doi:10.3389/fpsy
g.2017.02321
Sitting Increased Present Lower Provide
Virtual (possibly sense of psychophy
Walk due to reality than siological
cyber treadmill benefits
sickness)
 Treadmill Increased Present Greater Provide
Virtual (possibly sense of psychophy
Walk due to reality than siological
cyber sitting benefits
sickness) Addition of
treadmill
provided
only slight
improveme
nts from
sitting
Kort, Y. D., & 80 Less Reduction Reduction
Ijsselsteijn, W. participants Immersive of
(2006). Reality Natural physiologic
Check: The Role Environme al stress
of Realism in nt
Stress Reduction
Using Media
Technology.
CyberPsycholog
y & Behavior,
9(2), 230-233.
doi:10.1089/cpb.
2006.9.230
More Stronger Stronger
Immersive Reduction reduction
Natural of
Environme physiologic
nt al stress