Estimation of Damping Behavior

ABSTRACT
ESTIMATION OF DAMPING BEHAVIOR

OF A COMPOSITE PLATE
Rajesh Gatla, M.S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Northern Illinois University, 2012
Abhijit Gupta, Director
Damping is referred as the dissipation of mechanical energy from a vibrating
structure. Damping material has visco elastic characteristics which reduces the vibration
and noise, and minimizes the response at resonance. In this study, the unconstrained
layered damped beams are evaluated experimentally using center impedance method to
find the natural frequencies at different temperatures, and RKU equations are used to
know the material properties, dynamics Young`s modulus and loss factor of the damping
material. These results are used to predict the behavior of the damped plate coated with
the same material.

NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
DEKALB, ILLINOIS
AUGUST 2012
ESTIMATION OF DAMPING BEHAVIOR
OF A COMPOSITE PLATE
BY
RAJESH GATLA
©2012Rajesh Gatla
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE
MASTER OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Thesis Director:
Abhijit Gupta
UMI Number: 1519714
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I owe my deepest appreciation to the committee chair and thesis advisor,
Dr. Abhijit Gupta, Ph.D., P.E., for giving me an opportunity to work with him.
Without his guidance, encouragement and valuable suggestions this work would
not have been possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Meung Jung Kim and
Dr. Pradip Majumdar for being my committee members.
I express my gratitude towards Mr. Guru Kathawate for providing me with
necessary information and valuable suggestions and also thank Mr. Rohan Patil
and Mr. Chaitanya Kiran Chitteti, graduate students in Mechanical Engineering at
NIU for their help during this work. I extend my special gratitude towards the
Department of Mechanical Engineering at Northern Illinois University and the
Dean of College of Engineering and Engineering Technology at NIU
Mr. Promod Vohra, for providing necessary facilities for successfully completing
my work. And also thank the support staff of Vibration View for helping me in
using the software.
Finally, I am obliged to thank my parents for their never ending love, my
brother for his encouraging words and my love for her support and belief.
.
DEDICATION
To my parents and
grandfather
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………….. vi
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………. xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………………………… xviii
Chapter
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….. 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………... 4
3. THEORY OF COMPOSITE BEAM AND COMPOSITE PLATE
VIBRATION………………………………………………….. 8
3.1 Theoretical Calculations for Composite Beam Vibration………. 8
3.1.1 Governing Equations for Free Layered Damped Beams…. 10
3.2 Theoretical Calculations for Composite Plate Vibration……….. 14
3.2.1 Theoretical Calculations of Plate Vibrations……………. 14
3.2.2 Flexural Vibrations of a Three Layered Plate System………. 15
3.2.3 Equations for a Plate with Free-layered Damping Treatment. 19
4. THEORY OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES……………………... 22
4.1 Centre Impedance Method…………………………………….... 22
4.1.1 Experimental Setup………………………………………. 23
4.1.2 Assumptions……………………………………………... 23
4.1.3 Experimental Procedure…………………………………. 24
4.1.4 Damping Loss Factor……………………………………… 25
4.1.5 Advantages……………………………………………… 26
4.2 Impact Hammer Method………………………………………... 26
4.2.1 Experimental Setup……………………………………... 27
v
Page
Chapter
4.2.2 Experimental Procedure………………………………… 28
4.3 Laser Vibrometer……………………………………………….. 29
4.3.1 Experimental Setup…………………………………….... 30
4.3.2 Experimental Procedure………………………………… 30
4.3.3 Advantages……………………………………………... 31
4.3.4 Disadvantages…………………………………………... 33
4.4 Theoretical Calculations………………………………………... 33
4.5 Modal Analysis Using ANSYS………………………………… 33
5. RESULTS………………………………………………………………... 38
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS………………………. 83
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………... 84
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………… 86
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
3.1 Eigen value parameters for various boundary conditions of the beam... 10
3.2 Normalized frequency values for free-free boundary

condition of the plate………………………………………………….. 15
5.1 Specification of bare beam…………………………………………….. 39
5.2 Natural frequencies of bare beam using different method……………. 39
5.3 Specification of damped beam sample 1...……………………………. 39
5.4 Frequencies calculated by different methods

for damped beam sample 1…………………………………...……….. 40
5.5 Material properties of damping material used in sample 1

at 22.18o C by center impedance method…………………………….. 40
5.6 Material properties of damping material used in sample1

at 40o C by center impedance method……………………………….. 40

5.8 Specification of damped beam sample 2……………………………… 42

for damped beam sample 2……………………………………………. 42
vii
Table Page

at 22.18o C by center impedance method…………………………… 43

at 40o C by center impedance method……………………………… 43

5.13 Specification of damped beam sample 3…………………………….. 45

for damped beam sample 3….……………………………………….. 45


at 40o C by center impedance method………………………………. 46


for damped beam sample 4….……………………………………….. 48
viii
Table Page

at 22.18o C by center impedance method…………………………….. 48

at 40o C by center impedance method………………………………... 49


for damped beam sample 5…………………………………………… 51



5.28 Specification of damped beam sample 6……………………………... 53

for damped beam sample 6…………………………………………… 53
ix
Table Page



5.33 Specification of damped beam sample 7……………………………... 56

for damped beam sample 7…………………………………………... 56




for damped beam sample 8…………………………………………... 59
x
Table Page




for damped beam sample 9………………………………………….... 61

at 22.18o C by center impedance method……………………………. 62


5.48 Specification of damped beam sample 10……………………………. 64

for damped beam sample 10………………………………………….. 64
xi
Table Page



5.53 Specification of damped beam sample 11…………………………… 67

for damped beam sample 11………………………………………… 67



at 60o C by center impedance method…………………………….... 68

for damped beam sample 12…………………………………………. 70
xii
Table Page




for damped beam sample 13…………………………………………. 73




for damped beam sample 14………………………………………….. 76
xiii
Table Page

at 22.18o C by center impedance method……………………………. 77

at 40o C by center impedance method………………………………… 77

5.73 Specification of bare plate…...……………………………………….. 79
5.74 Frequencies calculated using different methods for bare plate………. 79
5.75 Specifications of damped plate…………………………………….…. 80
5.76 Predicted natural frequencies of damped plate for different

Young`s modulus values…………………………………………...…. 82
5.77 Experimental and predicted frequency values of the damped plate….. 82

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 Unconstrained damping layered treatment…………………………….. 5
2.2 Constrained damping layered treatment………………………………. 5
3.1 Dimensions used in analysis of three-layered plate in flexural vibration. 18
4.1 Center impedance method setup…………………………………….... 24
4.2 Impact hammer test experimental setup……………….……………... 27
4.3 Laser vibrometer experimental setup………………………………..... 32
4.4 Meshing model of damped beam……………………………………… 34
4.5 First bending mode of damped beam…………………………………. 35
4.6 Third bending mode of damped beam………………………………… 35
4.7 Meshed model of damped plate……………………………………….. 36
4.8 First bending mode of damped plate………………………………….. 36
4.9 Third bending mode of damped plate…………………………………. 37
5.1 Frequency vs Young`s modulus of the damping material

for the beam sample 1…………………………………………………... 41
5.2 Frequency vs loss factor damping material for the beam sample1……. 41

for the beam sample 2…………………………………………………… 44
xv
Figure Page
5.4 Frequency vs loss factor damping material for the beam sample 2…… 44
5.5 Frequency vs Young’s modulus of the damping material

for the beam sample 3………………………………………………….. 47
5.6 Frequency vs loss factor damping material for the beam sample 3…… 47
5.7 Frequency vs Young’s modulus of the damping material

5.8 Frequency vs loss factor damping material for the beam sample 3……. 50

5.10 Frequency vs loss factor damping material for the beam sample 5…….. 52


for the beam sample 7……………………………………………………. 57
xvi
Figure Page

5.16 Frequency vs loss factor damping material for the beam sample 8…... 60

for the beam sample 9…………………………………………………. 63
5.18 Frequency vs loss factor damping material for the beam sample 9…... 63

for the beam sample 10………………………………………………… 66
5.20 Frequency vs loss factor damping material for the beam sample 10…. 66

for the beam sample 11………………………………………………... 69

for the beam sample 12………………………………………………... 72

xvii
Figure Page

5.29 Front view and side view of the damped plate………………………… 81
B.1 First mode shape of the damped beam…………………………………. 91
B.2 Third mode shape of the damped beam………………………………… 91
B.3 Comparison of first mode of damped plate by

laser vibrometer and ANSYS………………………………………….. 92
B.4 Comparison of second mode of damped plate by

B.5 Comparison of third mode of damped plate by

B.6 Comparison of fourth mode of damped plate by

B.7 Comparison of fifth mode of damped plate by

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
A. MATLAB PROGRAMS……………………………………………..…… 86
B. MODE SHAPES OF DAMPED BEAMS AND DAMPED PLATES…… 90

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Any structure or a machine such as vehicles, buildings, industrial equipment or
domestic house-hold machines in our day-to-day life which are moving or in operation
are found to be subjected to vibrations. “Vibration is defined as simply the cyclic or
oscillating motion of a machine or machine component from its position of rest”[1]. The
intensity of these vibrations depends on the cause, which is the force generated within the
structure or machinery. These forces may be of different types and some of them are as
follows:
1. Force generated by an unbalanced rotation of a machine which is changing its
direction as a function of time.
2. Force generated by unbalanced magnetic forces in an induction motor which
has varying amplitude or intensity as a function of time.
3. Forces resulting due to friction between rotating and stationary machines.
4. Forces resulting due to high impulse or impacts in any heavy operating
equipment.
5. Forces generated due to high turbulence around the machines dealing with
fluid flows such as compressors, turbine blades, blowers, pumps etc.
When the intensity of vibration in a machine which is stationary or in operation
becomes considerably high, it may fail or break down leading to unexpected

2
consequences ranging from personal injury to financial disaster or may be life-risk
situations. For this reason, the pre-detection, identification, investigation and rectification
of machinery problems due to vibrations should be given immediate attention and
paramount importance to assure the operating personal a safe and productive
performance. Therefore, as a result of extensive research, different techniques to control
or reduce vibrations have been evolved from past few years out of which few important
methods are listed below:
1. Avoid resonance
2. Vibration isolation
3. Controlling excitation forces.
4. Vibration absorption
5. Introduce damping into the structure in the form of material.
Among all the methods of vibration control, introducing damping into the
structure is one of the most traditional and easiest ways. In the past few years there have
been few methods which were developed on a traditional basis to enhance the damping of
a vibrating structure. Some of the successful ways of introducing damping is by using
visco-elastic materials, viscous fluids, magnets, smart materials, high damping alloys etc.
out of which visco-elastic materials have been the successful and traditional way of
increasing damping. Visco-elastic materials such as natural or synthetic rubber, adhesives
or industrial plastics etc., are utilized by bonding them onto the structure in the form of
different layers. These layers support damping by enhancing molecular interactions
which were followed by energy dissipation process giving out heat during the cyclic or
periodic process of vibration. Visco-elastic dampers can be directly applied in a structural

3
system or between two separate components as they offer high loss factors and can be
used to control the noise and vibration response.
Application of any type of damping system primarily depends on the type of
material and its associated physical and chemical properties. Damping materials were
found to have high dependency on temperature and frequency which demands a detailed
study of damping behavior using different materials as far as design specifications are
considered.
From the past few years, many industries have employed damping treatments
using the damping material onto the structure in two different ways. One of the most
common or traditional way is spraying the damping material on to the structure in the
form of liquid which facilitates its application by controlling the quantity, quality and
thickness. The other possible way is attaching or fixing the thin sheets of damping
material to the structure which provides stiffness. Also, extensional damping layer is one
of the most extensively used damping treatments which is usually known as
unconstrained or free-layer damping treatments. It uses either of the techniques discussed
above by coating the material on the structure on one or both sides providing flexibility
for cyclic bending by tension and compression of the structure.
The main research goal is to determine the behavior characteristics of damped
beam and damped plate coated with free-layer damping treatment. The damped beams of
different thickness are tested at room temperature, 400C and at 600 C using center
impedance method and hammer test. The data so obtained from the experimental
methods are validated analytically and used to predict the natural frequencies of the
damped plate coated with the same damping material.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The importance of treating and analyzing the vibration phenomena has been
concentrated and evaluated from past many years. Various methods and techniques are
developed in solving the issues pertaining to vibrations. Among these, introduction of
damping material on the vibrating structure is the most effective and less expensive
alternative in reducing the vibrations and protecting the structure from failures [2].
The damping material, which usually is the visco-elastic materials sprayed on the
structure or constrained layer damping, is much more effective than a sheet of damping
material [3]. Extensional damping also called as free-layer damping or unconstrained
layer damping treatment and constrained layer damping are the most commonly used
methods to introduce damping on the structures shown in Figures 2.1 and 2.2 [4]. In
unconstrained layer damping treatment a single layer of damping treatment is bounded to
a structure on one side and in constrained layer damping treatment the damping material
is sandwiched between the base material and constraining layer both made of same
material. To improve damping, free layer treatment is used for thin plates and panels
whereas constrained layer damping treatments are used for thicker structures [5].
5
Figure 2.1 Unconstrained damping layered treatment [4].
Figure 2.2: Constrained damping layered treatment [4].
Oberst and Frankfield [6] were the first engineers to study the bending vibrations
of a beam coated with visco-elastic material on one side applied with fixed-free boundary
conditions, it involves, measuring the dynamic Young`s modulus(E) and loss factor(η) of
the damping material. This work is later standardized as the ASTM E 756-93 [7] called as
Oberst beam method. Since Oberst and Frankfield did not explain the coupling between
the pure bending and extension. Schwarlz [8] has analyzed the force vibration of two-
6
layered beams where pure bending, tensile and longitudinal vibrations were investigated
under tensile force.
Anab Akanda and Gregory M. Goetchius [9] have explained the approach of
representation of the damping treatment in FEA and SEA analysis. They stated that when
the base panel and the damping layers are modeled with a single equivalent layer, it will
improve the modeling effect by reducing the active degrees of freedom of the system.
Ross, Ungar and Kerwin [10] has developed a generalized method to determine the shear
and extensional damping characteristics of a three- layer system. By considering the
thickness of the third layer to be zero the RKU Equations are simplified to that of Oberst.
Their study also includes the design optimization of the damping treatment for optimum
thickness of damping layer.
Akanda, Onsay and Goetchius [11] has evaluated that by removing the damping
material by perforation will not result in loss of its performance. In automotive
applications, since the main focus is on the performance of damping material are at the
lower frequencies, they said that the radius in circular perforations and size of side in the
square perforations are to be tuned to optimize the perform of the damping in composite
systems. The important conclusion from their study states that at about 50-60% of
damping coverage the vibro-acoustic benefits saturate. The removal of damping material
by perforations has to be uniform to avoid making the performance of the composite
system mode-selective.
Many methods have been evolved in improving the effectiveness of damping on
vibrating structures. Research has been carried out to improve the properties of the
7
damping material and present them in most useful and easy ways. Srinivas Tunkimetla[4]
studied the dynamic behavior of beam and plate coated with viscoelastic material, and
has been partially successful in predicting the behavior of the damped plate. In this thesis
work an unconstrained layer system is considered where the base layer is made of steel
and the visco-elastic material used as the damping material, is sprayed on the base metal.
The dynamic behavior of damping material for 14 damped beams and damped plate are
studied at different temperatures and frequencies. Later the material properties of
damping material derived from beams are used to predict the behavior of the damped
plate coated with same damping material.

CHAPTER 3
THEORY OF COMPOSITE BEAM AND COMPOSITE PLATE VIBRATION
The following section is modified from the thesis by Srinivas Tunkimetla [4]. The
chapter is divided into two major sections which provide a detailed discussion on the
governing Equations of composite beam vibration and composite plate vibration. The
section of composite beam vibration is further sub-divided into lateral vibration of bare
beam and damped beam for detailed discussion. Oberst has given the basic Equations
which govern the damping performance of free-layer treatments expressing in terms of
effective flexural rigidity for the whole composite system. They can also be expressed in
terms of loss factor and modulus of the corresponding damping material. It is also known
that from RKU analysis, the material properties for a free-layer damping system can be
obtained by deducing the set of Equations of the constrained-layer damping system. This
deduction is done by assuming the negligible or zero thickness of constraining layer.
3.1 Theoretical Calculations for Composite Beam Vibration
This following section discusses the basic theory and dependent calculations in
order to figure out the natural frequencies for bare beam with free-layer treatment. The
9
following equation shown is used to calculate the natural frequencies for a bare or an un-
damped beam for a free-free boundary condition.
EI
i  (  i l ) 2 ....Eq.(3.1)
 Al 4
 i = the ith mode of Eigen value parameter
l = length of the beam in m
E = Young’s modulus of the beam in N/ m2
 = density of the beam in kg/m3
w = width of the beam in m
d = thickness of the beam in m
A = w  d , area of the beam in m2
1
I  w.d 3 , Moment of inertia of the beam in m4
12
  Natural frequency of the bare or un-damped beam in sec-1
A general form of values is given for '  i l ' depending on the boundary conditions
of the beam. Table 3.1 gives different Eigen value parameters for different boundary
conditions.
10
Table 3.1 Eigen value parameters for various boundary conditions of the beam [4].
End Conditions Fundamental Second Third Fourth Fifth

of Beam Mode Mode Mode Mode Mode
Cantilever 1.8751 4.6941 7.8547 10.9955 14.1370
Fixed-Fixed 4.7300 7.8532 10.9956 14.1371 17.2787
Free-Free 4.7300 7.8532 10.9956 14.1371 17.2787
Simply Supported 3.1416 6.2832 9.4247 12.5667 15.7079
3.1.1 Governing Equations for Free Layered Damped Beams
As discussed in the early sections of this chapter, Oberst equations [12] obtained
from literature strongly predicts the damping performance and characteristics of damping
of unconstrained layers using the below equations.
EI Er t r
 (1  Er t r3  3(1  t r ) 2 ...Eq.(3.2)
E1I1 (1  Er t r )
EI = equivalent modulus of the composite beam system
E2
Er  , Young`s modulus ratio
E1
t
t r  2 , thickness ratio
t
1
If the above equation is introduced with the loss factors corresponding to the
damping material (  2 ) and` system loss factor (  c ), the reduced equation is given as
11
EI Er t r (1  i 2 )
(1  i c )  (1  Er t r3 (1  i 2 )  3(1  t r ) 2 [ ]...Eq.(3.3)
E1I1 (1  Er t r (1  i 2 ))
The above equation can further be reduced by equating real and imaginary parts
on both sides of the equation and assuming (E 2 t 2 ) 2 << E 2 t 2 .
The following equation is obtained from Equation (3.3) which gives the
equivalent modulus of the composite system:
EI (1  4Er t r  6Er t r2  4Er t r3  Er2t r4 )

 ...Eq.(3.4)
E I (1  Er t r )
11
Where, EI is the equivalent modulus of the composite system.
Therefore, the natural frequencies for the composite beam can be obtained by the
following equation provided the material properties of the material undergoing damping
are known:
EI
ic  ( i l ) 2 ...Eq.(3.5)
 c Al 4
(1  4Er t r  6Er t r2  4Er ht r3  Er2t r4 )

ic   i ...Eq.(3.6)
(1  Er t r )(1  t r  r )
If the material properties of the damping were unknown, the equation given above
can be used to estimate the material properties when the response of the system is known.
The term ic represents the ith natural frequency of the composite system, whereas i is
12
th
the i natural frequency of `the bare beam. EI is the equivalent modulus of the composite
system and ρc is defined to be the effective density of the composite system.
Oberst equations can be used to estimate the properties of the damping material
which obtained from the values measured from the composite beam. The following
equation gives the Young’s modulus of damping material:
[(   )  (   ) 2  4t r2 (1   ) ]E
E  1 ...Eq.(3.7)
2 3
2t r
where α and β are expressed as follows:
f
  ( nc ) 2 (1   r t r )
fn
  4  6t r  4t r2
E
Er  2 , Young’s modulus ratio
E1
t
t r  2 , thickness ratio
t
1
2
r  , density ratio
1
f nc = resonance frequency for mode ‘nc’ of composite bar in Hz
t 2 = thickness of damping material in m
t1 = thickness of bare bar in m

13
 2 = density of damping material in Kg/m3
 1 = density of bare bar in Kg/m3
E 2 = Young’s modulus of damping material in Pa
E1 = Young’s modulus of bare beam in Pa
The following equation is derived from Equation (3.3) to calculate the loss factor
of the damping material:
(1  Er t r )(1  4 Er t r  6 Er t r2  4 Er t r3  Er2t r4 ) c
2  ...Eq.(3.8)
Er t r (3  6t r  4t r2  2 Er t r3  Er2t r4 )
f nc
c  ...Eq.(3.9)
fc
 2 = loss factor of damping material
 c = loss factor of composite bar
f nc =half- power bandwidth for mode ‘nc’ of the composite beam
f c = resonance frequency of the composite beam
Er t r = extensional stiffness ratio

14
3.2 Theoretical Calculation of Composite Plate Vibration
This sub-section discusses the free-layer damping treatment to prevent vibration
on composite plates. As discussed earlier in Chapter 1, free-layer damping treatment is
done using viscoelastic damping materials which is usually a single layer attached to the
structure. This single layer is replaced with stiffer elastic constraining layer for a
constrained damping treatment. The common concept in both free-layer and constrained-
layer treatment is the material which is bonded to the structure and dissipation of energy
takes place as a result of the cyclic deformations induced by the flexural vibration of the
underlying the structure.
The material properties for the damped composite plate structure are determined
using RKU equations. These equations were initially considered for a three-layer system
and then extended to two-layer systems.
3.2.1 Theoretical Calculations of Plate vibrations
The following equations are used to determine the natural frequencies for bare
plate and the damped plate with free-layer treatment theoretically.
(i ) 2 D
i  ...Eq.(3.10)
a2 1t1
15
where the expression of D is given as follows:
E t3
D 1 1 ...Eq.(3.11)
12(1  2 )
 i = the normalized frequency value based on the boundary conditions of the system
a = side of the square plate in m
E1 = Young’s modulus of the plate material in N/m2
1 = Density of the plate material in kg/m3
t1 = thickness of the plate in m
 = Poisson ratio for the plate material
Table 3.2 Normalized frequency values for free-free boundary condition of the undamped
plate.
Boundary Condition Normalized frequency values of plate
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5

Free-Free
13.47 19.63 24.27 34.81 34.81
3.2.2 Flexural Vibrations of a Three Layered Plate System
For a three-layer system the total bending moment M for a unit width is given as
 3
3
M = EI
x
= M ii +  Fi t i 0 ...Eq.(3.12)
1 1
16
th
Mii= the moment exerted by the forces on the i layer about its own neutral plane in N.m
Fi = the net extensional force exerted on ith layer in Newton’s
t i 0 = distance from the center of ith layer to neutral plane of the composite beam in
meters
The individual bending moments in all the three directions corresponding to their
curvatures are as follows:
2 
M 11  K1t1 ...Eq.(3.13)
x
2
t 2    
M 22  K 2   ...Eq.(3.14)
12  x x 
2
t 3 
M 33  K 3 ...Eq.(3.15)
12 x
Ki (Ki= Eiti) is the extensional stiffness of a unit length of ith layer
1 2
ti is the square of radius of gyration
12
It is known that the resultant extensional force in a given single layer is obtained
by the product of extensional stiffness of the corresponding layer and the extensional
strain at its respective mid-plane.
Therefore,
  
F1  K1t10  ...Eq.(3.16)
 x 
17
  t 2  
F2  K 2  t 20  ...Eq.(3.17)
 x 2 x 
   
F3  K 3  t 30  t2 ...Eq.(3.18)
 x x 
If the flexure is pure the resultant extensional force on each composite layered
element is zero.
 F  0...Eq.(3.19)
1
i
3
   K  
1
Fi = 0 = K1  K 2  K 3 D
x
 K 2 t 21  K 3t 31 )    2  K 3 t 2
x  2  x
...Eq.(3.20)
The above is solved for the expression of D which is the displacement of neutral
plane, the resultant is
K  
K 2 t 21  K 3t 31   2  K 3 t 2
D  2   ...Eq.(3.21)
K1  K 2  K 3
where
  
 ...Eq.(3.22)
 x x
Expanding the Equation (3.13) for known parameters such as dimensions and the
displacement of neutral plane, the final expression is obtained for flexural rigidity when a
three-layer system is considered. The expression is as given below.

18
t12 t2 t2 t (t  D)
EI  K1  K 2 2  K 3 3  K 2 2 31  K1 D 2  K 2 (t 21  D 2 )
12 12 12 12 (1  g )
K (t  D)
 K 3 (t 31  D) 2  [ 2 (t 21  D)  K 3 (t 31  D)] 31 ...Eq.(3.23)
2 (1  g )
where K i  Ei ti
t
K 2 (t 21  31 )  ( K 2t 21  K 3t31 ) g
D 2 ...Eq.(3.24)
K2
( K1   g ( K1  K 2  K 3 ))
2
In the above equation D is the distance between neutral axis of the plate and the
composite plate, illustrated in Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1: Dimensions used in analysis of three-layered plate in flexural vibration.
 (t 31  D)
 ...Eq.(3.25)
 (1  g )
G2
g ...Eq.(3.26)
K 3t 2 p 2
19
 (t 31  D)
where = is deduced from shear relation for the middle layer of ith
 (1  g )
composite system.
1 1 EI
 ...Eq.(3.27)
p 2
2f 
where EI = flexural rigidity of the panel
 = mass per unit area of the composite panel in kg/m3
f = frequency of vibration in Hz
t 31 = distance between the neutral planes of base metal and the constraining layer in
meters
t 1 , t 2 , t 3 are the thicknesses of the base material, the damping layer and the constraining
layer respectively.
(t1  t 2 )
t 21  ...Eq.(3.28)
2
3.2.3 Equations for a Plate with Free-Layered Damping Treatment
It has been discussed that the RKU equations can be used to estimate the
behavioral performance of free layered or unconstrained layer (extension) damping
treatments. Now, assuming the constraining-layer thickness to be zero, the similar
analysis can be carried out for unconstrained- layer damping treatment of composite plate
20
vibrations. Therefore, this analysis lands on the two layered composite system where
damping layer is bounded on to the base material.
By replacing t3 to be zero in all the above Equations, the equivalent modulus
of a composite system can be obtained for a constrained-layer system. For a two-layer
system, the above Equation (3.23) arrives at:
EI  E1t13  E2t 23  E1t1 D 2  E2t 2 (t 21  D) 2 ...Eq.(3.29)
where
( E 2 t 2 t 21 )
D ...Eq.(3.30)
( E1t1  E 2 t 2 )
(t1  t 2 )
t 21  ...Eq.(3.31)
2
Substituting the modulus ratio, Er= E2/E1, thickness ratio, tr = t2/t1 and
t21 = (t1 + t2)/2, the above equation is transformed as follows:
EI Er t r
 (1  Er t r3  3(1  t r ) 2 ...Eq.(3.32)
E1 I1 (1  Er t r )
EI (1  4 Er t r  6 Er t r2  4 Er t r3  Er2 t r4 )
 ...Eq.(3.33)
E1 I1 (1  Er t r )
The loss factor for the composite system is given as:
(1  k r )(12k r t 21
2
 (1  k r )(1  k r t r2 )) c
2  ...Eq.(3.34)
2
k r (12t 21  t r2 (1  k r ) 2 )
21
Plugging in the terms of relative stiffness of damping layer, kr = Ertr, the modulus
ratio, Er = E2/E1, thickness ratio, tr = t2/t1 and t21 = (t1 + t2)/2, the expression for loss
factor of damping material is obtained as:
(1  Er t r )(1  4 Er t r  6 Er t r2  4 Er t r3  Er2 t r4 ) c
2  ...Eq.(3.35)
Er t r (3  6t r  4t r2  2 Er t r3  Er2 t r4 )
 2 = loss factor of damping material
f nc
c  , loss factor of composite plate
fc
By considering maximum possible practical situations, it can be assumed that
‘k2’ << 1. And also by conducting experiments such as center-impedance test of the
damped beam, the values for Young’s modulus for the damping material can be obtained.
These values if plugged in for finding composite plate frequencies and composite loss
factor as given by Ross-Kerwin-Ungar, the loss factor for damping material can be
reduced and expressed as:
(1  Er t r (3  6t r  4t r2 )) c
2  ...Eq.(3.36)
Er t r (3  6t r  4t r2 )
CHAPTER 4
THEORY OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
This section explains the detail description of the experimental procedures used in
the study. The following methods are used to calculate the natural frequencies and mode
shapes of the beams and plates and thus produce values which are used to know the
dynamic Young`s modulus and loss factor of the damping materials.
1. Center impedance method
2. Impact hammer test
3. Laser vibrometer test
4.1 Center Impedance Method
Center impedance method is widely used in calculating the natural frequencies
and damping properties of a damped vibrating structure. In this method, the specimen is
attached to the impedance head which is directly mounting on to the shaker. Force and
response of the structure are measured at the same point (center of the structure) by the
impedance head. Unlike Oberst test this method is applicable to all types of ferrous and
nonferrous materials and cantilever beam boundary conditions of Oberst test is being
replaced by free-free boundary conditions using center impedance method.

23
4.1.1 Experimental Setup
The equipment needed for the experiment is given as follows:
1. Vibration view research analyzer
2. TIRA power amplifier
3. TIRA vib shaker
4. Impedance head
5. Laptop with vibration view software (version 10)
6. Network cable
7. Beams and plates for testing
8. BNC cables, super glue and bee`s wax
4.1.2 Assumptions
The following are the assumptions made:
1. All damping measurements are only made in liner range.
2. Loss factor of the metal bar is assumed to be zero, since steel and aluminum
have loss factor of less than or equal to 0.001.

24
4.1.3: Experimental Procedure
The experimental procedure is described as follows:
1. Beams are attached to impedance head at the center with super glue and then
mounted on the shaker as shown in Figure 4.1.
2. The force and the accelerometer sensors on the impedance head are
commented to the analyzer with the BNC cables.
3. The shaker is attached to power amplifier and in turn the power amplifier is
attached to the analyzer with BNC cables.
4. To run the whole set up the network cable from the analyzer is connected to
the Laptop or computer contains the Vibration view software.
5. A random test signal is selected and the corresponding sensitivity values are
given to both accelerometer and force sensors.
Figure 4.1 Center impedance method experimental setup.

25
6. System check has to be performed before running the test to validate the input
parameters and connections.
7. A random signal is given to the shaker for exciting the structure.
8. Force and response are calculated at the same point by impedance head and
transfer function is computed from the graph.
9. The shaker is placed in the oven to evaluate the high temperature (40o C and
60o C) effect on the materials properties, and steps 1-8 are repeated for all
beams.
The transfer function is defined as:
A( )
H ( )  ...Eq.(4.1)
F ( )
A = Acceleration at the measurement point
F = Force of the shaker
In center impedance methods the DSP issues viz., lines of resolution and span of
frequency are taken in to account to calculate the damping loss factor.
4.1.4 Damping Loss Factor
DLF from half-power bandwidth (3dB down points) method is calculated as:
1   2
 ...Eq.(4.2)
p
26
where 1 and 2 are upper and lower limits of 3 dB decay and 𝜔p is the frequency of the
resonance peak.
Thus, obtained damping loss factor (𝜂) is applied in the RKU equations to
calculate the dynamic Young`s modulus of the damping material.
4.1.5 Advantages
The advantages of center impedance method are as listed:
1. Excitation force can be accurately measured.
2. Since no magnetic transducers are used, this method is applicable for both
ferrous and nonferrous materials.
3. Consumes less testing time and shows more repeatability even in case of
nonlinearity.
4. Simulating the test is easy for free-free boundary conditions and does not
require any special apparatus.
4.2 Impact Hammer Test
Impact hammer test is the simple method performed to find the natural frequency
of the structure. In this method, the test structure is excited by hitting with the hammer
and the response is received by an accelerometer. The captured response is then feed in
the analysis software like Lab View or Pulse to know the natural frequency.
27
4.2.1Experimental Setup
The apparatus required for carrying our impact hammer test is:
1. B &K impact hammer
2. PCB uni-axial accelerometer
3. NI data acquisition system (DAQ)
4. Laptop with Lab View software
5. Beams and plates
6. Clamp, stand, cord and bee`s wax
Accelerometer
Laptop with Lab

View Software
DAQ
Hammer
BNC Cables
Figure 4.2: Impact hammer test experimental setup.

28
4.2.2 Experimental Procedure
The experimental procedure for impact hammer method is as described below:
1. If the test is carried out with free- free boundary conditions the test structure
as to be attached to the stand with the chord, and for cantilever boundary
conditions it is to be clamped to the bench. Fig 4.2 shows the block diagram
of the impact hammer test for free-free boundary condition.
2. After the test structure is mounted to the stand with the chord, connect the
hammer to the DAQ with the BNC cables and repeat the same with uni-axial
accelerometer.
3. Connect the uni-axial accelerometer to the beam or plate with bee`s wax and
make sure that the arrow on the accelerometer points away and normal to the
surface of the plate or beam.
4. Connect the DAQ to the laptop.
5. In Lab View software, create a block diagram of the setup on the front panel
as shown in the Fig. 4.2.
6. Define the results graphs as per the requirements, for example, frequency (Hz)
on X-axis and acceleration (m/s2) on Y-axis.
After all the connections are made, excite the test structure by hitting with the
impact hammer at a point. The force is been measured by the load cell placed at one side
of the hammer and the response is measured by the accelerometer. The measured force
29
and response is then feed to the FFT analyzer and the natural frequency is then computed
by Fourier transformation.
Repeat the experiments by selecting multiple points and excite the structure at that
location. Take the averaging of at least 4 values to avoid the situation of placing the
sensor at the node. The experiment is also repeated by roving the accelerometer at
different location and exciting the structure with the hammer at a fixed location. This
multiple averaging is done to improve the statistical confidence. The main advantage of
this impact hammer test is the setup time. The experiment can be performed very fast
compared to the other experimental methods.
However, the disadvantages of the impact hammer method are:
1. While exciting the structure, the tip of the impact hammer should be perfectly
normal to the surface of the structure to avoid the problem of normality due to
parallax errors.
2. The coherence issue would be of main concern while running the test.
4.3 Laser Vibrometer
Laser vibrometer is used to compute the values of natural frequencies and mode
shapes of the vibrating structures. Here the structure under study is scanned by the laser
points that are in a specified polygon shape for given number of scan points. Polytec Scan
Vibrometer (PSV) software is used to create, perform and analyze the project using the
laser vibrometer.
30
4.3.1Experimental Setup
`The apparatus required for carrying our impact hammer test is
1. TIRA vib shaker
2. Laser vibrometer
3. Computer with Polytec Scan Vibrometer (PSV 8.6) software
4. Beams and plates
5. BNC cables, bee`s wax and super glue.
4.3.2 Experimental Procedure
The experimental procedure for laser vibrometer is as described below:
1. The specimen (beams or plates) are mounted on the shaker.
2. Laser reflecting tapes are attached on the structure at different points of
excitation.
3. The laser vibrometer is connected the computer having the PSV software.
4. After all the connections are made, the laser head has to be placed normal to
the test structure by controlling its stand.
5. Vibrometer is applied with the 2D alignment to scan the structure.

31
6. A new test project is created by drawing a polygon in PSV software
connecting all the measuring points, and reference mode is connected to force
signal placed on the shaker.
7. The average measurement values are set to 25 for beams and 10 for plates,
and lines of resolution and frequency span are considered as per the
measurement values.
8. Measurements are taken only after the shaker starts to excite the structure and
record the values.
9. After the laser completes the scam of the test structure, the window is changed
to presentation mode to know the natural frequencies and corresponding mode
shapes.
4.3.3 Advantages
The advantages of laser vibrometer are as follows:
10. Multiple excitation and response points for FRF measurements.
11. Calculate high range of frequencies and uses simple software to execute mode
shapes of the test structure.
12. Individual loss factors and frequency averages loss factors are determined.
32
LASER
Computer with PSV
Software
Beam
Impedance head
SHAKER
Figure 4.3: Laser vibrometer experimental setup.

33
4.3.4 Disadvantages
The advantages of laser vibrometer are as follows:
1. Laser vibrometer will record the values only at the line of sight.
2. The test structure has to be normal to the laser beam for accurate results.
3. Complex hardware setup and handling laser vibrometer is difficult.
4.4 Theoretical Calculations
This study involves the damping behavior of both the damped beams and the
damped plates. A theoretical approach has to be made to validate the results obtained
from experimental and analytical methods. The equations to find the theoretical natural
frequencies of beams and plates are discussed in the previous chapter.
4.5 Modal Analysis using ANSYS
The natural frequencies of damped beams and damped plates are calculated by
finite element approach using ANSYS. The material properties of the damping material
like density, loss factor and Young`s modulus derived using RKU equations are used as
an inputs to define the damping material. Modal analysis is performed for bare beams,
34
damped beams and damped plates to know the natural frequencies and modes shapes and
the results thus obtained are used to validate the experimental results.
The following figures explain the meshing and mode shapes of the damped beams
and damped plates.
Figure 4.4: Meshing model of damped beam.

35
Figure 4.5: First bending mode of damped beam.
Figure 4.6: Third bending mode of damped beam.

36
Figure 4.7: Meshed model of damped plate.
Figure 4.8: First bending mode of damped plate.

37
Figure 4.9: Third bending mode of damped plate.

CHAPTER 5
RESULTS
In this chapter, a detailed illustration of values for natural frequencies, loss factor
and modulus for the beams and the plates are presented. The visco-elastic materials used
as the damping material are affected with the changes in frequencies and temperatures.
Therefore, to effectively study the variation in these material properties, the tests are
carried out for the damped beams at room temperatures (20o C), 40oC and 60oC at the
frequencies ranging from 20-1500Hz. Thus, obtained properties are used to predict the
values for the damped plates and layered compared with the experimental values.
This study is carried out for one bare beam and fourteen damped beams and
results calculated using center impedance method, laser vibrometer and theoretical
method are presented in the form of graphs and tables. MATLAB programs are written to
calculate the values of damping loss factor and Young`s modulus of the damping
material. And the final section discusses the comparison of predicted results and
experimental results for the damped plates.
Table 5.1 describes the specifications of the bare beam and Table 5.2 shows the
comparison of natural frequencies of bare beam calculated using different methods.

39
Table5.1 Specification of bare beam
Name of the beam Bare Beam 1

Length of the beam 0.3 m
Width of the beam 0.03m
Thickness of the beam 0.000762m
Density of the beam 7860 Kg/m3
Young`s modulus of the beam 2E+11 pa
Table 5.2 Natural frequencies of bare beam using different method
Impact Center
Mode Theoretical (Hz) Ansys (Hz)
Hammer Test Impedance Test
(Hz) (Hz)
1 43.13 43.2 42.47 42.62
3 235.67 239.5 227.5 231.45
5 582.54 585.7 573.7 574.53
Table 5.3 describes the specifications of the damped beam sample 1. And
Table 5.4 compares the frequency values calculated by different methods. From Table
5.5 through 5.7 the values of frequencies and composite loss factor of the damped
beam along with the modulus and loss factor of the damping material calculated from
Equations(3.6) and (3.7) using MATLAB at 20oC, 40oC and 60oC are presented.
Table 5.3 Specification of damped beam sample 1
Name of the bar Sample 1

Length of the bar 0.300 m
Width of the bar 0.030 m
Thickness of the bare bar 0.000762 m
Thickness of the damped material 0.0041 m
Density of the damped material 431.7 Kg/m^3
Density of the bare bar 7860 Kg/m^3
40
Table 5.4 Frequencies calculated by different methods for damped beam sample 1
Center Impedance Analytical method using Error

Mode
Method (Hz) ANSYS (Hz) (%)
1 76.74 76.66 0.1
3 439.3 449.3 2.3
5 1118 1111.4 0.6
Table 5.5 Material properties of damping material used in sample 1 at 22.18o C

by Center impedance method
Damping Composite Young`s modulus of Material

Frequency
Mode Ratio Bar loss the damping loss
(Hz)
(%) factor(𝜂) material(Ed) factor(𝜂d)
1 76.74 9.06 0.181 0.74E+09 0.245
3 439.3 5.91 0.118 0.93E+09 0.152
5 1118 4.87 0.097 0.96E+09 0.124
Table 5.6 Material properties of damping material used in sample 1 at 40o C

Damping Composite Young`s modulus of Material

Frequency
Mode Ratio Bar loss the damping loss
(Hz)
1 62.58 21.09 0.422 0.47E+09 0.649
3 374.8 16.66 0.333 0.62E+09 0.472
5 987.9 10.97 0.219 0.66E+09 0.302

Damping Composite Young`s modulus Material

Frequency
Mode Ratio Bar loss of the damping loss
(Hz)
1 45.2 5.58 0.112 0.1E+09 0.370
3 262.3 13.78 0.276 0.18E+09 0.652
5 703.1 20.48 0.410 0.23E+09 0.847
41
1.20E+09 Frequency vs Young's Modulus

Young's Modulus of the damping material
1.00E+09
8.00E+08
6.00E+08
(Pa)
4.00E+08 22.18°C
40°C
2.00E+08 60°C
0.00E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 5.1: Frequency vs. Young`s modulus of the damping material
for the beam sample 1.
0.9 Frequency vs Material Loss Factor

0.8
0.7
Material Loss Factor
22.18°C
0.6
40°C
0.5 60°C
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 5.2: Frequency vs. loss factor damping material for the beam sample 1.
42
Table 5.9 compares the frequency values calculated by different methods. From Table
5.10 through 5.12 the values of frequencies and composite loss factor of the damped
beam along with the modulus and loss factor of the damping material calculated from
Equations (3.6) and (3.7) using MATLAB at 20oC, 40oC and 60oC are presented.

Mode
1 80.96 82.42 1.8
3 447.5 442.88 1.0
5 1145 1129.3 1.4
43
o
Table 5.10 Material properties of damping material used in sample 2 at 22.18 C
Young`s
Damping Composite Material
Frequency modulus of the
Mode Ratio Bar loss loss
(Hz) damping
(%) factor(𝜂) factor(𝜂d)
material(Ed)
1 80.96 8.99 0.180 0.84E+09 0.237
3 447.5 5.66 0.113 0.94E+09 0.151
5 1145 5.46 0.109 0.99E+09 0.172

Material
Damping Composite Young`s modulus
Frequenc loss
Mode Ratio Bar loss of the damping
y (Hz) factor(𝜂d
(%) factor(𝜂) material(Ed)
)
1 62.34 24.30 0.486 0.46E+09 0.736
3 380.5 19.19 0.384 0.63E+09 0.531
5 1000 12.42 0.248 0.69E+09 0.335

Material
Damping Composite Young`s modulus
Frequenc loss
Mode Ratio Bar loss of the damping
y (Hz) factor(𝜂d
(%) factor(𝜂) material(Ed)
)
1 45.45 10.61 0.212 0.11E+09 0.634
3 271.7 18.92 0.378 0.21E+09 0.787
5 775.4 23.61 0.472 0.33E+09 0.802
44

1.00E+09
8.00E+08
(Pa)
6.00E+08
4.00E+08 22.18°C
40°C
2.00E+08 60°C
0.00E+00
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 5.3: Frequency vs Young`s modulus of the damping material

Frequency vs Material Loss Factor
0.9
0.8
22.18°C
0.7
40°C
0.6 60°C
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 5.4: Frequency vs loss factor damping material for the beam sample 2.
45
Table 5.14 compares the frequency values calculated by different methods. From
Table 5.15 through 5.17 the values of frequencies and composite loss factor of the
damped beam along with the modulus and loss factor of the damping material
calculated from Equations (3.6) and (3.7) using MATLAB at 20oC, 40oC and 60oC are
presented.
Name of the bar sample 3

Mode
1 79.47 76.58 3.6
3 460.2 450.5 2.1
5 1143 1091.9 4.5
46
o
Young`s
Composite Material
Frequency Damping modulus of the
Mode Bar loss loss
(Hz) Ratio (%) damping
factor(𝜂) factor(𝜂d)
material(Ed)
1 79.47 8.44 0.169 0.43E+09 0.224
3 460.2 6.1 0.122 0.55E+09 0.154
5 1143 5.03 0.101 0.53E+09 0.127

Composite Young`s modulus Material

Frequency Damping
Mode Bar loss of the damping loss
(Hz) Ratio (%)
factor(𝜂) material(Ed) factor(𝜂d)
1 52.9 12.98 0.260 0.14E+09 0.510
3 338 19.25 0.385 0.24E+09 0.603
5 904 17.85 0.357 0.28E+09 0.530


Frequency
(Hz)
1 45.7 1.12 0.022 0.05E+09 0.072
3 255.8 8.25 0.165 0.08E+09 0.430
5 680 11.76 0.235 0.1E+09 0.534
47
Frequency vs Young's Modulus

6.00E+08

5.00E+08
4.00E+08
(Pa)
3.00E+08 22.18°C
40°C
2.00E+08 60°C
1.00E+08
0.00E+00
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency (Hz)

0.7
0.6
0.5
22.18°C
0.4
40°C
0.3 60°C
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 5.6: Frequency vs loss factor damping material for the beam sample 3.
48
Table 5.18 describes the specifications of the damped beam sample 4. And Table 5.19
compares the frequency values calculated by different methods. From Table 5.20
through 5.22 the values of frequencies and composite loss factor of the damped beam
along with the modulus and loss factor of the damping material calculated from
Center Impedance Method Analytical method Error

Mode
(Hz) using ANSYS (Hz) (%)
1 83.2 83.96 0.9
3 465.9 447.84 3.9
5 1141 1080 5.3


Frequency
(Hz)
1 83.2 8.11 0.162 0.37E+09 0.208
3 465.9 5.83 0.117 0.43E+09 0.146
5 1141 5.08 0.102 0.41E+09 0.129
49
o
Table 5.21 Material properties of damping material used in sample 4 at 40 C

Frequency
(Hz)
1 55.63 13.99 0.280 0.13E+09 0.500
3 344.5 19.97 0.399 0.19E+09 0.610
5 920.9 15.77 0.315 0.22E+09 0.458

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 45.95 1.11 0.022 0.4E+08 0.069
3 260.5 8.10 0.162 0.7E+08 0.395
5 694.9 16.41 0.328 0.9E+08 0.701

5.00E+08
Young's Modulus of the damping
4.50E+08
4.00E+08
3.50E+08
material (Pa)
3.00E+08
2.50E+08
2.00E+08
22.18°C
1.50E+08
40°C
1.00E+08
60°C
5.00E+07
0.00E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)
50
0.8 Frequency vs Material Loss Factor

0.7
0.6
22.18°C
Material Loss Factor 0.5 40°C
0.4 60°C
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)
presented.
Table5.23 Specification of damped beam sample 5

51
Analytical
Center Impedance
Mode method using Error (%)
Method (Hz)
ANSYS(Hz)
1 75 75.5 0.7
3 427.9 421.9 1.4
5 1099 1098 0.1


Frequency
(Hz)
1 75 17.97 0.359 0.71E+09 0.491
3 427.9 11.97 0.239 0.88E+09 0.312
5 1099 11.10 0.222 0.93E+09 0.287

Young`s
Damping Composite
Frequency modulus of the Material loss
Mode Ratio Bar loss
(Hz) damping factor(𝜂d)
(%) factor(𝜂)
material(Ed)
1 47.19 7.13 0.143 0.16E+09 0.353
3 324.8 26.65 0.533 0.41E+09 0.860
5 871.5 22.11 0.442 0.49E+09 0.672

Young`s
Damping Composite
Frequency modulus of the Material loss
Mode Ratio Bar loss
(Hz) damping factor(𝜂d)
(%) factor(𝜂)
material(Ed)
1 40.98 3.27 0.065 0.04E+09 0.395
3 230.5 8.11 0.162 0.08E+09 0.610
0.760
5 613.4 12.71 0.254 0.12E+09
52
1.00E+09
Young's Modulus of the damping material 9.00E+08
8.00E+08
7.00E+08
6.00E+08
(Pa)
5.00E+08
4.00E+08 22.18°C
3.00E+08
40°C
2.00E+08
60°C
1.00E+08
0.00E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
22.18°C
0.6 40°C
0.5 60°C
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)
53
calculated from Equations (3.6) and (3.7) using MATLAB at 20oC, 40oC and 60oC
are presented.
Center Impedance Analytical method Error

Mode
Method (Hz) using ANSYS (Hz) (%)
1 68.05 68.5 0.7

3 410.8 422.6 2.9
5 1048 1034.1 1.3
54
o
Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 68.05 20.26 0.405 0.58E+09 0.599
3 410.8 13.33 0.267 0.85E+09 0.358
5 1048 11.02 0.220 0.88E+09 0.292

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 47.19 13.52 0.270 0.14E+09 0.676
3 316.2 25.14 0.503 0.4E+09 0.844
5 881.4 18.39 0.368 0.54E+09 0.556

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 39.49 2.49 0.050 0.02E+09 0.540
3 234.9 8.24 0.165 0.10E+09 0.576
5 605.7 11.42 0.228 0.12E+09 0.732
55

9.00E+08
8.00E+08
7.00E+08
material (Pa)
6.00E+08
5.00E+08
4.00E+08 22.18°C
3.00E+08
40°C
2.00E+08
60°C
1.00E+08
0.00E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)


0.9
0.8
0.7
22.18°C
0.6
40°C
0.5
60°C
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)
56
Table 5.33 describes the specifications of the damped beam sample 7. And Table 5.34
compares the frequency values calculated by different methods. From Table 5.35
through 5.37 the values of frequencies and composite loss factor of the damped beam
along with the modulus and loss factor of the damping material calculated from

Mode
1 88.17 88.27 0.1
3 472.89 427.89 1.1
5 1148.9 1148.9 2.6


Frequency Damping
(Hz) Ratio (%)
1 88.17 13.03 0.261 0.73E+09 0.325
3 478.3 8.75 0.175 0.78E+09 0.215
5 1180 7.25 0.145 0.75E+09 0.179
57
o
Table 5.36 Material properties of damping material used in sample 7 at 40 C

Frequency
(Hz)
1 55.88 17.78 0.356 0.22E+09 0.610
3 356.9 21.95 0.439 0.37E+09 0.636
5 927.6 16.81 0.336 0.39E+09 0.477


Frequency Damping
(Hz) Ratio (%)
1 46.69 6.32 0.126 0.09E+09 0.339
3 263.5 8.58 0.172 0.13E+09 0.381
5 697.9 14.86 0.297 0.16E+09 0.597

9.00E+08
8.00E+08
7.00E+08
6.00E+08
5.00E+08
(Pa)
4.00E+08
3.00E+08
22.18°C
2.00E+08 40°C
1.00E+08 60°C
0.00E+00
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency (Hz)
58

0.7
0.6
Material Loss Factor 0.5 22.18°C

0.4 40°C
0.3 60°C
0.2
0.1
0
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency (Hz)
presented.

59

Mode
Method (Hz) ANSYS(Hz) (%)
1 79.72 79.61 0.1
3 459.7 465.15 1.2
5 1147 1128.8 1.6


Frequency
(Hz)
1 79.72 12.46 0.249 0.52E+09 0.324
3 459.7 8.32 0.166 0.65E+09 0.207
5 1147 7.15 0.143 0.64E+09 0.179


Frequency
(Hz)
1 53.64 16.00 0.320 0.18E+09 0.579
3 345 24.12 0.482 0.31E+09 0.716
5 920.6 20.52 0.410 0.34E+09 0.584


Frequency
(Hz)
1 44.7 6.77 0.135 0.07E+09 0.422
3 255.6 9.17 0.183 0.11E+09 0.435
5 658.6 12.33 0.247 0.12E+09 0.561
60

7.00E+08
6.00E+08
5.00E+08
4.00E+08
(Pa)
3.00E+08
22.18°C
2.00E+08
40°C
1.00E+08 60°C
0.00E+00
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency (Hz)


0.8
0.7
22.18°C
0.6
40°C
0.5
60°C
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency (Hz)
61
presented.

Mode
1 73.76 72.66 1.5
3 415.2 417.67 0.6
5 1073 1047.6 2.4
62
o
Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 73.76 6.57 0.131 0.54E+09 0.182
3 415.2 6.33 0.127 0.65E+09 0.169
5 1073 5.45 0.109 0.70E+09 0.143

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 57.12 19.46 0.389 0.28E+09 0.671
3 356.6 15.94 0.319 0.43E+09 0.473
5 944.5 14.01 0.280 0.49E+09 0.401

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 43.96 3.39 0.068 0.06E+09 0.268
3 252.6 11.40 0.228 0.12E+09 0.614
5 662.6 20.62 0.412 0.14E+09 0.997
63

8.00E+08
7.00E+08
6.00E+08
5.00E+08
(Pa)
4.00E+08
3.00E+08 22.18°C
2.00E+08 40°C
1.00E+08 60°C
0.00E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)

1.2
1
22.18°C
0.8 40°C
60°C
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)
64
presented.

Mode
1 74.51 73.31 1.6
3 415.2 417.76 0.6
5 1065 1036.8 2.6
65
o

Frequency
(Hz)
1 74.51 8.33 0.167 0.51E+09 0.230
3 415.2 6.54 0.131 0.60E+09 0.174
5 1065 5.77 0.115 0.63E+09 0.151

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 60.1 17.77 0.355 0.31E+09 0.570
3 359.6 16.06 0.321 0.41E+09 0.470
5 921.9 12.90 0.258 0.42E+09 0.375

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 42.22 2.57 0.051 0.04E+09 0.256
3 236.9 7.34 0.147 0.07E+09 0.502
5 636 12.56 0.251 0.12E+09 0.678
66

6.00E+08
5.00E+08
4.00E+08
(Pa)
3.00E+08
22.18°C
2.00E+08 40°C
1.00E+08 60°C
0.00E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)

0.8
0.7
22.18°C
0.6
40°C
0.5
60°C
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)
67
presented.

Mode
1 80.71 78.6 2.6
3 441.1 437.53 0.8
5 1111 1065.1 4.1
68
o
Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 80.71 11.54 0.231 0.59E+09 0.305
3 441.1 9.91 0.198 0.65E+09 0.256
5 1111 6.80 0.136 0.65E+09 0.176

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 59.6 21.67 0.433 0.28E+09 0.711
3 372.3 20.84 0.417 0.42E+09 0.599
5 978 17.39 0.348 0.46E+09 0.486

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 43.46 3.37 0.067 0.05E+09 0.294
3 241.2 10.03 0.201 0.07E+09 0.664
5 658.1 12.46 0.249 0.11E+09 0.625
69

7.00E+08
material (Pa) 6.00E+08
5.00E+08
4.00E+08
3.00E+08
22.18°C
2.00E+08
40°C
1.00E+08 60°C
0.00E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)

0.8
0.7
0.6 22.18°C
0.5 40°C
0.4
60°C
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)
70
presented.

Mode
1 88.17 85.35 3.2

3 505.1 492.14 2.6
5 1290 1214.8 5.8
71
o
Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 88.17 12.56 0.251 0.46E+09 0.312
3 505.1 8.51 0.170 0.56E+09 0.205
5 1290 8.57 0.171 0.59E+09 0.205

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 66.56 25.56 0.511 0.24E+09 0.733
3 428.9 20.06 0.401 0.38E+09 0.516
5 1125 15.24 0.305 0.42E+09 0.386

Young`s
Composite Material
Frequency Damping modulus of the
Mode Bar loss loss
(Hz) Ratio (%) damping
factor(𝜂) factor(𝜂d)
material(Ed)
1 48.18 8.71 0.174 0.06E+09 0.440
3 288.8 16.50 0.330 0.11E+09 0.622
5 797 22.71 0.454 0.16E+09 0.752
72

7.00E+08

6.00E+08
5.00E+08
4.00E+08
(Pa)
22.18°C
3.00E+08
40°C
2.00E+08 60°C
1.00E+08
0.00E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Frequency (Hz)

0.8
0.7 22.18°C
0.6 40°C
0.5 60°C
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Frequency (Hz)
73
are presented.

Model
1 76.49 75..36 1.5
3 433.9 435.55 0.4
5 1129 1102.2 2.4
74
o
Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 76.49 13.38 0.268 0.55E+09 0.363
3 433.9 10.71 0.214 0.67E+09 0.278
5 1129 10.98 0.220 0.74E+09 0.280

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 48.68 9.88 0.198 0.14E+09 0.458
3 317.9 25.89 0.518 0.28E+09 0.865
5 856.8 22.06 0.441 0.34E+09 0.686

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 41.72 1.86 0.037 0.04E+09 0.203
3 243.6 9.79 0.196 0.09E+09 0.590
5 643 12.05 0.241 0.11E+09 0.626
75

6.00E+08
5.00E+08
(Pa)
4.00E+08
3.00E+08 22.18°C
2.00E+08 40°C
1.00E+08 60°C
0.00E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)

1 Frequency vs Material Loss Factor

0.9
0.8
0.7 22.18°C
0.6 40°C
0.5 60°C
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)
76
are presented.

Mode
1 72.77 72.88 0.2

3 421 429.53 2.0
5 1078 1064.4 1.3
77
o
Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 72.77 13.65 0.273 0.56E+09 0.381
3 421 10.57 0.211 0.72E+09 0.277
5 1078 9.88 0.198 0.75E+09 0.258

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 47.68 8.91 0.178 0.15E+09 0.428
3 312.2 23.11 0.462 0.3E+09 0.784
5 845.9 17.67 0.353 0.38E+09 0.553

Young`s
(Hz) damping
material(Ed)
1 41.72 3.45 0.069 0.05E+09 0.358
3 243.9 8.45 0.169 0.11E+09 0.493
5 662.9 20.21 0.404 0.15E+09 0.943
78

8.00E+08
6.00E+08
5.00E+08
(Pa)
4.00E+08
22.18°C
3.00E+08
2.00E+08 40°C
1.00E+08 60°C
0.00E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)

1
0.9
0.8
22.18°C
0.7
0.6 40°C
0.5 60°C
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (Hz)
79
This section discusses the experimental and analytical values of the bare plate
and damped plate. First, to evaluate the plate behavior through experiments a bare
plate made of aluminum has been considered. The experimental results of bare plate
are compared with that of the theoretical and analytical results. Mode shapes of the
bare plate obtained through laser vibrometer test and ANSYS are also compared.
Table 5.73 and 5.74 gives the specifications and comparison of natural frequency
values by different methods of bare plate respectively.
Table 5.73 Specifications of bare plate
Length of side of the square plate 0.150m

Thickness of the square plate 0.003m
Density of the bare plate (Aluminum) 2700Kg/m3
Young`s modulus of Aluminum 7E+10 pa
Table 5.74 Frequencies calculated using different methods for bare plate
Center Impedance Theoretical

Mode ANSYS (Hz)
Method (Hz) Calculations (Hz)
1 95 97.42 95.1
3 455 467.2 458.76
5 1105 1172 1116
Table 5.75 gives the specification of the damped plate and Figure 5.29 shows
the front and side view of the plate. The following steps are used to find the analytical
results of the damped plate using ANSYS.
1. Model the damped plate using Pro Engineer software and save the file in
.STEP format.
80
2. Define the material properties of the base material (steel) and the damping
material in the “Engineering Data” section of the modal analysis in ANSYS 13
software.
3. Import the .STEP file in the “Geometry” section and generate it.
4. In “Model” section assign both the material to the plate assembly and mesh the
structure.
5. Give the number of calculated modes in the “Analysis” and select solve to
compute the results.
6. Select the results to create the mode shapes and again solve to view the mode
shapes of the desired frequency.
To validate the analytical results of the damped plate obtained from ansys, the
mode shapes at different natural frequencies are compared with that of the mode
shapes obtained by the laser vibrometer. The comparison of the frequency values are
done according to the mode shapes of the damped plate at that particular frequency.
Table 5.75 Specifications of damped plate
Side of the square plate 0.279m

Thickness of the bare plate 0.0011m
Thickness of the damping material 0.0018m
Density of the base metal(steel) 7860Kg/m3
Density of the damping material (From damped beams) 431.7 Kg/m3
Young`s modulus of Steel 2E+11 pa
Young`s modulus of the Damping Material (From damped
0.75E+09 pa
beam)
81
Figure 5.29: Front view and side view of the damped plate.
During the analytical results of the damped plate it`s been noticed that the
natural frequency values varies with the slight change in the Young`s modulus of the
damping material. The modulus value calculated using the first natural frequencies of
bare beam and damped beam will be efficient to predict the first natural frequency of
the damped plate and vice versa for other frequencies. Table 5.76 gives the predicted
natural frequencies of the damped plate using the Young`s modulus values evaluated
at the specified mode.

82
Table 5.76 Predicted natural frequencies of damped plate for different Young`s
modulus values
Error
Experimental Predicted
Young`s Percentage
Natural Natural
modulus of the between the
Mode Frequency of the Frequency of
damping Experimental
damped plate the damped
material (pa) and Predicted
(Hz) plate (Hz)
values (%)
1 91.3 0.77E + 09 90.8 0.5

3 403.3 0.79E + 09 410.7 1.8
5 1027 0.80 E + 09 1030.1 0.3
Table 5.77 illustrates both the experimental results and the predicted results of the
damped plate by center impedance method and Ansys respectively by considering the
average values of the Young`s modulus of damping material.
Table 5.77 Experimental and predicted frequency values of the damped plate
Experimental Natural Predicted Natural

Error
Mode Frequencies of the Frequencies of the
(%)
Damped Plate (Hz) Damped Plate (Hz)
1 91.3 85 7.50
3 403.3 406.7 0.8
5 1027 1022 0.4
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The natural frequency values are calculated for damped beams and damped plates,
and the material properties of the damping material are computed. The Young`s modulus
of the damping material increases with the increase in the frequency, obeying the theory.
Successfully predicted the natural frequencies of the damped plate and are in good
agreement with the experimental values. It has been noticed that with small change in the
modulus values of the damping material, there is a considerable difference in the
predicted natural frequencies of the damped plate. In this study, the modulus values of the
damping material are computed from 14 different damped beams at room temperature
and an average value has been selected while predicting the frequencies of damped plate.
With further evaluation, it is also evident that the Young`s modulus of the damping
material calculated using the first natural frequencies of bare beam and damped beam
holds good while predicting the first natural frequency of the damped plate and so on.
This study can be further carried out for predicting the natural frequencies of the
corrugated damped beams and later extending it to predict the frequencies of the
corrugated damped plates.

REFERENCES
[1] Shreve, D.H., “Introduction to Vibration Technology”, IRD Mechanalysis, pp 2,

November 1994.
[2] Rao, S. S., Mechanical Vibration, 4th edition, Prentice Hall, NJ, 2004.
[3] Gupta, A., Gadi, S., Kathawate, G. R., Fey, F., and Larson, D., “Effectiveness of a
Sprayable Damper Studied Using Multiple Test Methods”, Proceedings of
International Modal Analysis Conference XXIII, Feb 2005, Orlando, FL, Paper#
244, pp. 1-6.
[4] Tunkimetla, S., “Measurement of Damping”, Master’s thesis, Northern Illinois

University, DeKalb, August 2007.
[5] Nakra, B.C., “Vibration Control with Viscoelastic Materials”, Shock and
Vibration Digest, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 3-12, 1976.
[6] Oberst, H., and Frankenfield, K., “Umber Die Dampfung Der Biegeschwingen
Dunner Bleche Durch Festhaftende Belage”, Acustica 2, Ab 181, 1952.
[7] ASTM Designation: E756-93, “Standard Test Method for Measuring Vibration
Damping Properties of Materials”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.04-06,
pp 827-833, 1993.
[8] Schwarlz, F., “Forced Bending and Extensional Vibration of a Two Layer
Compound Linear Viscoelastic Beam”, Acoustics, Vol.8, pp 64-172, 1958.
[9] Akanda, A. and Goetchius, G., “Representation of Constrained/Unconstrained

Layer Damping Treatments in FEA/SEA Vehicle System Models: A Simplified
Approach”, SAE Noise and Vibration Conference, Traverse City, MI, 1999.
85
[10] D. Ross, E.E. Ungar, and E.M. Kerwin, Jr., “Damping of Plate Flexural
Vibrations by Means of Viscoelastic Laminae”, in J. Ruzicka (ed.), Structural
Damping, ASME, New York, 1959, Section 3.
[11] Akanda, A., Onsay, T., and Goetchius, G., “Perforated Damping Treatment; A
Novel Approach to Reduction of Weight”, SAE Noise and Vibration Conference,
Traverse City, MI, 1999.
[12] Jones, D.I.G., Handbook of Viscoelastic Vibration Damping, John Wiley & sons,
New York, 2001.
APPENDIX A
MATLAB PROGRAMS
87
MATLAB program for calculating the theoretical natural frequencies of the bare beam
%Natural frequencies for the bare beam under free-free boundary condition
E = 2e11; % Young`s modulus of steel in pa
l = 0.3; % Length of the beam in m
w = 0.03; % Width of the beam in m
t = 0.000762; % Thickness of the beam in m
A = w*t; % Area of the beam in m2
d = 7860; % Density of the beam in Kg/m3
I = (w*t^3)/12; % Moment of Inertia
% Z(i) are the Eigen values for free - free Boundary conditions
z(1) = 4.7300;
z(2) = 7.8532;
z(3) = 10.9956;
z(4) = 14.1371;
B = (E*I)/(d*A*l^4);
for j=1:4
wn(j)=(z(j)^2)*sqrt(B)/(2*pi)
end
88
MATLAB program to calculate the Young`s modulus and damping loss factor of the
damping material used in the damped beam
%Young`s modulus and loss factor of the damping material used in damped beam under
free-free boundary condition
E = 2e11; % Young`s modulus of steel in pa
l = 0.300; % Length of the beam in m
b = 0.03; % Width of the beam in m
t = 0.000762; % Thickness of the beam in m
A = b*t; % Area of the beam in m2
d = 7860; % Density of the beam in Kg/m3
I = (b*t^3)/12; % Moment of Inertia
wn(1) = 42.96; % wn is the natural frequency of the damped beam
wn(2) = 226.5;
wn(3)= 573.7;
wnc(1)= 76.74; %wnc is the natural frequency of the composite beam sample 1
wnc(2)= 439.3;
wnc(3)= 1118;
t2 = 0.0041; %Thickness of the Damping layer in m
tr = t2/t; %Thickness ratio
d2= 431.7; % Density of the damping material in Kg/m3
D = d2/d; %density Ratio
% Q is the Quality or Loss factor of the Composite beam and Qd is the loss
% factor of the damping material

89
Q(1)= 0.18;
Q(2)= 0.118;
Qc(3)= 0.097;
fori=1:3
alpha(i) = ((wnc(i)/wn(i))^2)*[1+(D*tr)]
beta = 4+(6*tr)+(4*tr^2)
Ed(i)= [(alpha(i)-beta)+sqrt(((alpha(i)-beta)^2)-(4*(tr^2)*(1-alpha(i))))]*E/(2*tr^3)
q(i) = Ed(i)/E
Qd(i)=
((1+q(i)*tr)*(1+(4*q(i))*tr+(6*q(i)*tr^2)+(4*q(i)*tr^3)+(q(i)^2)*(tr^4)))*Q(i)/((q(i)*t
r)*(3+6*tr+(4*tr^2)+(2*q(i)*tr^3)+(q(i)^2)*tr^4))
end
APPENDIX B
MODE SHAPES OF DAMPED BEAMS AND DAMPED PLATES

91
Figure B.1: First mode shape of the damped beam.
Figure B.2: Third mode shape of the damped beam.

92
Figure B.3: Comparison of first mode of damped plate by laser vibrometer and ANSYS.
93
Figure B.4: Comparison of second mode of the damped plate by laser vibrometer and
ANSYS.
94
Figure B.5: Comparison of third mode of the damped plate by laser vibrometer and
ANSYS.
95
Figure B.6: Comparison of fourth mode of the damped plate by laser vibrometer and
ANSYS.

Estimation of Damping Behavior

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Estimation of Damping Behavior

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ABSTRACT

ESTIMATION OF DAMPING BEHAVIOR

Rajesh Gatla, M.S.

Damping is referred as the dissipation of mechanical energy from a vibrating

the same material.

ESTIMATION OF DAMPING BEHAVIOR

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

All rights reserved

INFORMATION TO ALL USERS

I owe my deepest appreciation to the committee chair and thesis advisor,

Dr. Pradip Majumdar for being my committee members.

I express my gratitude towards Mr. Guru Kathawate for providing me with

and Mr. Chaitanya Kiran Chitteti, graduate students in Mechanical Engineering at

Department of Mechanical Engineering at Northern Illinois University and the

Dean of College of Engineering and Engineering Technology at NIU

using the software.

Finally, I am obliged to thank my parents for their never ending love, my

3.2 Normalized frequency values for free-free boundary

5.1 Specification of bare beam…………………………………………….. 39

5.2 Natural frequencies of bare beam using different method……………. 39

5.3 Specification of damped beam sample 1...……………………………. 39

5.4 Frequencies calculated by different methods

5.5 Material properties of damping material used in sample 1

5.6 Material properties of damping material used in sample1

5.7 Material properties of damping material used in sample 1

5.8 Specification of damped beam sample 2……………………………… 42

5.9 Frequencies calculated by different methods

5.10 Material properties of damping material used in sample 2

5.11 Material properties of damping material used in sample 2

5.12 Material properties of damping material used in sample 2

5.13 Specification of damped beam sample 3…………………………….. 45

5.14 Frequencies calculated by different methods

5.15 Material properties of damping material used in sample 3

5.16 Material properties of damping material used in sample 3

5.17 Material properties of damping material used in sample 3

5.18 Specification of damped beam sample 4…………………………….. 48

5.19 Frequencies calculated by different methods

5.20 Material properties of damping material used in sample 4

5.21 Material properties of damping material used in sample 4

5.22 Material properties of damping material used in sample 4

5.23 Specification of damped beam sample 5……………………………… 50

5.24 Frequencies calculated by different methods

5.25 Material properties of damping material used in sample 5

5.26 Material properties of damping material used in sample 5

5.27 Material properties of damping material used in sample 5

5.28 Specification of damped beam sample 6……………………………... 53

5.29 Frequencies calculated by different methods

5.30 Material properties of damping material used in sample 6

5.31 Material properties of damping material used in sample 6

5.32 Material properties of damping material used in sample 6

5.33 Specification of damped beam sample 7……………………………... 56

5.34 Frequencies calculated by different methods

5.35 Material properties of damping material used in sample 7

5.36 Material properties of damping material used in sample 7

5.37 Material properties of damping material used in sample 7

5.38 Specification of damped beam sample 8…………………………….. 58

5.39 Frequencies calculated by different methods

5.40 Material properties of damping material used in sample 8

5.41 Material properties of damping material used in sample 8

5.42 Material properties of damping material used in sample 8

5.43 Specification of damped beam sample 9……………………………… 61