ial THE GOLDEN BOOK OF : Mf CHEMISTRY * “EXPERIMENTSTHE GOLDEN BOOK OF Chemistry Experiments How to Set Up a Home Laboratory— Over 200 Simple Experiments BY ROBERT BRENT ILLUSTRATED BY HARRY LAZARUS GOLDEN PRESS NEW YORKWords Used by Chemists Acids a hydrogen-cont that releases hydrogen compound Solution, Alloy: a material made up by combining ‘v0 oF more metals. Analysis: breaking down a compound into two or more substances, Anhydrous free from water. Atom: the smallest unit of an clement that can enter into the making of chemical compound. Atomife weight: the weight of an atom ccampared with the weight of an oxygen ftom set at 16, Base: » compound containing the hy= droxide group (OH). Catalyst: a substance that helps in a chemical reaction without itsell being changed. Chemical change: a change of a sub- stance into another substance having different propert Chemistry: a branch of science dealing ‘ith the compositions of substances and the changes that ean he made in them, Combustion: burning: a chemical change that produces beat and light. 16 of Compound: a substance co tbvo oF more different kinds of Aefinite proportions by weight, Crystal: a solid in which atoms or mole- cules are arranged in @ definite pattern. + the weight of a liquid or a ‘grams per em! or milliliter Distillate: a liquid that has been turned into vapor and again cooled into a liquid. Distillation: the process of producing a distillate Ductile: capable of being drawn out into Electrolysis: breaking down a substance by passing an electric current through it, Electrolyte: a substance that, when in solution or when melted, will conduct fan electrio current mercury ‘Elements substance that contains only fone kind of atoms Equation: a complete description of @ chemical reaction by the use of symbols, ormulas, and signs. Evaporation: the changing of a subs stance into vapor; also the process of re~ ‘moving water by heating. Filtrate: a liquid obtained by file ration: the process of straining a liquid from a solid through porous mate rial, usually filter paper. Formula: a group of symbols and num- bers giving the composition of a com- pound. Hydrate: bound water of hs crystallization) that can be driven off Dy heating. Hydroxide: a compound that contains the hydroxyl (OH) radical, Ton: an electrically charged stom or ‘group of atoms (radical), ‘Malleable: capable of being hammered fr rolled into a thin sheet. Matter: anything that takes up space and bas welsh. thot is a good con- ; hes luster, and whose oxide forms a base with water Metalloids an element that has proper- ties of hoth metsle and nonmetale Mixture: a mingling of substances not combined chemically. Molecular weight: the sum of the ltomie weights of the atoms that make ‘up @ molecule of @ compound, Molecules the smallest unit of com- pound that con exist in the free state, ‘Neutralization: the reaction of an acid fand a base to give a salt and water. Nonmetal: an element that is « poor conductor of electricity, does not have luster, and whore oxide forms an acid ‘when combined with water. Organic chemistry: the chemistry of the carbon compounds. Oxidation: the process by which a sub- es with oxygen. luble solid formed ‘chemical reaction 1: @ group of atoms that behave chemically as # single atom. Reaction: a chemical change. Reduction: removal of oxygen; the op- posite of oxidation. Salt: compound (other than water) formed by the reaction of an acid and a base, Saturated solution: a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute tunder the conditions. Solubility: tho number of grams of « solute needed to make # saturated <0- lution in 100 grams of solvent. Solute: the substance dissolved in solvent. Solution: @ non-settling mixture of a solute in a solvent. Solvents a liquid in which a solute is dissolved. Sublimation: a process by which a sal- id is turned into vapor and again cooled {nto a solid without passing through a liquid stage. Subscript: a sinall numeral indicating the number of stoms of a certain element jn the formula of a compo Substance: any specific hind of matter ‘whether element, compound, or mixture. ide Symbol: a letter of to Tottors repre senting one atom of an element. Synthesis: tho making up of a com- pound from simpler compounds or from elements; the opposite of analy Yalenee: the number of hydrogen atoms wvhich one stom of an element can dis- place or with which it ean unite, copperContents WHAT CHEMISTRY IS Wonns Use ay Cuesusrs. ‘Tue Iueorrance or CHEMIsTay Cuewtsts oF THE Past. YOUR HOME LABORATORY ‘Equipment For CHEMISTRY C Sermine up Youn Home Lanonarony. ‘Maxine Apparatus rox ExreRmeNTs. Scumntiric MEASUREMENTS... . Connect Lazonarony Tecnstques. THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH Mn. Fanapay's You —Scrmxnts Exements, Compounns, AND MIXTURES. WATER AND GASES Waren — Our Most Inpontant Compounn. Oxyoex — Tue Baeatn or Lire ‘Hyprocen — Licurest oF Aut. Cannon Droxine. Nirnocen aNp Its Compounns CHLORINE — Frten ann For. CHEMICAL FORMULAS (Custer Suontiann. ‘Tae Pentovic TaBLe oF THE ELEMENTS -.. ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS ‘Tue Mystentes oF SOLUTIONS. Wonkrxe wrrn Acts. Worse wir Bases. . Sans — Cumancats or Many Uses... NONMETALS Topiye — Vioter on Brows? Sunrun anp Its Compounps Suicox — Tue Exewexr You Step on... Bonox—Furvre Rocker-Powen Exement?.. = ie cry 16 18 20 22 26 30 32 34 - 36 38 40 ws AB er) - 46 48 50, . 34 56 METALS Soprew axp Porasstum. . sous 5B Carre — ror BUILDING. 60. Ler's Cowpane Two Merazs. e Anuwiyum — ix ABUNDANCE. + 64 Mancanese — Meat. o Many Couons...... 66 We Live ty aN Ace oF Inox 68 Copren —Yesreapay, Topar..... seaait) Suuven — One oF THE “Note” Merats..... 72 MORE ABOUT FORMULAS ‘Vanences anp Formuras. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Cannon — E:ewent oF 4 Minion Compounns. 7 ‘Tue Cueststny or Cansox Compounns. ‘Tue Forweras or Cannon Compounps. . - A Lor or Hypnocannons. Canpouvonates — Sweet AND BLAND. ‘Many Kans or Auconors Cannoxyite Acts. Fars anp Orts ron ENERGY... Soap aNp Soap MAKING. Paoreins—Tae Bopy. ConzorpaL Dispersions. st NATURAL AND Antiiciat Finens. Pasties — A Movean Granr. jUILDING Fos. . .. CHEMICAL MATHEMATICS Worxinc our Cxesteat Equations --106 THE FUTURE OF CHEMISTRY Waat's Aan ry Cnesustay?. ee) ‘Wuenr 10 Ger Cueucars axp Equiewenr. ..110 Coumon Cnewicars ap Tier Foraunas INDEX. 0... cessseseseneeersEVERY HOME KITCHEN IS A CHEMICAL LABORATORY. COOKING AND CLEANING ARE CHEMICAL PROCESSES. The Importance of Chemistry Tuene 1s uanpey a boy or a gitl alive who is not keenly interested in finding out about things. And that’s exactly what. chemistry is: FINDING OUT ABOUT THINGS — finding out what things are made of and what changes they undergo. ‘What things? Any thing! Every thing! Take a lock around you. All the things you see — and lots of things you can’t see—have to do with the science of chemistry. Let's start with yourself. The air you breathe is ‘a mixture of chemical substances and the process of breathing is a chemical reaction. The foods you eat are all chemical products and the ways in which your body turns them into muscles and bones and nerves and brain cells are some of the greatest of all chemical mysteries. The clothes you wear, the books you read, the medicine you take, the house in which you live— all these are products of chemistry. So is the family car — the metal in it, the rubber on which it rolls, ‘the gas that moves it. ‘Nature itself is a tremendous chemical laboratory. Everything in nature is forever passing through chemical changes. Here on earth, plants and animals INSECT SPRAYS MEAN. HEALTHIER LIVESTOCK, CHEMI AILKI ISTRY PROVIDES FUEL FOR INDS OF TRANSFORTATION. PURIFICATION OF WATER 4grow, die, and decay; rocks crack and crumble under the influence of air and water. In the universe, new stars are formed, others fade. The sun that gives us heat and light and energy is a flaming furnace of chemical processes that will eventually burn itself out, billions of years from now. Chemistry is one of the most important of all sei- ences for human welfare. ‘Chemistry means the difference between poverty and starvation and the abundant life. The proper use of chemistry makes it possible for farmers to feed the world’s ever-increasing population, for engineers to develop new means of transportation and com- munication that will bring the peoples of the world closer together, for doctors to cure the diseases of mankind, for manufacturers to produce the thou- sands of items that are necessary for better and richer living. ‘And this is only the beginning. Within recent years, scientists have succeeded in penetrating into the innermost secrets of chemical substances and have begun to make use of the tre~ mendous force that lies hidden in them. This atomic power opens up amazing possibilities for the future. You will live in a world in which chemistry will become ever more important. To understand that. world it is necessary to understand the truths and laws on which modern chemistry is based and to learn how chemists of the past unraveled them. This book will help you get this insight — not alone by your reading it, but also by your conscien- tiously doing the experiments described and learning what each of them has to tell you. PAPER AND PRINTERS" INK ARE MADE WITH HELP OF CHEMISTRY. eh ATOMIC ENERGY FOR THE FUTURE UNITED STATES 15 THE WORLD'S LEADING PRODUCER OF STEEL.