3.3.

6 Design of Experiment (DOE)

Design of experiments (DOE) was used to optimize the output of this study which is Nu
and f. This is done by determining the relationship between manipulated variables and responding
variables. In addition, a mathematical model can be generated as well. This is done by using
Minitab software.

The general relationship between the dependant and independent variables can be written
as follow (Baş & Boyacı, 2007):

𝜃 = 𝑓(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 ) + 𝜀 (3.13)

where f is the dependant variable; 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 and 𝑥𝑛 are the independent variables; and 𝜀 is the
statistical error.

DOE using response surface methodology involves 3 stages. First stage involves variable
selection whereby in this study the independent variables are attack angle of VGs, tube angle and
Re. On the other hand, dependant variables would be Nu and f. Second stage the selection of the
experimental design by which the agreed model was Respond Surface Method (RSM). The second
order model for RSM can be written as follows (Baş & Boyacı, 2007):

𝑘 𝑘

𝑦 = 𝛽𝑜 + ∑ 𝛽𝑗 𝑋𝑗 + ∑ 𝛽𝑗𝑗 𝑋𝑗 2 + ∑ ∑ 𝛽𝑖𝑗 𝑋𝑖 𝑋𝑗 (3.14)

𝑗=1 𝑗=1 𝑖<𝑗

Final stage involves surface plot to visualize the variation of variables. This plot shows the
minimum and maximum response of the dependant variable.