Post Reagan Presidents

Period 9 Assignment
Directions:
For each of the following presidents, you must research the policies and time in
which they served. On additional slides you must show the following information for
each of these presidents:

a. Explain the significance of three major domestic policy issues during the presidency. (3 slides)
b. Explain the significance of three major foreign policy issues during the presidency.(3 slides)
c. Explanation of economic trends in the United States during the presidency (1 slide)
d. Explanation of social/cultural trends in the U.S. during the presidency (1 slide)
e. Primary Source: Speech excerpt that best reflects the domestic and/or foreign policy issue. Include a
HIPP analysis of the speech. (1-2 slides)
f. Primary Source: Political cartoon that best reflects another domestic/foreign policy issue. Include a
HIPP analysis of the cartoon. (1-2 slides)
George H.W. Bush
Republican (1989-1993)

policies and time in which

they served
Domestic Policy: North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
In 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect, creating one of the
world’s largest free trade zones and laying the foundations for strong economic growth and rising
prosperity for Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Since then, NAFTA has demonstrated how free
trade increases wealth and competitiveness, delivering real benefits to families, farmers, workers,
manufacturers, and consumers. In the event of a dispute, the NAFTA directs the governments concerned
to seek to resolve their differences amicably through the NAFTA’s Committees and Working Groups or
other consultations. If no mutually acceptable solution is found, the NAFTA provides for dispute settlement
procedures. One of the principle elements of the NAFTA is the establishment of a clear set of rules for
dealing with the settlement of disputes. The NAFTA was the first agreement to afford cross-border
investors an impartial legal tribunal to address differences.
Domestic Policy: The Americans with Disabilities Act
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) became law in 1990. The ADA is a
civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all
areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and
private places that are open to the general public. The purpose of the law is to
make sure that people with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities as
everyone else. It guarantees equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities in
public accommodations, employment, transportation, state and local government
services, and telecommunications.
Domestic Policy: Educational Excellence of Hispanic
Americans
The White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics is a
multi-agency working group within the Department of Education charged with
strengthening the nation's capacity to provide high quality education while
increasing opportunities for Hispanic American participation in federal education
programs. In addition, the Initiative serves as a resource for information related to
closing the educational achievement gap for Hispanic Americans. Finally, the
Initiative provides staffing to support and coordinate the mission of a President's
Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics
Foreign Policy: Operation ‘Just Cause’
The United States Invasion of Panama, code named Operation Just Cause
occurred between mid-December 1989 and late January 1990. It occurred during
the administration of President George H. W. Bush and ten years after the
Torrijos–Carter Treaties were ratified to transfer control of the Panama Canal from
the U.S. to Panama by 1 January 2000. This was an attempt to overthrow military
dictator Manuel Noriega, who had been indicted in the United States on drug
trafficking charges and was accused of suppressing democracy in Panama and
endangering U.S. nationals. Noriega’s Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) were
promptly crushed, forcing the dictator to seek asylum with the Vatican anuncio in
Panama City, where he surrendered on January 3, 1990.
Foreign Policy: Persian Gulf War
Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation of
neighboring Kuwait in early August 1990. Alarmed by these actions, fellow Arab
powers such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt called on the United States and other
Western nations to intervene. Hussein defied United Nations Security Council
demands to withdraw from Kuwait by mid-January 1991, and the Persian Gulf War
began with a massive U.S.-led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm.
After 42 days of relentless attacks by the allied coalition in the air and on the
ground, U.S. President George H.W. Bush declared a cease-fire on February 28;
by that time, most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled. Though the
Persian Gulf War was initially considered an unqualified success for the
international coalition, simmering conflict in the troubled region led to a second
Gulf War–known as the Iraq War–that began in 2003.
Foreign Policy: Immigration Act of 1990
Enacted on November 29, 1990, the Immigration Act of 1990 was an
amendment in United States immigration law that increased the number of legal
immigrants that entered into the United States every year. In addition, the the
amendment introduced a "lottery" system which assigned visas to immigrants
randomly. The main reason for this was to change previous United States
immigration law that prohibited the granting of visas to immigrants from certain
countries. Other immigration law changes that were included in the act was a
stipulation that prevented immigrants from entering the United States because of
their homosexuality. Another restriction that was lifted as a result of the enacted
United States immigration law was restrictions against immigrants that are
HIV-positive.
Economic Trends During Presidency: Recession
1990
The recession of the early 1990s lasted from July 1990 to March 1991. It was
the largest recession since that of the early 1980s and contributed to George H.W.
Bush's re-election defeat in 1992. Although mainly attributable to the workings of
the business cycle and restrictive monetary policy, the 1990-91 recession
demonstrated the growing importance of financial markets to the American and
world economies.
Social/Cultural Trends: Toys and Technology

Technology had a major impact on Popular 1990s Toys with computer

gaming systems and the games available increasing in price with vastly improved
graphics and gaming capabilities. Plus talking dolls, bears and other similar toys
caused queues over the peak Christmas Period with parents searching for
available stock. Some of these new toys and technology included Gameboys and
Super Soakers.
Speech that demonstrates domestic/foreign policy:
NEW WORLD ORDER
History- Bush started to take the initiative from Gorbachev during the run-up to the Persian Gulf War, when he began to define the
elements of the new world order as he saw it and link the new order’s success to the international community’s response in Kuwait. On
March 6, 1991, President Bush addressed Congress in a speech often cited as the Bush administration’s principal policy statement on
the new world order in the Middle East, following the expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait.

Intended Audience- George W. H. Bush addressed this speech towards congress to address the situation of the Persian Gulf Crisis.

Purpose- President Bush's speech to Congress outlined four key challenges to be met by America after the Gulf War in the Middle
East: 1. to create shared security arrangements in the region 2. to control the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the
missiles used to deliver them 3. to work to create new opportunities for peace and stability in the Middle East 4. to foster economic
development for the sake of peace and progress The address emphasized the need to close the gap between Israel and the Arab
states and between Israelis and Palestinians, with reference to the principle of territory for peace.

Point of View- George H. W. Bush was the 41st president and as president he did not advocate radical change or announce sweeping
domestic programs. He was constrained by a large budget deficit, limited federal revenue to fund programs, and a
Democratic-controlled Congress. Bush put together a strong team of advisers, including James Baker, Dick Cheney, Brent Scowcroft,
and Colin Powell, and together they oversaw significant accomplishments. Bush had a conservative nature and was uncomfortable
with bold, dramatic change, preferring stability and calm. These characteristics helped him lead the United States through a period of
geopolitical transition. Although the Bush administration often had little control over the unfolding of world events, its responses helped
avoid chaos.
 Political cartoon that does the same
Historical Context: That pledge was the centerpiece of Bush's
acceptance address, written by speechwriter Peggy Noonan, for his
party's nomination at the 1988 Republican National Convention. It was a
strong, decisive, bold statement. As presidents sometimes must, Bush
raised taxes. His words were used against him by then-Arkansas
Governor Bill Clinton in a devastating attack ad during the 1992
presidential campaign.

Intended Audience: The intended audience seems to be people who

criticize Bush for the way that he went back on his word of no new taxes.
The people who would support this is people who are hurt by the taxes

Purpose: He is depicted with a long nose, which clearly shows that he is

lying. The cartoon is making fun of how is a liar in the author's point of
view

Point of View: The author is someone who is against Bush or the taxes
that he raised and is expressing these views through the cartoon.
William J. Clinton
Democrat (1993-2001)

Domestic cabinet and staff

appointments. End of exclusion of
homosexuals in the war
Domestic Policy: Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell
This policy, instituted by the Clinton Administration, prohibited military
personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or
bisexual service members or applicants, while barring openly gay, lesbian, or
bisexual persons from military service. The policy prohibited people who
"demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts" from serving in
the armed forces of the United States, because their presence "would create an
unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and
unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability". The act prohibited any
homosexual or bisexual person from disclosing his or her sexual orientation or
from speaking about any homosexual relationships, including marriages or other
familial attributes, while serving in the United States armed forces.
Domestic Policy: Cabinet and Staff Appointments,
1992
While Clinton was still governor of Arkansas, Clinton held a news conference
to announce his appointments for economic policy positions in his administration,
including Secretary of the Treasury and Budget Secretary. Each of the appointees
approached the podium to briefly discuss their agendas for their work, and the
entire group responded to questions from reporters following their prepared
remarks.
Domestic Policy: Welfare Reform 1996
In the summer of 1996, Congress passed a sweeping reform bill, fulfilling Clinton's
1992 campaign promise to "end welfare as we know it." The legislation replaced the
long standing Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program with
Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF). It stipulated that people could receive no
more than five years of government benefits in a lifetime, though states could set their
limits lower and many did, with some instituting a two-year lifetime limit. It required a
certain percentage of welfare recipients in states to be working, and said that those
who couldn’t find jobs would have to participate in community service or get vocational
training. Those who didn’t work or volunteer would eventually be kicked off the welfare
rolls.. It also dropped the eligibility of legal immigrants for welfare assistance during the
first five years of their residency. Clinton also won an increase in the minimum wage to
$5.15 per hour. At the same time, the President blocked Republican attempts to bar
public education to children of illegal immigrants.
Foreign Policy: Interaction with former Soviet Union
The President lobbied successfully for the inclusion of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic
into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), indicating to Russia that neither nuclear weapons nor
large numbers of troops would be placed in Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, some Russians regarded
expansion as an aggressive step by NATO and the United States. Clinton also supported the besieged
leadership of Russian president Boris Yeltsin as well as the funneling of billions of dollars in loans to
Russia from the International Monetary Fund. In 1999, Clinton's support for financial aid to Russia came
under attack in the face of mounting evidence that much of the borrowed money may have been stolen by
an organized criminal syndicate which included members of Yeltsin's own family. However, supporters of
Clinton's pro Yeltsin policies credit his administration with an important achievement not easily measured
in dollars or in the short run: the security of the Russian nuclear arsenal. Working through the provisions
of the Nunn-Lugar Act, the administration provided extensive technical assistance and funding to the
former Soviet states in the safeguarding of nuclear power plants and dismantling of nuclear weapons
which was an astounding achievement in view of the animosity that once existed between the United
States and the Soviet Union. By the end of the Clinton presidency, the likelihood of a nuclear exchange
between the superpowers was almost nonexistent.
Foreign Policy: Doctrine of Enlargement and Policy
Successes
This doctrine, based on the idea of expanding the community of market
democracies around the world, embraced free trade, multilateral peacekeeping
efforts and international alliances, and a commitment to intervene in world crisis
situations when practical and morally defensible. The policy promoted an activist
role for America and was designed to extend and protect basic human and civil
rights as it was within the power of the United States to successfully achieve those
goals without undermining national security or depleting national resources. In
Clinton's mind, the United States must continue its role as the principal leader of
the world in promoting human dignity and democracy, with the understanding that
it must never act in isolation or overextend its reach.
Foreign Policy: Ethnic Wars in Europe, 1999
After two years of keeping U.S. involvement in the conflict to a minimum,
Clinton was eventually moved by Serbian atrocities against Bosnian civilians. The
administration pushed North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to begin
bombing Bosnian Serb positions. Eventually, that use of force, in tandem with
diplomatic efforts led by Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs Richard
Holbrooke, brought the three warring parties, Croats, Serbs and Bosnian Muslims,
to the bargaining table. The resulting Dayton Peace Accords ended the fighting.
Clinton sent a peacekeeping force of 20,000 American troops into the region to
enforce a cease-fire that was to be followed by free elections in September 1996.
American and NATO troops enforced an uneasy settlement that stabilized
war-torn Bosnia with no American casualties.
Economy
By the end of his first year, Clinton had battled Congress to secure adoption
of an economic package that combined tax increases and spending cuts. His 1993
economic package passed without a single Republican vote in either chamber of
Congress, and despite that party's predictions that it would result in economic
chaos. This economic policy lowered the deficit from $290 billion in 1992 to $203
billion by 1994. By 1999, surging tax revenues from a booming economy had
generated a surplus of $124 billion, a development few would have thought
possible in 1992. Surpluses amounting to $1.5 trillion were then projected for the
first decade of the 21st century. Equally important were the pace of economic
growth and low inflation. Combined with historically low interest and
unemployment rates, these factors positioned the American economy as the
world's strongest and most robust.
Culture: O J Simpson
The O. J. Simpson murder case was a criminal trial held at the Los Angeles
County Superior Court in which former NFL player, broadcaster, and actor
Orenthal James Simpson was tried on two counts of murder for the June 12, 1994,
deaths of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman. On
June 12, 1994, Nicole and Goldman were found stabbed to death outside Nicole's
condominium in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles. Simpson was a person of
interest in their murders. Simpson did not turn himself in, and on June 17 he
became the object of a low-speed pursuit in a white 1993 Ford Bronco SUV
owned and driven by Al Cowlings. TV stations interrupted coverage of the 1994
NBA Finals to broadcast the incident live. The event was watched by an estimated
audience of 95 million people. O. J. was eventually acquitted for the murders. The
pursuit, arrest, and trial were among the most widely publicized events in
American history.
Speech: Clinton’s Speech on Welfare Reform
Historical Context: Bill Clinton‘s 1992 presidential campaign placed
welfare reform at its center, claiming that his proposal would “end welfare
as we have come to know it.” Four years later, The Personal
Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was passed that
gave states control of welfare, ending six decades of federal government
control of the programs. The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
program, or TANF changed the financing and benefit structure of cash
assistance.

Intended Audience: President Bill Clinton is addressing a White House

conference to discuss ideas about how best to reform Social Security to
ensure its solvency well into the 21st century.

Purpose: Instead of welfare being funded in a more open-ended manner,

now welfare was funded by federal block grants to states, along with a
requirement that states had to match some of the federal dollars.

Point of View: Clinton wanted to place reform on welfare so that America

could get back to it’s hard working state, so that no one would depend on
Welfare.
Cartoon
Historical Context: Much of the focus of Clinton's foreign policy during his
first term was the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a nation in southeastern
Europe that had declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1992. This
declaration was the catalyst of a war between Bosnian Serbs, who wanted
Bosnia to remain in the Yugoslav federation, and Bosnian Muslims and
Croats. The Bosnian Serbs, who were supported by Serbia, were better
equipped than the Muslims and the Croats; as a result, they populated and
controlled much of the countryside in ways including besieging cities, such
as the capital of Sarajevo. This caused widespread suffering, and in
response Clinton proposed bombing Serb supply lines and lifting an
embargo preventing the shipment of military arms to the former
Yugoslavia .
Intended Audience: People who believe that Clinton did not handle Bosnia correctly and that want to share this
opinion to judge whether he is a good president or not.
Purpose: To show how Clinton looks when he handled Bosnia and didn’t have or follow the plan
Point of View: This author obviously disagrees with Clinton and shares this with his intended audience
George W. Bush
Republican (2001-2009)

9/11

2008 recession
Domestic Policy: No Child Left Behind
The No Child Left Behind Act expanded federal funding for education, allowed
more freedom for localities to spend federal funds, set federal standards for school
achievement, and encouraged more freedom of choice between private and public
schools. The act also mandated that 100 percent of U.S. children must have basic
reading and math skills by the 2013-2014 school year: literally, no child was to be
left behind. Schools that failed to meet the standards were offered help. But if they
continued to fail to make the established goals, they would be penalized.
Domestic Policy: Compassionate Conservatism
On January 29, 2001, with his first executive order, Bush created the Office of
Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, based on the idea that local groups and
nonprofits could better serve people in need than the federal government in
Washington. Bush believed that faith-based organizations, charities, and
community groups could respond to people’s needs more effectively than
government. Because federal money was given to faith-based charities, the move
sparked much debate and controversy. Opponents charged that the approach
violated the constitutional concept of church/state separation because it used
federal tax dollars to fund the activities of religious organizations. Thousands of
faith-based and community organizations received federal grants because of
Bush’s new policy.
Domestic Policy: Social Security Reforms
Bush argued that Medicare, the government program to provide health insurance
for people over 65 years old or disabled, was outdated and heading toward bankruptcy.
His ideas for reform included an option for prescription drug benefits that would only be
delivered through private insurance plans. Senior citizens who desired the new benefit
would have to purchase private insurance plans from private companies. Bush hoped
that this proposal would increase competition and allow market forces to regulate the
healthcare system. Under Bush’s plan, the government-run program would compete
with private plans. On December 8, 2003, Bush signed the Medicare Modernization Act
of 2003 into law in the DAR’s Constitution Hall near the White House. The bill was
viewed as a quasi-victory for Bush. It created new benefits and competition increased,
but it was the largest expansion of Medicare benefits since the program’s creation in
1965, and more funds were spent on the program than the administration had
anticipated.
Foreign Policy
Prior to September 11, the United States had funneled CIA funds to the anti-Taliban group,
the Northern Alliance, to combat the Taliban and al Qaeda forces in Afghanistan. After 9/11,
the war cabinet quickly acted to target al Qaeda camps in Afghanistan, but, by late
September, the Bush administration had yet to determine the scope of the military response
to 9/11. Some of his advisors argued for broad military action in both Afghanistan and Iraq.
His cabinet was divided on the issue, even within itself: Colin Powell publicly opposed
expansion to Iraq, but Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld favored ousting Saddam Hussein
as part of the reaction. Bush initially ruled out expanding the war to Iraq, but he expected to
revisit the question once the situation in Afghanistan was under control. President Bush
decided to respond decisively with American troops in Afghanistan to defeat the Taliban and
al Qaeda. Congress passed a joint resolution authorizing the use of force against those
responsible for the September 11 attacks, and Bush signed it on September 18, 2001. On
October 7, the United States began air strikes against Taliban military installations and al
Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan.
Foreign Policy:
Before a joint session of Congress on September 20, 2001, President Bush declared a new
approach to foreign policy in response to 9/11: “Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not
end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and
defeated.” Bush declared that the United States considered any nation that supported terrorist groups a
hostile regime. In his State of the Union speech in January 2002, President Bush called out an “Axis of
Evil” consisting of North Korea, Iran, and Iraq, and he declared all a threat to American security. British
and French allies did not receive Bush’s declaration enthusiastically because they believed Bush’s
language to be overly aggressive. These remarks later matured into the policies known as the Bush
Doctrine, officially traceable to September 2002, when the White House released the National Security
Strategy of the United States. The doctrine generally focused on three points. The first was preventive war
in which the United States would strike an enemy nation or terrorist group before they had a chance to
attack the United States. It focused on deterring any potential attacker. The second point was unilateral
action in which the United States would act alone if necessary to defend itself either at home or abroad.
The third point embraced spreading democracy and freedom around the world, focusing on concepts such
as free markets, free trade, and individual liberty.
Foreign Policy: Patriot Act
The USA PATRIOT Act, as it is officially known, is an acronym for “Uniting
and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept
and Obstruct Terrorism.” Bush hoped the bipartisan legislation would empower
law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent future terrorist attacks on
American soil. The law was intended, in Bush’s words, to “enhance the penalties
that will fall on terrorists or anyone who helps them.” The act increased
intelligence agencies’ ability to share information and lifted restrictions on
communications surveillance. Law enforcement officials were given broader
mandates to fight financial counterfeiting, smuggling and money laundering
schemes that funded terrorists. The Patriot Act’s expanded definition of terrorism
also gave the FBI increased powers to access personal information such as
medical and financial records. The Patriot Act superseded all state laws.
Culture: 9/11
The cultural influence of the September 11 attacks (9/11) has been profound and
long-lasting. The impact of 9/11 has extended beyond geopolitics into society and
culture in general. Immediate responses to 9/11 included greater focus on home life
and time spent with family, higher church attendance, and increased expressions of
patriotism such as the flying of American flags. The radio industry responded by
removing certain songs from playlists, and the attacks have subsequently been used as
background, narrative or thematic elements in film, television, music and literature.
Already-running television shows as well as programs developed after 9/11 have
reflected post-9/11 cultural concerns. The culture of the United States succeeding the
attacks is noted for heightened security and an increased demand thereof, as well as
paranoia and anxiety regarding future terrorist attacks that includes most of the nation.
Psychologists have also confirmed that there has been an increased amount of
national anxiety in commercial air travel.
Economic Policy: 2008 recession
The Great Recession, which officially lasted from December 2007 to June
2009, began with the bursting of an 8 trillion dollar housing bubble. The resulting
loss of wealth led to sharp cutbacks in consumer spending. This loss of
consumption, combined with the financial market chaos triggered by the bursting
of the bubble, also led to a collapse in business investment. As consumer
spending and business investment dried up, massive job loss followed. In 2008
and 2009, the U.S. labor market lost 8.4 million jobs, or 6.1% of all payroll
employment. This was the most dramatic employment contraction of any
recession since the Great Depression. By comparison, in the deep recession that
began in 1981, job loss was 3.1%, or only about half as severe.
Economy: Bush Tax Cuts
President Bush won passage for two major tax cuts during his term in office:
The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and
Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. The cuts, scheduled to expire a
decade after passage, increased the standard income tax deduction for married
couples, eliminated the estate tax, and reduced marginal tax rates. Bush asked
Congress to make the tax cuts permanent, but others wanted the cuts to be wholly
or partially repealed even before their scheduled expiration, seeing the decrease
in revenue while increasing spending as fiscally irresponsible.
Speech
Historical Context: The act is an acronym for “Uniting and
Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to
Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.” Its intent, in Bush’s words, is to
“enhance the penalties that will fall on terrorists or anyone who helps
them.” These were in result to the 9/11 attacks that happened
previously, testing America’s security.

Intended Audience: The citizens of America so that they are reassured

that they are safe.

Purpose: An Act to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States
and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools,
and for other purposes. The USA PATRIOT Act is an Act of Congress
that was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26,
2001.

Point of View: Bush was in a place where he needed to reassure

Americans of their safety and with his strong will to do so, he passed
these acts.
Cartoon
Historical Context: The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is a federal law that
provides money for extra educational assistance for poor children in return
for improvements in their academic progress. NCLB is the most recent
version of the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act.

Intended Audience: Normal Americans so that they can realize the reality of
the No Child Left Behind Act

Purpose: to criticize Bush’s domestic policy on child education and share

how the author believes that it is only brainwashing children instead of
preparing them for life outside of school.

Point of View: I am not sure who the author is specifically according to this
cartoon, they do not agree with the No Child Left Behind Act, and believe
that it is not accurately benefiting students as Bush says it does.
Barack Obama
Democrat (2009-2017)
Works Cited
http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/nafta-alena/fta-ale/facts.as
px?lang=eng

https://millercenter.org/president/clinton/foreign-affairs

http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/1990s.html

http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/projects/debt/1990srecession.html

https://immigration.laws.com/immigration-act-of-1990

https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/the-end-of-welfare-as-we-know-it/476322/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Initiative_on_Educational_Excellence_for_Hispanics
https://adata.org/learn-about-ada