EGYPTIAN

MYTHOLOGY
Discovering
Egyptian
Mythology, Ancient
Egypt, The Myths,
The Gods, Monsters
And Other Beings !
 Thomas J. Morgan

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 Table of Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1 – History of
Egyptian Mythology

Chapter 2 – Prominent
Egyptian Gods and
Goddesses

Chapter 3 – Creation
Chapter 4 – The Sun God

Chapter 5 – Osiris

Chapter 6 – Royal Child

Chapter 7 – The Journey of

the Sun

Chapter 8 – End of the

Universe

Chapter 9 – Minor Gods and

Goddesses

Conclusion

BONUS
Introduction
The Egyptian Gods and Goddesses are
all very interesting deities throughout
history. They played a large role in
Egyptian culture and religion, as well as
a large role in how they believed the
earth operated. There are ancient
Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, as well
as the more modern ones that were
incorporated into Egyptian culture due to
their attempts at melding with the Greek
cultures. For every event and major part
of Egyptian life, there was a god or
goddess to represent that process.

The gods and goddesses in this book are

all broken down into the areas where
they were conceptualized so that you
may better understand why they came
about. Each God and Goddess will have
a brief description of their conception
and what they stood for in Egyptian
mythology.

I hope you enjoy this adventure of

Egyptian mythology!
Chapter 1 – History of
Egyptian Mythology
Unfortunately, the true development of
Egyptian Mythology is hard to trace;
therefore, Egyptologists make educated
guesses as to how it came about and its
earliest phases. They base their guesses
on sources that are written that appear
much later. An obvious influence on the
Egyptian mythology is the environment
in which the Egyptians thrived. Every
day the sun would rise and set, and it
would bring light to the land and
regulate the human’s activities.

Every year the Nile would flood and

renew the soil; thus, allowing the
farmers to produce crops that would
sustain their civilization. Therefore, they
saw the water and sun as symbols of life
and their time was set on a series of
natural cycles. The orderly pattern was
still at risk of disruption, though, as a
low flood would result in famine and a
high flood would result in buildings and
crops being destroyed.

The Nile valley was also surrounded by

an unforgiving desert, and they saw their
land as an isolated area of stability.
They called their land Ma’at and saw it
surrounded by chaos or the dessert. The
themes of order, chaos and renewal
repeatedly appeared in their religious
thought patterns.

Another possible source is ritual. The

rituals are based on the myths, but it can
be difficult to determine if a culture’s
myths developed before the rituals or if
the rituals developed before the myths.
The earliest evidence of their religious
practices predates their written myths;
therefore, many Egyptologists believe
the myths came first. Rituals in their
early history only had a few motifs from
myth. Unfortunately, there isn’t much
evidence to prove either side of the
argument right, so it’s a constant circle.
Many of the myth stories that are in the
ritual texts are not found in other
sources. Even the motif of the goddess
Isis rescuing her son, Horus, appears
only in the ritualistic types of text. One
Egyptologist argues that the rituals adapt
basic mythic traditions in order to fit a
specific ritual, which creates an
elaborate new story based on a myth. In
contrast, another Egyptologist argues that
there isn’t a shred of evidence that a
specific type of unorthodox mythology
was created for that genre.

Most of the Egyptian myths are centered

on the explanations of the beginnings of
different elements in the world, such as
human institutions and the natural
occurrences. These are known as origin
myths. The Kingship is first among the
Gods, and then passes to the human
pharaohs; war originated when the
humans fought each other after the sun
God withdrew into the sky. Myths
describe the beginnings of less
fundamental traditions.

In one myth episode, Horus is upset with

his mother and cuts off her head. Isis
then takes the head of a cow and uses it
as her own. This would explain why she
is sometimes depicted with the head of a
woman and other times the head of a
cow.
Like Greek mythology, Egyptian
mythology was sometimes inspired by
historical events. The unification of
Egypt under the two pharaohs, around
3100 BC, made the king the focus of the
civilizations religion. This led to the
worship of the king and he became an
important part of their mythology. Once
this happened, local deities of the local
village patrons were then nationally
important and new relationships, as well
as links, were formed between them into
a unified national tradition. For example,
the myths centering on the strife between
Horus and Set may have represented a
conflict between Lower and Upper
Egypt.

After the unification of Egypt, there were

only minor additions to their mythology.
Most of it was just rewritten and
reworked in order to fit into the new,
unified civilization.
Let’s take a look at some of the more
infamous Gods and Goddesses of
Egyptian Mythology.
Chapter 2 – Prominent
Egyptian Gods and
Goddesses
While there were over a hundred
Egyptian gods and goddesses due to
there being many different villages and
belief systems during that era, there are
some that are more prominent and well-
known. Let’s take a look at some of these
Gods and Goddesses in order to get a
taste of Egyptian mythology.
Osiris

Osiris was depicted as a sage king who

had married his sister, Isis. His brother,
Seth, murdered him and scattered him
around Egypt in fourteen pieces. Isis
used her magic in order to bring Osiris
back to life and conceived a son, Horus,
who avenged his father’s death and kill
Seth, his uncle. Horus became the king
of the living world and Osiris became
the king of the dead and was the ruler of
the Underworld. Egyptians saw Osiris
as triumphant over death and every
pharaoh would become Osiris after
death, and every pharaoh was the
embodiment of Horus when they were
alive. Osiris was the god of vegetation;
therefore, he was depicted as being
green in order to symbolize new growth.
Isis

Isis was almost like the Queen of the

Egyptian gods and goddesses for she
was the mother of Horus, and the sister
and wife of Osiris. When Seth murdered
her husband, she collected all of his
parts and bandaged them together. This
laid the foundation for Egyptian
mummification and explains why they
mummified their dead. When she brought
Osiris back to life, she introduced the
idea of resurrection that greatly
influenced other religions, including
Christianity. She was the goddess of
fertility.
Horus

Born of Isis and Osiris, Horus avenged

his father’s death and took over Egypt as
the new king. The early pharaohs then
legitimized their rule by saying that they
were the incarnated Horus. Horus was
worshiped as the god of the sky and light
and was depicted as a male creature
with a falcon head who wore a red and
white crown.
Thoth

Thoth was the god of wisdom, magic,

and writing. He was often depicted as an
ibis-headed man and was the scribe of
the underworld who would record the
verdict of the deceased in the Hall of
Maat. He also maintained the library of
the Gods and authored the spells that
were in the Book of the Dead, and he
wrote the Book of Thoth. He played an
imperative role in numerous Egyptian
myths and acted a mediator between the
forces of good and evil.
Ra

Ra was also known as Re and was the

sun god. He was one of the more
important Egyptian deities. He’s also
associated with the building of the
pyramids and the resurrection of the
pharaohs. He was symbolically reborn
every sunrise and died with every sunset
when he would begin his journey into the
underworld. In the later times, Ra was
very closely associated with Horus and
was depicted as a man with a falcon
head. However, he had a solar disc on
his head instead.
Seth

Seth or Set is a somewhat misunderstood

god of the Egyptian myths. He was the
god of the desert and the storms, who
was later associated with darkness and
chaos. He would be depicted as a man
who had the head of a dog and a long
snout with a forked tail. He was also
sometimes portrayed as a pig, scorpion,
crocodile, or a hippopotamus. He was
one of the leading gods in the legend of
Isis and Osiris, and with the popularity
of the cult that follow those two, he
became demonized. There were other
parts of Egypt that continued to worship
him as one of their main deities.
Mut

Mut was the wife of Amon and the

mother of Khons and was of the chief
Theban gods. She was worshiped as the
great divine mother and was usually
portrayed as a woman wearing a white
and red crown, but she sometimes had
the head or body of a cow or vulture due
to her later being merged with Hathor.
Bastet

A feline goddess, Bastet was often

portrayed as a woman with the head of a
cat or just a woman. She was the
daughter of Ra and was associated with
domestic cats. She was worshiped for a
maternal, protective nature and was
usually painted with kittens around her.
She was also believed to be vicious
when she had to kill the snakes in order
to protect her kittens.
Amun

Amun is also known as Amon, which

translates into the hidden one. He was
the head of the Theban pantheon gods
and goddesses and was worshiped as the
king of the gods, sort of like Zeus was
the king of the Greek gods. He was
usually portrayed as a man, but
sometimes he had a ram’s head. Amun
was later merged with Ra to create
Amun-Ra.
Ptah

A god who began in Memphis, Egypt,

Ptah slowly became popular in other
parts of Egypt, too. He was known as the
god of creation such as crafts. He was
usually portrayed as a figure that was
mummified with his hands protruding
through the bandages, and he held a staff
that had the symbols of stability and
dominion.
Wadjet

Often worshiped as a cobra, Wadjet was

the goddess who protected the living
Horus or the pharaoh. She was often
portrayed as a cobra that was poised and
ready to strike down the enemies of the
pharaoh. She was sometimes drawn as a
woman who had two snake heads.
Hathor

Hathor was a cow goddess who was the

sovereign over music and dancing, and
she was known as the Lady of Heaven,
Earth, and the Underworld. She was
popular amongst the ancient Egyptians
and was a gentle, wife, and affectionate
goddess to both the dead and the living.
She was the goddess who protected
women during childbirth and was the
goddess of fertility. She was usually
depicted as a woman who had cow
horns and a sun disc.
Sekhmet

The goddess of war, Sekhmet was often

portrayed as a lion-headed goddess and
was known as the powerful one. It is
said that she destroyed the enemies of
Ra and helped the kings against their
opponents. She was associated with both
health and disease, and her depictions
usually included uraneus, a symbol that
met divine authority and royalty.
Anubis

Most know Anubis as the jackal-headed

god who was the leader of the
underworld, but he was actually the
divine embalmer who was more
associated with mummification. He was
the custodian of the dead as they went to
the afterlife. He had black skin that
symbolized rebirth and attended the
weighing of the heart ceremony in the
afterlife.
Maat

Perhaps one of the most important

goddesses of the Egyptian mythology is
Maat, also known as Ma’at. She was the
goddess of morality, truth, order, justice,
and harmony. She symbolized a natural
balance of the universe and was the
opposite of chaos. She was the highest
attainment of Egypt. The Weighing of the
Heart ceremony for the souls was
written in the Book of the Dead and took
place in the Hall of Maat. She was
depicted as a woman who had an ostrich
feather on her head.

Now that you know more about the gods

and goddesses let’s take a closer look at
their stories or myths.
Chapter 3 – Creation
Perhaps one of the most important myths
was the Creation Myth or the creation of
the world. The Egyptians had many
different stories of the creation, which
are very different in their own aspects.
The deities credited with creating the
world are all different in the different
stories of the creation. The differences
came about because the priests wanted
to attribute creation to the gods and
goddesses that their particular sovereign
or cities worshiped. Most Egyptians saw
the process as having many different
aspects and involving many different
divine forces.
There is a common feature of all the
myths, though. This feature is the
creation of the world from the waters of
chaos that surround it. This occurrence
represented the establishment of Maat
and the creation of life.

One tradition centered on the eight gods

of the Ogdoad, who were the
characteristics of the primeval water.
Their actions brought about the sun,
whose birth formed a space of light and
dryness in the dark water. The sun rose
from the mound of dry land, which was a
common theme amongst many creation
myths. The sun was Ra, and he was the
first ruler. The actions of the first
millennium BC focused on the creator
god pacifying the forces of chaos that
threatened the new world.

Another tradition has Atum, a god who

is also closely related to the sun, as the
focus of the creation myth. This tradition
goes all the way back to the Old
Kingdom. Atum existed in the waters of
chaos as a potential being, and at the
time for creation, he emerged and
created the other gods, which brought
about a set of nine deities. These nine
deities were known as the Ennead,
which included Nut, Geb, and other key
players.
As time passed, the Egyptians created
more abstract perspectives about the
creation process and by the time the
coffin texts came about, they described
the formation of the world as an
understanding of a notion developed in
the mind of the creator god. An
inscription for the Third Intermediate
Period described the process in great
detail and attributed the creation to the
god Ptah.

The origin of how the humans came

about was not a major feature of the
creation stories. There were some
mentions of humans springing from the
tears of Ra-Atum in some of the earlier
texts, shed in a moment of weakness and
distress. This foreshadowed the humans’
sorrowful lives and flawed nature.
Others said they were molded from the
clay by Khnum. Overall, the focus of the
myths is on the establishment of the
universe as they knew it rather than the
place that humans had within the
universe.
Chapter 4 – The Sun God
Ra dwelled on earth as the king of the
gods and of the humans during the time
between the mythic past after creation.
This was known as the golden age in
Egyptian tradition, and it was the period
of stability and peace that they constantly
sought to imitate and evoke. The stories
of Ra’s reign focused on conflicts
between him and forces that disrupted
his rule, reflecting the king’s role of
Egyptian ideology as the enforcer of
Maat.

There is one myth that states Ra

destroyed the other gods because they
defied his authority, and he used the help
of gods like Thoth and Horus to do so.
At one point in the myth, he faced dissent
even from the Eye of Ra, and extension
of himself, which sometimes acted
independently of him in the form of a
goddess. The eye became angry with Ra
and ran away from him, wandering
dangerous and wild in the lands outside
of Egypt. Ra sends one of the other gods,
Shu, Anhur, or Thoth in order to find her
in order to retrieve her. Because she is
associated with the star Sothis, who’s
rising would signal the beginnings of the
Nile flooding, the return of the Eye
goddess coincided with the life-giving
inundation. When she returned, she
became the consort of Ra, or in some
myths, of the god who retrieved her. Her
pacification restored order and renewed
life.

As Ra grew older and weaker, humanity

turned against him. In a myth known as
The Destruction of Mankind, Ra
discovered humanity plotted to rebel
against him and sent his Eye to punish
them. She slayed many humans, but Ra
decided he did not want her to destroy
them all and sent her beer dyed red in
order to make it look like blood. HE
spread it over the field, and the Eye
goddess drank the beer and became
drunk. She ceased her killings and Ra
withdrew into the sky, weary of ruling
over the earth, and began his daily
journey through the Duat and the
heavens. The humans who survived her
dismayed, so they attacked the people
amongst them who plotted against Ra.
This described the constant war, death
and struggle to protect Maat from the
destructive actions of others.

In the Book of the Heavenly Cow, the

outcome of the destruction of mankind
marked the end of the direction reign of
the gods and the undeviating time of
myth. Egyptian telling’s give a sequence
of divine rulers who took the place o the
sun god as the king of earth, each
reigning for many thousands of years.
Although the accounts differ, the
succession from Ra-Atum to Shu and
Geb is the more common one.
Chapter 5 – Osiris
Perhaps one of the most influential myths
of Egyptian mythology is the account of
Osiris and is death and succession. In
the first part of the myth, Osiris is killed
and his position is taken by his brother
Set. In some versions of this myth, he is
torn apart and his pieces are scattered
across Egypt. His sister and wife, Isis,
finds his body pieces and restores it
back to wholeness through the process of
mummification. She is assisted by
Anubis and Nephthys in this process and
this process reflects the embalming and
burial traditions. Isis then revives him in
order to conceive an heir with him,
Horus.

After Horus is born, Isis raises her son

in a secluded place and hides from Set.
There are many times where she must
protect her son from Set or hostile gods
or goddesses, and she heals him from
injury and sickness. She is the epitome
of maternal devotion and a powerful
deity of healing magic.

In the third part of the story, Horus is an

adult and battles Set for kingship. Their
struggle goes from being violent to a
legal judgment with the assembled gods
in attendance. In an important episode,
Set tears out Horus’ eyes, but they’re
later healed by Thoth or Hathor. That is
why the eye of Horus is a prominent
symbol of well-being and life in
Egyptian iconography. Horus is the sky
god, who has one eye equated with the
sun and the other with the moon, and this
explains why the moon is less bright than
the sun.

There are two different solutions to this

divide, one in which Egypt is divided
between the two claimants, and another
where Horus is the sole ruler. In the
latter version, Horus is the
reestablishment of Maat after the terrible
rule of Set. With the order restored,
Horus performs the funerary ritual of his
father. Osiris is then given new life in
Duat, and he becomes the ruler of Duat.
The relationship between Osiris as the
king of the dead and Horus as the king of
the living is much like the relationship
between the living and deceased
pharaohs. Osiris represents the coming
back of life, and he is the god of the
crops. In Duat, he is involved in the birth
of the sun and of the human souls.

While Horus represents the living

pharaohs to some extent, he is not the
end of the lineage of the ruling gods. He
is succeeded by gods and then by spirits
that represent the memories of Egypt’s
pre-dynastic rulers. They link the
mythical ruler to the lineage of Egypt’s
actual kings.
Chapter 6 – Royal Child
The first tale of the birth of the royal
child is actually a humorous folktale
rather than a myth, and first appeared in
the Middle Kingdom Westcar, Papyrus,
which was about the birth of the first
three kings of the fifth dynasty of Egypt.
In this story, the kings are the children of
Ra and a human woman. The same theme
is prominent in a religious context in the
new kingdom when the rulers
Amenhotep III, Hatshepsut, and
Ramesses II. Their conception and birth
was between the god Amun and the
historical Queen. By stating the king
came from the gods and was created by
the important god of the period, the story
suggests a mythical background to the
king’s coronation. This appears
alongside the birth story. The divine
connection legitimizes the king’s
sovereign and provides a rationale for
his role as an intermediary between gods
and humans.

There are similar stories in many of the

post-New Kingdom temples, but by that
time, the events they depicted involved
only the gods. In this period, the temples
were dedicated to the families of the
deities. This shift is associated with the
decline of the popularity of the pharaohs
during the late stages of their history.
Chapter 7 – The Journey of
the Sun
Ra’s trek through the sky and the Duat
are not fully told in Egyptian sources,
but the funerary texts such as the Bok of
Gates and Book of Caverns tell a tale of
the nighttime half of the journey in
sequence of vignettes. The journey is key
to Ra’s nature and to the sustenance of
all life.

When traveling across the sky, Ra brings

the light to the earth; thus, sustaining
everything that lives on earth. He
reaches the peak of his strength at noon
and then weakens as he ages while he
moves toward sunset. In the evening, he
takes the form of Atum and he spits out
all of the other deities. He devoured
them during sunrise. They are the stars in
the night sky and the story explains the
reason behind the stars behind visible at
night and not throughout the day.

He passes through akhet at sunset, which

is the horizon to the west. Sometimes the
horizon is known as a gate or door that
takes him to the Duat. Other times, the
sky goddess Nut swallows the sun god
and his journey through Duat is his
journey through her body. Then at sunset,
she gives birth to him again and he has to
battle the Apep so that he can rise. The
Apep is a serpent god who was once the
Sun God. Ra must defeat him every
morning in order to rise and sometimes
he is not able to defeat Apep, and so
there are storms and it’s cloudy.

The key event in the entire journey is the

meeting of Ra and Osiris. In the New
Kingdom, the event is developed into a
complex symbol of the Egyptian concept
of life and time. Osiris relegates Duat is
a mummified body in his tomb. Ra is
like the soul of a deceased person who
can travel during the day but has to
return to its body at night.

Once they meet, they merge into a single

person and their pairing is the vision of
time as a continuous repeating pattern.
Chapter 8 – End of the
Universe
The Egyptian texts treat the dissolution
of the world as a possibility to be
avoided. For that reason, they don’t
describe it in detail. Although, many
texts refer to the idea that the world,
after many cycles of renewal, is fated to
end.

The end is described once in a passage

in the Coffin Texts and is more detailed
than the Book of the Dead. In this one,
Atum claims that he will one day
dissolve and the order of the world will
return to its primeval, inert state in the
waters of chaos. Everything but the
creator will no longer exist, except
Osiris, who will survive along with the
creator. Details about this are unclear,
including the fate of the dead who are
with Osiris.
Chapter 9 – Minor Gods and
Goddesses
These gods and goddesses were mainly
popular in only one or two cities rather
than throughout the entirety of Egypt.
Khonsu
Khonsu was the moon god and the son of
Ampon-Re and Mut. His name meant
travel, run, or move about, and he was
portrayed as a man who had t head of a
hawk and wore the lunar disk. He was
shown as a child with the side lock of
youth. He was an ancient god during the
primitive times and was associated with
the moon. It was believed that when the
crescent moon shone women were
fertile, cattle were fertile, and the
nostrils and throat of everyone were
filled with fresh air.
Shu
The God of the heat of the sunlight and
the dryness of the air, Shu’s name meant
parched, dry and withered. He was also
the god of the space and light that was
between the sky and earth, and was
believed to have power over snakes and
was the one that held the ladder the souls
used in order to climb to heaven.

He was the lord of the air and

atmosphere, and it was his duty to
separate Nut and Geb, or the sky and the
earth. He was the brother and husband of
Tefnut and it was said that they were two
parts of one soul.
Tefnut

Tefnut was the goddess of rain and

moisture of the sky. She was the
counterpart of Shu and the mother of Nut
and Geb. Re became Tefnut’s father
when Atum was associated with Re.
Geb

The son of Shu and Tefnut, and the

brother and husband of Nut, Geb was the
god of the earth. He would guide the
dead to heaven and gave them
nourishment on their way. There is a
myth that he was in love with his mother,
Tefnut, and he pined for her as he
traveled through Egypt. On the day his
father died, he returned to his mother and
violently raped her. He was not punished
for his misdeed and went on to become a
king and earned the title Heir of the
Gods.
Nut

The wife of Geb, the earth god, and the

daughter of Tefnut and Shu, Nut was the
goddess of the daytime sky and the area
where the clouds formed. She was later
made into just the goddess of the sky in
general. She was usually portrayed as a
woman who wore a vase of water atop
her head. There is one myth that states
she gives birth to the sun god daily and
he passes over her body until he comes
to her mouth at night. He then goes
through her body and is reborn the
following morning. Another myth
describes the sun sailing up her legs and
back in the Atet boat until noon, and then
he enters the Sektet ship and continues
his travels until sunset.

Nut had four offspring, Osiris, Isis, Seth,

and Nephthys.
Nephthys

Nephthys is the wife of Seth and is the

lady of the house or the portion of the
sky where Horus lives. Her son is
Anubis, and Anubis’ father was Osiris.
Some say that Nephthys made Osiris
drunk and seduced him in order to create
Anubis, and others say that she disguised
herself as Isis, her sister and became
pregnant by him. It was her affair with
Osiris that enraged her husband, Seth
and caused Seth to kill Osiris.

She was the goddess who protected

Hapy, one of the four sons who guarded
over the lungs of the deceased.
Nun

Nun was the limitless expanse of

motionless water, and out of all the
Egyptian myths, Nun is the one who
stays the same. He is the one they all
sprang from, and he is the one who will
one-day return and destroy all of life and
start again.
Heh

The god of infinity and formlessness, heh

is depicted as a man holding out two
palm ribs in his hands, each terminated
with a tadpole and a shen ring. The palm
ribs were symbols of passing time and
the shen ring was the original symbol of
infinity. He was the god of formlessness
and endlessness. He was often depicted
as a serpent.
Nefertem

An ancient sun-god of lower Egypt,

Nefertem was imperative to the creation
of many myths. He was associated with
Atum, who came from the lotus of Nun at
the start of time. It was the tears from
this boy that all mankind derived from,
and due to this relationship, Nefertem
was known as the young Atum. He is
portrayed as a man wearing a lotus and
two feathers atop his head.
Khnemu

Khenemu is one of the oldest Egyptian

gods. He was originally a water god and
was shown as a man with water flowing
over his hands and wearing a jug on his
head. His name came from the word
khnem, which means to build. He was
the one who built the first egg from
which the sun came and was the one who
made the gods and made the first man on
the potter’s wheel. He was also the one
who built the material universe under the
direction of Thoth, and as the architect
he had seven forms.
Anqet

The goddess of the island of Sahal,

Anqet was shown as a woman who wore
a crown of ostrich feathers. Her animal
was the gazelle, and she was the
daughter of Khnemu and Satet. The three
were the triad of elephantine. She was
originally a water goddess from Sudan
and her name meant to embrace, which
was meant to interrupt that she fertilized
the field after the Nile flooded. She was
later the goddess of lust and her
attributes were obscene.
Satet

The mother of the goddess Anqet, Satet

was a protector of the pharaoh. She is
known for cleansing the king with the
four jars of water from Elephantine. She
was the goddess of the yearly flooding
of the Nile and fertility and was
connected with the star Sept, who
returned to the night sky and marked the
beginning of the flood season.
Sobek

Sobek was a crocodile god and was

worshiped in the cities that depended on
water, like Arsinoe. He was worshiped
in order to placate the crocodiles. When
the crocodiles died, they were
mummified. In the book of the dead, he
assisted with the birth of Horus and the
destruction of Seth. He also found the
four sons of Horus in the waters of Nun.
Baal

Baal was known as the god of storms

and skies, who was worshiped in Egypt
during the eighteenth dynasty. According
to Near Eastern Mythology, Baal killed
Yam, the god of the Mediterranean Sea,
and was later killed by Mot the Semitic
god who was death. Anat, his sister, and
consort, brought him back to life.
Buto

Buto was the cobra goddess who

originated in the Delta of the Nile. She
was the prominent protectress of Lower
Egypt and was connected to the goddess
of Upper Egypt. She was also known as
the aggressive defender of the king and
was portrayed as a cobra worn on the
brow of Re. She was also known as the
Lady of heaven and the queen of all the
gods. She was associated with Horus,
the Elder and she was associated with
Horus the Younger.
Duamutef

Known as a mummified jackal,

Duamutef was one of the four sons of
Horus. He was born from a lotus flower
and was a solar god associated with
creation. In the Hall of Ma’at, they are
said to be sitting on a lotus flower in
front of Osiris. They are more commonly
known as the protectors of the souls of
the deceased. Each son would protect an
organ and a goddess would protect each
son. Duamutef was met to protect the
stomach and was the guardian of the
East. He was protected by Neith.
Hapi

Hapi is the god of the Nile. He was an

ancient god in the Egyptian times and
was portrayed as a man with women’s
breasts and a large belly. The full
breasts and his belly indicated fertility
and the ability to fertilize the land
through the Nile’s floods. Hapi was
portrayed as two different gods, one in
the north, and one in the south, and he
had two wives. His wife in the south
was Nekhebet, and his wife in the north
was Buto.
Heket

The frog-goddess of childbirth, Heket

was seen as a frog or a woman with the
head of a frog. Pregnant women wore
amulets and scarabs that featured Heket
in order to protect them as they gave
birth. She was featured on ivory knives
that were used to magically protect the
home. Midwives were known as
servants of Heket.
Ihy

The son of the cow goddess Hathor, he

was often seen as a young, naked boy
who worse side locks of youth. He was
known as the lord of bread and was in
charge of the beer. Therefore, he’s been
associated with religious offerings and
ritual celebrations of Hathor.
Imsety

One of the four sons of Horus, he is seen

as a mummified human. He was also
seen as sitting on a lotus flower in front
of Osiris. He was the protector of the
liver and the guardian of the south. The
goddess Isis protected him.
Khepera

This was the god of the rising sun and

was depicted as a person with a beetle
atop his head. He was also seen rolling
the sun along the sky like a dung beetle
would roll a ball of dung. Sometimes he
was also seen doing this with the moon.
Dung beetles will lay their eggs in the
dung they roll and the larvae consume
the dung in order to survive. Egyptians
saw this and thought the larvae created
themselves. Therefore, Khepera had the
ability to regeneration and renew
himself.
Conclusion
As you can see, there were many
Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, and there
reigns seemed to come and go with the
different pharaohs of the times. In later
Egyptian mythology, many of the Gods
and Goddesses were merged with Greek
Gods and Goddesses in order to bring
the two nations together. Therefore,
many similarities can be seen between
the two.

It’s imperative to remember that many of

the Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
mentioned in this book may have gone by
different names as they were called
many different titles and names
throughout Egypt, but they represented
the same things. Some of them were later
combined in order to create one God or
Goddess, such as Ra, who is a
combination of Re and Horus, or later
Horus, who was seen as the embodiment
of Ra.

I hope you enjoyed the tidbits of

information found in this eBook about
Egyptian mythology!

Thank you for reading!

BONUS
GREEK
MYTHOLOGY
Discovering Greek
Mythology, Ancient
Greece, The Myths,
The Gods, Monsters
And Other Beings !
 Thomas J. Morgan

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book
 © 2015 Copyright.
Text copyright reserved. Thomas J.
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Table of Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1 – History of
Greek Mythology
Introduction
Greek Mythology is a very interesting
piece of history that is still being
researched and picked apart today by
historians and philosophers. The myths
of this polytheistic religion contain many
different ethical lessons, such as the
myth of Narcissus who fell in love with
his own reflection and died, or the myth
of The Trojan War that is actually
entwined with historical facts. All these
myths have a moral to the story, and
they’re very interesting morals to say the
least.
Greek Mythology can be both violent
and beautiful, and shows a mindset of a
civilization when it’s looked at from a
psychological standpoint. In this eBook,
I’m going to tell you all about the
Twelve Olympian Gods and Goddesses,
and the myths they are involved in, along
with some myths that involve demigods
and deities.

Myths such as Pandora’s Box and

Narcissus speak of human weaknesses
and shortcomings, but the myth of
Theseus is a beautiful and sorrowful tale
of both heroism and shortcomings. Greek
Mythology allows us to look at
ourselves in a different light. A light of
both good and bad, and allows us to
think deeply about our decisions.

I hope you enjoy the information you find

in this book!
Chapter 1 – History of
Greek Mythology
Greek mythology is the father of all
legends, myths, and stories that were
told by the ancient Greeks, and it was
the basis of their religious and spiritual
beliefs. When you study the Greek
mythology, it throws some light on their
habits, institutions, rituals, customs and
understand the nature of myth creation.
Greek mythology has a vast amount of
arts, stories, and narratives that range
from pottery and vase painting to
comedies and tragedies played out on
stage.

The Greeks were polytheistic, meaning

that they believed in more than one God
and Goddess, and the famous twelve
Gods of Mount Olympus, as well as the
minor deities and the demigods all
played a role in their myths. The ancient
Greeks believed that the Gods had great
power, and they could control all of
nature in all its forms. The most
interesting part of their mythology is that
the Greeks who were the ones who
appointed these powers to their Gods
and Goddesses, yet they were terrified
and respectful of their Gods and
Goddesses.
They worshiped them in temples that
were built just for one God or Goddess,
and they had priests who were said to be
able to communicate with their Gods and
Goddesses.
The oldest sources we have today of
their myths are the epic poems written
by Homer, the Odyssey, and the Iliad.
However, the origins of our world and
the efforts they used to explain the future
all came from the texts of Hesiod.

Theogony is the basis of the Greek

mythology and is one of the most
comprehensive literal creations of the
Greek times. Tragedies, hymns, poems,
arts, plays, artists, and all those who
lived during that time all tried to
reproduce the myths of their Gods,
depicting their heroic acts and the wars
of the Gods, as well as the wars of the
people.

Greek mythology is a very large part of

our world today because artists,
philosophers, and scholars still try to
explain the world and the ethics we live
by based on what is within Greek
mythology. The best part about Greek
mythology is that no one knows where
history begins and where myths end
because they are so intertwined with one
another, that no one is able to figure out
what is fiction and what is reality.

The Greeks used their myths to explain

wars, natural disasters, and events that
happened during their times that most
likely involved real people, but these
myths and stories are so embellished,
it’s very hard to tell reality from fiction.