COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

SEMESTER 2 2017/2018
EPRB412 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 1
PROGRESS REPORT 2

PROJECT TITLE : DESIGN OF SOLAR POWERED LED

STREET LIGHT WITH INTENSITY
CONTROL

SUPERVISOR : PROF. IR. DR. TUAN AB RASHID BIN

TUAN ABDULLAH

SUBMISSION DATE : 18 DECEMBER 2017

NAME : MUHAMMAD SYAKIR BIN YUSRI

STUDENT ID : EP 097147
1.0 SOLAR RADIATION IN MALAYSIA

Northern state such as Penang, Kedah,Kelantan and Sabah receive the most amount of
solar radiation and it generally declines from the north to the south of Malaysia.
Southern state like Johor and Sarawak receive the least amount of solar radiation. The
mean daily sunshine hours in Malaysia is in the range of 4 to 8 hours per day.

Figure 1: Average daily solar radiation (MJ per sq. m) across Malaysia (Mekhilefa et
al., 2012)
Region near the equator such as Malaysia,the sun at noon position is always near
zenith point to the north and south depending on location and month of the year. The
performance of stationary solar panels installed to be less sensitive to a north or
southern oriented azimuth direction. The effect of regular weather is important in
determining the optimal solar panel orientation that will receive the largest amount of
incident solar radiation.The air humidity is high and often recurring rains accumulate
a large amount of total annual rainfall[1].

2.0 METHODOLOGY

In term of project,the methodology is defined as ways used in particular study area to

get information and result to achieve targeted objectives which have been set before
project completion.
This methodology starts from the beginning of the methodology flowchart above,
where hardware selection for the system is needed.After the selection of the necessary
hardware for the prototype, the circuit designing for the system which will be done
based on hardware selection with computer aided drawing software. Programming of
the micro-controller will be done which will develop the systems processes to
recognize where and when each process is done to accommodate any decision. Later
on, the project’s prototype circuit design and programming are done, a software based
simulation will be conducted to see whether the circuit functions as it is proclaimed to
be.

3.0 HARWARE SELECTION

3.1 solar PV

A.Photo voltaic (PV) system are building block of solar cells. It consists of
photoelectric cell that when it is exposed to the sunlight, it can generate and support
electric current without being depending on external voltage to charge a battery. The
solar cells produced direct electricity from the sun,which can be used to charge a
battery or an equipment.

Expose the cell to light, and the energy from each photon (light particle) hitting the
silicon, will liberate an electron and a corresponding hole. If this happens within
range of the electric field’s influence, the electrons will be sent to the N side and the
holes to the P one, resulting in yet further disruption of electrical neutrality.This flow
of electrons is a current; the electrical field in the cell causes a voltage and the product
of these two is power[2].

Protection of solar cells is required from the environment and are usually packaged
behind the glass tightly. Solar cells are electrically connected and confined as a
module. The power produced by the PV depends on the intensity of sunlight. It is
used to charge the battery on daylight to be used during the night. The solar panel that
suitable is a 6V,6W poly-crystalline solar panel.

Figure 2: PV panel
3.2 LED(light emitting diode)

LEDs are semiconductor device that are made out of silicon. Small amount of
chemical are added to the silicons such as indium,gallium,arsenide and nitride make
LED light up. When current is passed through LED,it emits photon . LED produce
more light per watt than normal bulb LED can emit light of an intended colour
without the uses of colour filters which is more efficient and can lower initials
cost .When LED is used in applications where dimming is required,LED do not
change their colour as current passing through them are lowered. LED are subject to
frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that burn out more quickly when
cycled frequently, or High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps that require a long time
before restarting[4].

Figure 3:LED

3.3 Rechargeable battery

A rechargeable battery or secondary battery is a type of electrical battery that can be

charged,discharged into a load and can be charged multiple times while a non
rechargeable battery or primary battery is supplied fully charged and discarded when
discharged. The life cycle of the battery is very important to the lifetime of the light
and the capacity of the battery will effect the backup days of the lights[5] .The battery
that suitable based on voltage level of solar panel is 6V deep-cycle lead acid AGM
battery.

Figure 4: Rechargeable battery

3.4 LDR(light detecting resistor)

LDR is a resistor, and its resistance varies according to the amount of light falling on
its surface. When LDR detect lights,its resistance will decreased while it it detects
darkness it resistance increase. Hence it act as variable resistor with the change of
light intensity. It will help finding the amount of light intensity and helping in
regulating the lighting of lighting system.

Figure 5: LDR
3.6 Processing unit-Arduino UNO

Arduino board are able to read input from the LDR and turn it into an output by
turning on the LED. It is done by sending a set of instruction to the micro controller
on the board. To do this,arduino programming language and Arduino software (IDE)
is used. The reason arduino is selected is because it is cheap and has all the required
ports and has all the spec wanted in a small package. Its operating voltage is 5V
which will be suitable for I/O devices.It has input and output pins for interaction with
the outside world such as with switches, motors and sensors.It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the micro-controller . It is
programmed using a dialect of features from the C and C++ programming languages

Figure 6: Arduino UNO

Microcontroller Mega(Atmega 2560)

 Input voltage 7-12V
Operating voltage 5V
Digital I/O pins 14
PWM 6
Analogue Input Pins 16
DC Current per I/O pins 20mA
Flash memory 32 KB
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Clock speed 16 MHZ

Table 1: Specification of Arduino UNO

4.0 CIRCUIT DESIGN

Circuit Design is will be next procedure after the hardware selection. The circuit will
be designed on the Proteus ISIS[6] software to create the prototypes schematics. This
schematic is done to prepare and appoint pins of the Arduino UNO where it will be
easy to view when fitting the input and output hardware of the prototype. Furthermore,
it will help during programming during assigning functions of each pin. This circuit
designing also makes the circuit look well organized for easy assembly and wiring.
The Proteus has libraries which can be downloaded containing the preloaded
functionality of each device listed above which makes the circuit designing to be done
easily.

Figure 7: Proteus ISIS 7

 Figure 8: Schematic Drawing Progress

5.0 PROGRAMMING

Before starting to code, a flowchart is needed as a reference to stack the processes

according to input and output devices where and when the system needs to take
decisions prior to the input. The narrative statement will be included with the
flowchart, explaining the system demonstrated on the flowchart. Coding [7] is done
via Arduino IDE software. The function of the coding is to program the Arduino
UNO to decide on processes which need to be done and it does all the results as
expected. This software enables to detect whether the coded coding runs correctly so,
during running phase of the prototype, the codes are executable by the microcontroller
on the Arduin UNO.
Figure 9: Arduino IDE icon and window
Figure10: system flowchart
 REFERENCE

1. Hashim A 2012 Significant Effects of Local Weather Pattern on the Optimum

Orientation of Stationary Solar Panels installed in Equatorial Regions Proc. Electric
power supply industry conference (Bali, Indonesia, 15-19 October 2012

2. M. Ali, M. Orabi, E, E. Abdelkarim, J. A. Abu, Q. Abdelali, and E. Aroudi,

“Design and development of energy-free solar street led light system,” IEEE, 2011.

3. K. Yang, J. Song, and Y. Chen, “Secondary light distribute ion design for led street
light,” International Conference on Electronics and Optoelectronic (ICEOE 2011), vol.
2, pp. 378– 381, 2011.

4. Y. K. Tan; T. P. Huynh; Z. Wang,” Smart Personal Sensor Network Control for

Energy Saving in DC Grid Powered LED Lighting System”, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid

5. D. A. Devi and A. Kumar, Design and Implementation of CPLD based Solar Power
Saving System for Street Lights and Automatic Traffic Controller, International
Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,

6. Proteus ISIS 7 tutorials

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&
uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjP5bLMq7DVAhXCqY8KHU5hA_4QFggnMAA&url=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww3.utem.edu.my%2Ffke%2Findex2.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docm
an%26task%3Ddoc_view%26gid %3D134%26Itemid%3D67&usg=AFQjCNFM3Du
Cnrqw224MLFdHeo8hFbmPdg

7. Arduino Tutorials https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/HomePage