Urbanism & Planning of Coalitional City-Regions: Masters Dissertation

Urbanism & planning of
Coalitional city-regions
Masters Dissertation
Yasmin Jilaihawi
_Urbanism & planning-orientated concepts related to establishment of joint-metropolitan regions.

_Illustrated Literature Review and Case Study
University of Strathclyde, Urban Design Studies Unit
Urbanism & planning of

Coalitional city-regions
Masters Dissertation
MSc Urban Design
_A study of urbanism and planning-orientated concepts related to the

establishment of joint-metropolitan regions.
_Illustrated Literature Review and Case Study
Coalitional city-regions are two or more cities or urban agglomerations working

collaboratively in spatial planning and urban regeneration to form a larger
metropolitan region; better equipped to compete internationally against forces of
globalisation.
Yasmin Jilaihawi,
Summer 2010
Date of submission: 06.09.10
Examination Candidate for Masters

Matriculation Reg. No. 200656427
Cover Image: Author., using freeware word-art tool ‘Wordle’ – www.wordle.net

Image (this page): SOURCE: Martin Parr’s The School of Life blog., Artist & Photographer
_Statement of Originality Disclaimer
University of Strathclyde
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
22 900 MArch Advanced Architectural Design

MSc Advanced Architectural Studies
AB 947 MSc Urban Design
Declaration
“I hereby declare that this dissertation submission is my own work and has been composed by myself. It
contains no unacknowledged text and has not been submitted in any previous context. All quotations have
been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information, text, illustration, tables, images etc.
have been specifically acknowledged.
I accept that if having signed this Declaration my work should be found at Examination to show evidence of
academic dishonesty the work will fail and I will be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.”
Name: __Yasmin Ali Jilaihawi________________________________________
Signed: _
Date: 3rd September, 2010

Masters Dissertation, Yasmin Jilaihawi, 2010
_ _table of contents
_chapter _subchapter pages

_Statement of Originality Disclaimer 2
_Preface 4
0_INTRODUCTION 0.11_Abstract 5
0.12_Structure 6
0.13 Aims & Scope 6
CHAPTER ONE: 1.11 _ INTRODUCING REGIONALISM 8-
REGIONALISM – DEFINING REGIONS & CITY-REGIONS
1.12_ RE_PACKAGING NEW REGIONALISM
1.1._REGIONALISM INTO CITY-REGIONALISM
_literature review 1.13_EMBEDDED ERRORS & CONCESSIONS
1.14_ROLE OF GLOBALISATION FOR REGIONAL SPATIAL
FRAMEWORKS
1.2._REGIONALISM 1.21_APPRAISAL PRINCIPLES 14-
_case study review 1.22_CASE STUDY IN FOCUS: GMR
a._Regional governance
b._Global attractors
CHAPTER TWO: 2.11 GLOBAL INFLUENCES AT REGION AND 21-
_METROPOLISATION METROPOLITAN SCALES COMPARED
2.1_METROPOLISATION 2.12 _ INTRODUCING METROPOLISATION – DEFINING
_literature review METROPOLITAN TERMINOLOGY
2.13 _'COOPETITION': COOPERATION FOR COMPETITION
2.14 METROPOLIS X 2 = POLYCENTRICITY
2.15 _DUAL-METROPOLITAN REGIONS
– A SPECIAL CASE – UK FOCUS
2.2._METROPOLISATION 2.21_APPRAISAL PRINCIPLES 28-
_case study review 2.22_CASE STUDY IN FOCUS: Berlin-Brandenburg
a._Collaborative approach
b._Connectioned city-region
CHAPTER THREE: 3.11 MARKETING IN RELATION TO CITY-REGIONALISM: A 35-
_MARKETING PRIMER
3.1 MARKETING 3.12 _ INTRODUCING MARKETING IN GENERAL_AND
_literature review WHAT IT IS NOT
3.13 _ ‘GETTING AWAY FROM THE GIMMICK’: MARKETING
PLACES - UNDER-USED TOOLS
3.2_MARKETING_ 3.21 _APPRAISAL PRINCIPLES 40-
case study review 3.22 _CASE STUDY IN FOCUS: Glasburgh
a. City Branding and Marketing Strategies
a. Place-marketing and Place-making
CHAPTER FOUR: 4.11_INTRODUCING THE CREATIVE CITY 46-

_ CREATIVITY AGENDA:_VARIANTS ON A THEME
4.1_CREATIVITY 4.12_IDEOPOLIS IN ACTION
_literature review 4.13 CHALLEGES LINKING LIVEABILITY TO THE
CREATIVE CITY-REGION AGENDA
4.2_CREATIVITY 4.21 _APPRAISAL PRINCIPLES 52-

_case study review 4.22_CASE STUDY IN FOCUS: Oresund
a. Key Industry Sectors
b. Creative Drivers
5.0._CONCLUDING SUMMARY 58-66
_References _Bibliography
_Websites
_Acknowledgements
_Annexes _Author's Afterword
_Addendum
_Appendices _Criteria for Selecting Cases
_Selected Glossary of Terms
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3
_Preface
'There are over 300 [sic] global city-regions with populations over one million' and 'over 20 global
city-regions with populations in excess of 10 million'
(Scott et al., 1999; pp1).
1
The latter are sometimes known as megacities or Alpha cities (GAWC , 1999). There is an emerging world-wide
trend in Regional restructuring, and resurgence in Regional Spatial Planning. This regional movement is
important for smaller cities as they struggle to compete on an international scale; the growing urgency fuelled
in part, by rapid globalisation. The collaborative city-region approach can allow smaller cities to increase their
critical mass, and linkages between adjacent cities can enable consideration for regional status.
There has been great focus on urban regeneration through economic, social and political development in cities
over the past 20 years, especially global cities. There have also been numerous reports on best practice and
management involving trans-sector and multi-actor partnerships in planning and place-making.
However, due to a shortage in research into joint-metropolitan development and its ascendancy, there is a real
need for focus on collaborative city approaches and their global impacts. Those studies that do exist focus solely
on economic development or primarily on political and planning discourses, or other discrete agenda. What is
needed is to bring the branches together by theme and assess them in context.
This dissertation hopes to service that need. If global pressures are fuelling economic development, then cities
and their regions should be seen as potential catalysts to ignite and sustain growth and prosperity.
Yasmin Jilaihawi
August 2010
Dissertation
1
Global Association World Cities
4
0_INTRODUCTION
0.11_Abstract
_background
This dissertation examines, by both literature review and case study, the potential of planning and marketing
joint-metropolitan regions. Taking the Glasgow-Edinburgh case as its cue, it posits this city-region on an
international stage, by comparison and contrasts with other dual-metropolitan regions of a similar scale in
Western Europe.
_methodologies
This dissertation identifies and reports on four key potentials in current planning discourse (LITERATURE
REVIEW) and four corresponding key sets of examples (CASE STUDIES), to illustrate the context of
contemporary joint-metropolitan regional development.
The four key potentials are arranged by topic into clear chapters with one-word titles. These chapters are
Regionalism; Metropolisation; Marketing and Creativity. The first part of the chapter discusses the topic via
Literature Review, and the second part relates the case studies to key principles. The case studies, including
'Glasburgh', each consist of two cities and their corresponding joint-metropolitan region.
_results
The case studies are appraised by topic at the end of each chapter, according to at least two key principles
identified from the literature review. These principles highlight requisites for effective metropolitan regions. Case
studies appraisals form of an overview within each chapter. In addition, each set of case studies forms a ‘case
study in-focus’, to feature in at least one chapter as an in-depth review. This ‘Case Study in focus’ is selected
characterise points of an appropriate topic.
Each set of case studies:
• consists of 2 cities and their region;

• carefully selected according to key criteria specified in the Appendices
• responds to key principles derived from the chapter in assessment of performance;
• outlined in the second part of each chapter;
• chosen for one detailed 'case study in focus' for one of the four chapters;
• includes both quantitative and qualitative data from a variety of sources and represented using a range
of techniques;
• consists of 2 cities and their region;
• includes both quantitative and qualitative data from a variety of sources and represented using a range
of techniques;
• its performance is assessed by comparison to its components (the two cities and their region) and by
brief review to the other cases;
• draws lessons for Glasburgh as appropriate.
Schedule 0.1 Case Study Appraisal [SOURCE: Author’s own]
_conclusions
The concluding chapter summarises lessons for Glasburgh based on the literature review topics and performers
from the case study appraisals.
0.12_Structure
This introductory text sets out the aims and explains the structure, as well as introducing the case studies.
There are four chapters and a concluding summary. Each chapter has two parts.
PART1 – LITERATURE REVIEW (mainly text) +
PART2 – CASE STUDIES (mainly graphics)
_WHERE? / Locations of Case studies

Dissertation
The case studies featured in the second part of each chapter are:
Glasgow, Edinburgh & Glasburgh (Chapter 3)
Manchester, Salford & Greater Manchester Region (GMR) (Chapter 1)
Malmo, Copenhagen & Oresund (Chapter 4)
Berlin & Berlin-Brandenburg (Chapter 2)
5
Each Chapter presents one in detail as a topic-based focus case study. Variables centre and build upon on eight
key principles identified from the detailed literature review (outlined below), forming an extended case study
review. This appraisal complements the theory to complete each chapter.
_WHAT? / Chapters Structure for Literature Review (Part1) & Case Study (Part 2)
Chapter Part 1 Literature Review Part 2 Case Study

1.0._REGIONALISM 1.1._REGIONALISM Introducing & 1.2._REGIONALISM
Understanding Regionalism; Repackaging Coherent Governance strategy &
Regionalism into City-Regionalism; body; Global attractors;
Embedded Errors & Concessions; Role of Focus Case Study: Greater
Globalisation for Regional Frameworks Manchester Region
2.0._METROPOLISATION 2.1._METROPOLISATION 2.1._METROPOLISATION
Global influences at Region and Collaborative approach;
Metropolitan Scales compared; Introducing Metropolitan connections;
Metropolisation;; 'Coopetition': Focus Case Study: Berlin-
Cooperation for Competition; Metropolis x Brandenburg Joint Spatial
2 = Polycentricity; Dual-Metropolitan Planning
Regions – a special case – UK Focus
3.0._MARKETING 3.1._MARKETING 3.2._MARKETING
Marketing in relation to cities and city- Marketing a distinctive city; Brand &
regionalism – a primer; Introducing Civic Identity;
Marketing in general; Getting away from Focus Case Study: Glasburgh
the gimmick: Marketing Places – Under-
used tools
4.0._CREATIVITY 4.1._CREATIVITY 4.2._CREATIVITY
Introducing the Creative City Agenda / Key industries; Creative and
Variants on a Theme; Ideopolis in Action; cultural drivers;
Challenges linking Liveability to the Focus Case Study: Oresund
Creative City Region
5.0._CONCLUDING Lessons for Glasburgh: Regional Planning 5.2._CONCLUDING SUMMARY

SUMMARY Strategies & Metropolisation; Marketing Performance Review
Strategies and Creativity; Pitfalls to avoid
Schedule 0.2 Chapter Structure [SOURCE: Author’s own] See also Table of Contents
_0.13 Aims & Scope
The aim is to give a broad view of contemporary concepts in regional planning and their marketing, with special
emphasis on their scope of application in joint-metropolitan regions
.
_WHEN? / Current concepts and context
In 2009, the project subtitled ‘collaborating to compete’ was officially launched by coalition with Scottish
Enterprise, forming the collective delivery vehicle the Glasgow-Edinburgh Collaboration Initiative (GECI). The
Oresund link bridging Malmo and Copenhagen celebrated its 10-year anniversary this year. In July of this year,
plans were put forward for a Greater Manchester Combined Authority, including Manchester and Salford and 10
other boroughs. The Joint Spatial Planning Department of Berlin-Brandenburg has been established since 1996,
making it the most established of the four cases.
_EXPLAIN? / Framing Key Questions
1_What is the role of metropolitan regions in today's economic, Political and cultural climate?
2_Are they a concrete reality with repercussions on economic and political development or is the
relationship a looser association in relation to culture and society?
3_How is the development of joint-metropolitan regions altering the dynamics of inter-city

competition on a global scale?
_hypothesis
Dissertation
_Explain and critique by literature review and case studies the urbanism and planning-
orientated concepts related to the establishment of joint-metropolitan regions.
6
CHAPTER ONE: _REGIONALISM
This section provides a critique on Regionalism2, highlights the importance of regions in

governance to the development of successful global cities, and discusses case studies in
response to regionalism and regional issues. Definitions, ambiguities and related terms are also
explained3.
1.1 _REGIONALISM LITERATURE REVIEW
Ùnder the titles of 'global city-regions' and the new 'city-regionalism' there has been
growing support for a resurgence of city-regions within economic geography.’
(Harrison, 2007, Abstract, pp2)
1.11 _ INTRODUCING REGIONALISM – DEFINING REGIONS & CITY-REGIONS
region, n.
4. a. An administrative division; a subdivision of a larger geographical or
political unit, for economic, administrative, or cultural purposes;
6. a. Any area, space, or place of more or less definite extent or character; a
distinct part or portion of a larger whole. Also: the area surrounding
something; the vicinity (chiefly in in the region of at sense 6c). Also fig.
(OED online, 2010; define: region, excerpt, accessed 21.08.10)
These are the most urban-orientated of many definitions provided in the Oxford English
dictionary4. Those sub-definitions relevant to this discourse relate the concept mainly in terms of
physical and economic geography or politics. Nevertheless, though it remains a general term that
is difficult to conceptualise, it has been summarised in Diagram 1.11a and Schedule 1.11.
General Qualities of a Region [abstract noun]

• Geopolitical, socioeconomic, cultural unit;
• Regions are irregular in size and shape;
• Can have both planned and ùnplanned’ elements;
• Regions, like cities, form and grow òrganically';
• composed of both urban and rural areas; typically have at least one
main or major urban agglomeration, or a mixed network of rural settlements;
• A region is recognisable in terms of footprint;
• A region can be a sub-division of a larger spatial unit, or a sub-region;
• A region’s boundaries bordering other regions or waterfronts must be dealt with;
• ‘Region’ is a “fluid” concept – both solid and liquid, can specific and tangible
or abstract, depending on context;
• Terminology of ‘Region’ and associated words* can be applied to planning
concepts as well as physical forms (like `Spatial’);
• Finally, a region is unique in its features – no two regions are the same
• Regions are irregular in size and shape;
• Can have both planned and ùnplanned’ elements;
• Regions, like cities, form and grow òrganically';
• composed of both urban and rural areas; typically have at least one
main or major urban agglomeration, or a mixed network of rural settlements;
* Region; regional; city-region; city-regional; trans-regional; interregional; intraregional;
supra-regional; pan-regional etc.
Schedule 1.11 General Qualities of a Region (many can be recognised as common to cities)
[SOURCE: Author’s own interpretation]
2
For this section, I am particularly indebted to J. Harrison 'From Competitive Regions to Competitive City-Regions: A New
Orthodoxy, but some old mistakes' (2007), as a key reference text. I also use other references, and question some of his
Dissertation
argument, but I consider this to be the most specific currently available text on the subject and a useful primer for
understanding regionalism.
3
Regionalism used as a planning concept is related to, but not to be confused with ‘Critical Regionalism’, the architectural
term which responds to placelessness.
4
This excerpt is a simple definition from a respected mainstream dictionary: subdefinitions range from the mundane, in a
simple description of a part of a whole; to the sublime, in biblical references and ethereal discussions of metaphysics
7
Diagram 1.11a ’Fried Egg’ analogy: explains qualities of region as an abstract noun
[SOURCE (Graphics & content): Author's own]
As terminology, the region is vague, ambiguous and over-used. For example, in Scotland there
are nine regions, which remain with a clear identity, though their governance structure and
system has been long superseded. Each region was a larger unit with districts made up of
counties. These nine regions were previously identified under the Local Government (Scotland)
Act 1973 (superseded, 1994), which assigned to each its own regional council. Some, like
Strathclyde Regional Council, have since dissolved into their constituent districts. So if in
Scotland the region as an administrative unit is now outdated and seen as too cumbersome to
maintain, what is the current appeal of regions in spatial planning?
The answer lies in a dimension not expressed in the literal definition, and probably more to do
with genus loci. In political terms, regions usually follow political units like sovereign states, or
administrative areas like counties, for example. In social terms, and in terms of spatial planning
strategies, a region can come to mean much more than its physical definitions and boundaries.
For example, regarding the Oresund link, a manager from another Scandinavian bridge project
remarked 'We envy the fact that you have a region stretching across that border – we lack that
creative5 energy' (Lofgren, 2008; pp207). This remark is telling because it implies dynamic,
synergistic connotations of regions as urban agglomerations.
Though region can be an ambiguous term, a city-region is a very specific and important term in
the urban planner's vocabulary, as it denotes a city's economic footprint. A city-region is an area
with ‘strong functional interactions and therefore interdependencies between the core-city (built-
up area) and wider territory’ (Tiesdell, Presented 14.10.06). Moreover, a city-region is the building
block for growth out with established cities, and the unit by which city planning authorities can
use to set development targets and funding. For all intents and purposes 'city-region' and
'metropolitan region' are considered here as interchangeable terms6. This focus has led to
widespread documentation of ‘the emergence of 'city-region' as the future arena for partnership,
capacity-building and intervention on planning matters’. (Tewdwr-Jones, RTPI address,2000)).
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5
Creativity is an idea referenced in relation to current urban agendas time and again, as will become clear later in Chapter 4
Creativity
6
See Chapter 2 Metropolisation for more details on related terms at the city/metropolis scale.
8
1.12 RE_PACKAGING NEW REGIONALISM INTO CITY-REGIONALISM
Regionalism is often discussed in the context of economic geography, sometimes to the

detriment of social factors7. Model 1.12 is designed to combine these three aspects.
Consideration of economic geography alone, leads to a study of distribution of wealth and
resources. Economy combined with population leads to a study of demographics, which is
necessary to understand to economic and social mix and potential of an area. Likewise, lastly
considering population in tandem with geography to provide density estimates allows urban
planners and designers to assess the need to provide amenities and services, like transport
hubs, schools, roads and housing. Neglecting one or more of the root issues of economy,
geography or population leads to an incomplete assessment of the role of cities as wealth
creators and distributors.
Model 1.12 Venn Diagram – Three specific factors of a city-region:
successful growth depends on these [SOURCE): Author's own]
The Venn diagram (Model 1.12), as a
holistic picture shows that the central
role of the city in all three roles as a
geographic, economic and populous unit
is as a creator of demand and wealth. In
order to achieve this, cities must
compete for national funding and
projects and international companies. To
this end, one of the aims of regionalism
is achieving greater critical mass, which
may help the city-region grow
sustainably in all these aspects
(economically, physically and in working
population).
Regionalism in since the sixties was fast dubbed 'new-regionalism', and the label has largely
stuck, though it and its 'newness' are both now superseded. Harrison does not define new
regionalism formally, but offers a suitable process in describing 'how sub-national organisations
and institutions...ranging from the community to the region...contribute to localised economic
development'. Significantly, he considers paradoxical the fact that new-regionalism 'was drawn to
those policy measures informed by... the development of prosperous regions'. This is note-worthy
as their duplication in a different city-region holds no guarantee of replication of results8.
Regionalism as a term can be traced back as early as the 1920’s, but its renaissance in thinking
came about in the 1960’s. Since the post-war era, the regional terminology has featured heavily
in the planner's lexicon. From the 1960’s, regionalism re-emerged as a fashionable concept in
spatial planning, urban design policy and economic geography. The sixties were an exciting time
in urban development, as town planners and city designers in the UK and throughout the
Northern Hemisphere searched for a suitable paradigm to both encourage and curtail urban
growth as required. Consequently, regionalism and its successor, city-regionalism, seemed to fit
the bill:
The renaissance of city-regionalism...constitutes a new and distinctive post-national phase in

the territorial development of capitalism', (Harrison, 2007; Introduction, pp2).
New regionalism emerged in England in the mid-nineties, driven by economic and then political
agenda. It became a reflection of the desire to address the long-standing economic
underperformance of English regions (Tiesdell, 2006, presented 14.10.06). Among these
underachievers was Greater Manchester, and among the current exponents of regional policy is
the agency Communities and Local Government 9.
Dissertation
7
[See Harrison, 2007]
8
.(See Figure 1.01 Three specific factors of a city).
9
Communities and Local Government9 (England), define a city-region as 'the economic footprint of a city; defined by the
ways that people live their lives and the economic relationship between a city and its surrounding area' (2009). The
9
From this movement came the idea to create

directly elected regional governments, which
evolved into the new city-regions agenda. It is on
this economic relationship between a city and its
surrounding area, together with its associated
connections with neighbouring towns that the
success of a city is said to hinge.
Figure 1.12 Model of a City-Region / Metropolitan
Region
[SOURCE (Graphics & content): Communities and Local
Government,
website, accessed 20.07.10]
1.13_EMBEDDED ERRORS & CONCESSIONS
City-regionalism is a loaded term – redolent in history, politics and economic geography, and so
to explain it fully requires some careful assessment of context. This involves understanding its
inherent problems and inherited problems from its predecessor, discussed here in more detail.
10
Table 1.13 : Errors of New Error Citation
regionalism (Harrison, 2007; NR is multivalent and too many 'diverse theories bundled
pp315) contradictory: together' (Harrison, 2007; pp315);
NR is inadequate in linking to new-regionalism as/is a 'poor framework
What remains is to analyse the evolving relationship to grasp the real connections between the
which of these problems, between city and state changing role of the state' (ibid.);
and others, and to what (national government):
degree, have been
subsumed into new city- NR has become confusingly 'new-regionalism has become enmeshed in
regionalism. These applied to different scales in the multi-faceted scalar politics and
problems remain the vertical relationships of associated tangled political hierarchies'
planning frameworks: (ibid.);
interrogated as a question
of scale: 'the scale that is
NR and city-regionalism is dangers of 'soft-institutionalism and policy
represented by the
sometimes used with poor transfer' (Harrison,2007), or post-
emerging global mosaic of substantiation or use of rationalisation 'the policy tail wagging the
city-regions is most evidence: analytical dog' (Lovering, 1999, as cited by
puzzling' (Scott et al, 1999; Harrison, 2007; ibid.)
pp10); ' new city-
regionalism is inconsistent in scale, scope, policy networks, level/tier of governance' (Harrison,
2007; pp319). Elements of each of these have been translated and transferred to city-
regionalism. It is true that the city-regional agenda, in part, tries to embrace too much, and
results in a capitalist focus on its economic potential: It clearly suffers from problems and
complexities of assertion of scale. Even within the unit of the region there exists a myriad of
interrelationships 'be they trans-regional, pan-regional, regional or sub-regional' (Harrison, 2007;
pp320). In addition to these, relationships that are supra-regional, inter-regional and intra-
regional, are also relevant to the upcoming discussion.
surrounding area may include 'smaller cities and towns and rural hinterlands' website, accessed 20.07.10
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10
In his critique of city-regionalism, scholar John Harrison argues that the original errors that degraded the previous new
regionalism agenda have 'collapsed into the present focus upon the scale of the city-region'. What we are faced with,
therefore, in effect is a concertina of repackaged policies folded-up to fit the urban scale, but with the same innate
problems embedded that were inherent in the regional scale approach. To fully understand this package of ideas requires
unpacking the bundled concepts and “unpicking” their mistakes, one-by-one. Harrison outlines four main errors of new
regionalism*(NR), cited and paraphrased in Table 1.13.
1
0
As several critics note (Purcell, McCann, Harrison, 2007 and Ward & Jones, 2004), the city-
regionalism policy rhetoric is centred on economic geography, at the expense of other aspects
which are integral to successful places, such as knowledge (Harrison, 2007) or social aspects
(Purcell, 2007). As seen from Figure 1.12, the social dimension, even in terms of sheer
demography, is of integral value to the holistic city. Critics are quick to sideline regionalism,
chastising it for being backed up by evidence ‘by proxy' (McCann, 2007). To acknowledge its
latter errors in Table 1.13; there is an element of 'soft-institutionalism' (Harrison, 2007), with the
state treating data as malleable to suit its own – largely capitalist and neo-liberal- ends (Purcell,
2007 and Scott et al, 1999). This liberty, in itself, is telling. Firstly it is reflective of the repeated
assertion that the city-regional agenda is unilaterally focused on economic geography. Secondly,
and perhaps more significantly, it is representative of the role of the state and metropolis
becoming increasingly under-defined and undefined. This is ironic and counter-productive, given
the increasing need for region and state dialogue: 'spatial transfiguration reinforces the
importance of the relationship between city-regions and the state' (Harrison, 2007; pp319).
The wide scope and approach taken by the regional view is not without transgressions,
especially those relating to centralisation of resources and standardisation of policies and their
processes. Ward & Jonas (2004) outline city-regionalism's inability to address the following in
modern discourse as the collective provision of services and amenities; consumption; labour
regulation of privatization; uneven development; and social regulation. These undesirable
qualities resemble a quasi-communist political rhetoric; a stance which can be imbalanced for the
economy and permit government monopolies. Ultimately, such a stance that is bad for consumer
choice does not bode well for market diversity. This is why a coherent governance strategy and
body is important, including strong partnership working with the private sector.
A balanced view of errors also requires the assessment of some concessions11. From research
and literature review, emerge four main important concessionary points to acknowledge when
assessing the success and limitations of new regionalism and city-regionalism in regional
planning. All of these deal with a degree of misconception. The first two concessions relate to its
political concepts and the associated digressions. The latter two relate to problems of scale and
inherited mistakes.
Firstly, like any movements, these did not emerge in a vacuum, and are privy and liable to
fashions and politics of their time12. To be fair, both the spatial and temporal contexts into which
these planning frameworks are born, notwithstanding the political conditions into which they are
borne must therefore be considered. Second, as a related point, spatial planning strategies
cannot be a panacea: they serve to both mediate the spaces they enable and articulate the
politics of the ruling authority – no mean feat for any policy construct13. This is the idea that
regionalism agenda is misleadingly ‘reified’ as a political agent (Ward & Jonas, 2007). Thirdly,
there is an argument that city-regionalism has been assumed to have stronger links than another
vertical policy scale with democratization, whereas there are misconceptions of both concepts
within current literature (Purcell, 2007). Lastly, city-regionalism is said to collapse the original
faults of its predecessor within this new policy framework (Harrison, 2007). Dissertation
11
They are introduced here and discussed in more detail later in this chapter as this discussion supports a balanced view.
Lack of acknowledgement or due consideration by some sources is argued to lead to inaccurate appraisal.
12
Concepts in urban planning and policy are children – some might say victims- of their time, depending on their place in
history. To this end, city-regionalism and its antecedents are no different to any other movement, and many of the ills of
capitalism lie at its feet.
13
Though Harrison acknowledges the capitalist arena, he overlooks the transferral of blame for its errors to city-regionalism,
a point acknowledged in Purcell's work that discusses the indeterminate nature of democracy. 1
1
1.14_ROLE OF GLOBALISATION FOR REGIONAL SPATIAL FRAMEWORKS
Globalisation is a modern, though hackneyed term, with has a myriad of common uses. A useful
definition in this case is 'the far-reaching form of internationalisation that led to a world-wide
integration of spatially spread activities since the 1980's' (Dicken, 2003). Of interest, is the
relationship between globalisation and regionalism, and its opposing scale of localisation?
A curious paradox emerges, as identified by Allen Scott, author of `Global City-Regions’:
'Why are global city-regions growing rapidly precisely at a moment in history when some
analysts are claiming that the end of geography is in sight, and that the world is turning into a
placeless space of flows?’ (Scott, 2001, pp1)
Jan-Gert Hospers speaks of the common phenomenon 'the global-local paradox', also known as
the global-local nexus (Knox, 2005), in his paper 'Governance in innovative cities and the
importance of branding14' (Entrepreneur Magazine, 2008). He identifies that despite and in the
face of globalisation, 'face-to-face’ contact at a certain place remains of crucial importance...in a
world that is becoming increasingly integrated'. Therefore, this emphasis on localisation elevates
the 'importance of the local level and thus the city', thereby carving its place in city-regionalism's
niche policies. This can be offered the portmanteau glocalisation, as first used in Japan in the
1980’s. The changing role and prominence of global city-regions and this 'glocal' riddle are both
symptomatic of both globalisation and improved communications in the digital age. Hosper's
notes echo the recognition hat 'new regionalism is countering this notion of the world as a
borderless (i.e. globalised) space of flows...and processes increasingly rooted in a series of
place-sensitive (i.e. localised) nodes of dense economic and social activity' (Harrison, 2007,
pp312).
This paradox is a double-edged sword: on the one hand, its success depends on the dual
strategies of countering globalism and secondly, increased localisation; but on the other hand,
globalisation represents a vital driving force to its dynamic: '...rather than being dissolved
away...by globalization, it has reactivated their [city-region's] significance as bases of all forms of
productive activity (i.e. industry)' (Scott et al, 1999). Thus, globalisation and city-regionalism can
also be seen as two sides of the same coin; both integral to balanced urban regeneration for
global cities: 'globalisation and city-region development are but two facets of a single integrated
reality' (Scott, 2001; Introduction to book, pp5). This dynamic in turn, produces a synergy
between processes of globalisation and regional restructuring around the city-region.
The two are in fact, symbiotic:
'economic globalization...depends upon and is driven by the forces of spatial

agglomeration...around city-regions...(which) in turn creates positive external effects at the
urban-region scale' (Ward & Jonas, 2007; pp172).
Improved technologies in the digital age include the ubiquitous availability of the Internet and its
widespread application in digital media and social networking. This renders communications
instantaneous regardless of geography or borders. The spatial disconnect has led to the term
'global village'. Other terms combining technology and space such as 'technopolis' and
'infostructure' are also growing in popularity in the post-digital era.
The victory of 'space-shrinking technologies' (Dicken, 2003) over geography has led to popular
dystopian and post-structuralist writings on the redundancy of physical cities15. William J.
Mitchell's 'City of Bits' (1995) is a popular polemic with Baudrillardian undertones speaking of
“death by distance”. However, despite its prominence and wide reach, the Internet can never
replace meeting at a fixed place, which is the role of the city (Hospers, 2008). Furthermore the
improvement of these communication infrastructures 'has resulted in greater competition among
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territories in terms of investment, tourism and residents' (Seisdedos, 2006; pp1). This means that
cities must reassess how to 'compete in an intelligent manner in the globalised knowledge-based
economy' (Hospers, 2006; pp224). All this may well mean cities 'lean more and more heavily on
14
(For a more detailed discussion of Branding, see 3.1; for Innovation, see 4.1).
15
Likewise, M. Castell's texts charts the rise and rise of new media 1
2
specific local characteristics16...that a city excels...in order to distinguish itself in the competition'
(Hospers, 2008; pp225), or put simply: asserting local identity17.
1.2 _REGIONALISM CASE STUDIES REVIEW
1.21_APPRAISAL PRINCIPLES & OVERVIEW
From the first part of this chapter (1.1), two key themes emerge as important to the success of
city-regions, which associate the bureaucratic administration of regions, and their ability to assert
and provide an attractive, competitive region:
1a. Coherent Governance 1a. A city or cities must have a coherent regional governance
framework. This may follow one or more of several models. Suitable models
may take the form of one or more of the following: a strategy or set of
strategies; funding vehicle; corporation and/or body. In any case, the structure
must have a strong business case, achievable targets and reliable funding
sources and access to resources. This is especially important to form
18
partnerships and collaborative approaches with other cities . They must also
have well-resourced local authorities.
1b. Global attractors 1b. The city or city-region must direct a response to globalisation, in
the form of positively promoting and suitably positioning 'global attractors'.
These are in addition and extensions of those civic attractors that will make it
an attractive place for locals to stay, study, work and raise families. They may
aspire to the achievements of global cities, for example, London, but they
need not, or might not be able attain the same world status. Often and ideally,
their provision will be embedded in policy frameworks and funding incentives.
The four sets of case studies have different governance structures, are all from different
countries19. Some noteworthy points relating to the regional scale and the principles above are
expressed on the following few pages.
Oresund Region, Scandinavia (Malmo, Sweden and Copenhagen, Denmark)
Diagram 1.23 Regional model for Oresund explains qualities of Oresund region [SOURCE (Graphics &
content): Author's own]
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16
This concept is furthered in terms of promotion in Chapter 3, Marketing, and in terms of innovative sectors is discussed
in more detail in Chapter 4, Creativity.
17
This discussion continues at the Metropolitan scale in Chapter 2, Section 2.11 ‘Global influences at Regional and
Metropolitan Scale compared’.
18
(See Chapter 2).
19
(England and Scotland are different countries in terms of devolved planning powers) 1
3
Oresund presents a unique case as the region transcends international boundaries. Scandinavia
is said to be the most connected and expansive international regions in Europe (Larrson,
2010).Oresund also refers to the vehicular bridge across the Sound, which is a stretch of 16 km
of water separating Sweden and Denmark. This links and networks the two cities of Malmo and
Copenhagen, allowing extended opportunities for all. What separates this from other
transnational infrastructure projects, for example, the Channel Tunnel between London and Paris
is the socioeconomic and societal benefits of a cohesive area [‘a region stretching across that
border ' (Lofgren, as cited previously)].
Map 1.21 Oresund Region [SOURCE: Oresund Kommitee, website accessed 17.07.10]
This activated region and the creativity it inspires is what gives Oresund its vibrancy after 10
years since opening. The Oresund has formed several cross-sectors, trans-border partnerships
including transport, health, universities and innovation. In addition to these, it is also attractive to
shipping and logistics companies drawn to the appealing convenience of strong transnational
links either side of the water to independent but linked robust city economies.
Berlin-Brandenburg Joint-Spatial Planning (GL)
Diagram 1.24 Regional model for Berlin-Brandenburg explains qualities of Berlin-Brandenburg region
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Germany has a distinctive set of conditions for regional planning based on its unique history and
geography, and federal history as a republic has left a robust quality and approaches to its
regional and urban planning. As recent as the early 1990's, its reunification as a country, and
Berlin as a city also posed unique circumstances and problems calling for standardisation and
unique networking solutions. Lastly, Germany's instigation and loss of the World Wars left it
economically scarred and severed International links in the Post-war years.
1
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Berlin is a shrinking city with a diminishing population, industrial decline and a large number of
vacant sites. The same is true for both Glasgow and Manchester, but their gap sites were caused
by post-war planning measures, rather than wartime damage, as was Berlin's misfortune.
Negative growth does not have to mean the death of a city, and Berlin is bolstered by its
surrounding region Brandenburg.
Scotland (Glasgow-Edinburgh Collaborative Initiative, GECI)
Diagram 1.21 Regional model for Glasburgh explains qualities of Glasgow-Edinburgh region
Scotland has unique and separate planning and legal systems compared to England, although
there are many similarities between the respective Town and Country Planning Acts, and many
issues such as property taxation and base interest rates are decided by the UK central
government in Westminster.A possible source of imbalance is Edinburgh's status as Scotland's
capital that could make it more likely to receive Scottish Executive Funding for priority projects.
However, there are many facets to consider, and Edinburgh's UN World Heritage site status
makes planning new developments in the central area heavily restricted by conservation
planning guidance.
GECI is the newest of these case study collaborative regions and presents an exciting
opportunity for Scotland's premier cities to position themselves globally by increasing their 'pull'
on both inward-investment and residents and visitors. GECI's website states the aspiration that
'Glasgow and Edinburgh could become the UK's second most important region after London'.
This is a popular ambition amongst UK regions, including the Combined Manchester Region.
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1.22 REGIONALISM CASE STUDY IN FOCUS: Greater Manchester Region (GMR)
Greater Manchester Region (GMR) / Combined Manchester Region (CMR)
a. Regional governance
Diagram 1.22 Regional model for GMR explains qualities of Manchester-Salford extended region
Regional Scales
Manchester’s scales
Manchester-Salford The two main cities of the region are adjacent and collaborate
20
on housing
Core City The “City” of Manchester – Manchester City Council
Metropolitan Greater Manchester – composite of 10 Local Authority areas
City-Region Manchester and its hinterland – the “functional” region
Region The North West, includes Manchester, Liverpool and others.
…Supercity? Manchester as a supercity would have tax base & status to
compete in European league
Schedule 4.21: Manchester’s scales [ed. Author, SOURCE: Tiesdell, presented 14.10.2006]
Figure 4.21a: Manchester within Greater Manchester Region

[SOURCE: Author]
The Greater Manchester region (GMR) case study is interesting as the

governance structure is complex, and currently under review. GMR
itself comprises of ten local authorities working in a 'loose partnership'
(AGMA, 2010), under the Association of Greater Manchester
Authorities. AGMA is also responsible for Manchester Independent
Economic Review, MIER.
MIER is an independent private sector-led steering body, which leads the economic agenda for public
policy. MIER works in conjunction with the public sector to offers guidance for growth opportunities.
The way in AGMA’s authorities currently work together is

similar to that of England’s Regional Development Agencies
(RDA’s), but as all councils have a vested interest in their
immediate context, the impetus for collaboration is very
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strong. The RDA for the Manchester area is The Northwest

Regional Development Agency, (NWDA), which is also
incorporated in the wider regional development initiative `The Northern Way’. Both of the latter also
include Liverpool and its city region – soon to be superseded under The New Regional Development
20
The Manchester Salford Housing Market Renewal Pathfinder (MSP, 2003) 1
6
Fund (RDF’s) and Local Economy Partnerships (LEP’s) under the new UK Government (announced
late August 2010). GMR and AGMA in future forms will become CMR/CMA or Central Manchester
Region / Authority, respectively. CMA will be a formal consortium of the ten local authorities with
devolved powers from Central Government, to be piloted in 2011.The new working arrangement with
selected statutory powers will enable the region and its constituent towns and cities to better regulate
their economic and physical growth and development.
Governance bodies
2b. Collaborative I nit iativ es
Region level:
Regional Developm ent Authotrity (RDA ):
1a. Governance bodies: Consorti a: Core Cities, England;
Planning au th ority (city cou nci l l evel):
Private Co mpanies:
Region level:
See Collaborat iv e Initiat ives
City Mayor: Councillor Mark Hac ket t Ocean Gat eway (wit h Liverpool) - The Peel Group
Mayor al System : 'Weak' Mayoral Syst em - powers divided
bet ween mayor & council)
Schedule 4.22: Manchester’s governance bodies / regional &collaborative initiatives [ed. Author]
Figure 4.21: Manchester’s governance bodies / regional &collaborative initiatives

[SOURCE: Manchester Forward, 2010]
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Cities within the Region
Greater Manchester comprises of the f ollowing

cities and metropolitan boroughs, each of which
have their own local authorit y council:
1 City of Manchester
2. Stockport
3. Tameside
4. Oldham
5. Rochdale
6. Bury
7. Bolt on
8. Wigan
9. Cit y of Salf ord
10. Traf ford
Figures 4.21b: Manchester within Greater Manchester Region

[SOURCE: Wikipedia]
The chairman from MIER also remarked that the general thinking
amongst city strategists is that 'Manchester' refers to Manchester region first, and Manchester as a
city second:
“We don't talk of individual cities or towns – we are one region”
(Direct Quote, Mike Blackburn, 17.08.10).
With economic research from MIER, Manchester has put forward a business case and formal bid
for a stronger cross-council partnership in the form of the CMA, or Combined Manchester
Authority. This was approved under Labour, and has since been ratified by the coalition
government, due to pilot In Spring 2011. Subsequently, GMR will become known as CMR,
Combined Manchester Region. CMR will continue AGMA’s long lineage, first established in 1987.
Population Growth
POPULATION c . 470,000 (2008 Census)
Graphs 4.22: Manchester’s population rate 1801-01 (City isolated from rest of municipalities in blue)
[ed. Author, SOURCE: A Vision of Britain Through Time]
Manchester and Salford are also working on a combined Housing initiative, The Manchester
Salford Housing Market Renewal Pathfinder (MSP, 2003), with over £370 million government
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investment. The Board includes voting representatives from both councils and private sector
house builders and investors.
1
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Figures 4.22: Manchester’s population rate in city centre

[SOURCE: Manchester Forward, 2010]
b. Global attractors
Economic Footprint
Figure 4.22: Manchester’s spatial distribution cf. London

[SOURCE: OS]
The Combined Manchester Region (CMR) is the largest UK

Travel to work area outside London (Source: MIER), making it a
globally significant labour pool for inward-investors. The
region's local municipalities secured and established
several high-profile, globally attractive projects.
Urban regeneration – new

neighbourhoods
Manchester and Salford are particularly

active in regeneration. There have been
recent contemporary signature architect
buildings and BBC departments
outsourced from London at Salford
Quays, and new urban neighbourhoods
underway in central Manchester including
Spinningfields and New Islington, in
Castlefield.
Figure 4.22: New neighbourhood typologies for GMR

[SOURCE: AGMA Housing Strategy]
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Tourism to the region
Figure 4.22: Overseas Marketing for

Manchester Region – 2007/8
Graphs 4.21: International visitors to

Manchester & City-region 2002-7
[SOURCE: Marketing Manchester Annual
Review, 2008]
Overview
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CHAPTER TWO: _METROPOLISATION
2.1 METROPOLISATION _LITERATURE REVIEW
‘A region will be successful if its cities are successful, and cities will flourish if the
21
wider region flourishes ’ (European Commission, 2005).
There is an element of reciprocity between regions and their constituent cities, especially major
cities or metropolises. This chapter considers the unit of the metropolis and its potential for urban
growth with regards economic and social prosperity, and as a building block to form metropolitan
regions.
2.11 GLOBAL INFLUENCES AT REGION AND METROPOLITAN SCALES COMPARED
Although globalisation and regionalism can be seen as suitable parallels and opposites in some
senses, issues referring to the specific planning of different types of metropolitan regions are
very different. The frame of reference is more refined because the latter responds to qualitative
influences distinctive and local to their cities. Whereas, a metropolitan region is referring to a
clear distinct geographical unit, by contrast,’ Regionalism’ in the previous discussion has mainly
been applied as an abstract or general term/noun. Moreover, a metropolitan region is both a
general (regional) and specific (localised) concept, in terms of spatiality and planning
frameworks. It is the specific factors of a city22 or metropolitan region, in the forms of Population
(/Demography), Economy and Geography that have combined influence on development.
Reference to globalisation comes into play more in the ways in which urban and regional
planners, designers and strategists –including marketers- choose to work with these three factors
of demography, geography and economy in order to raise the global profile of their metropolitan
region. This often takes the form of economic and sometimes social reorganisation, economic
reform and/or sometimes demands geospatial and/or political restructuring. An increasingly
popular region-scale approach is to establish connections between two or more of its
metropolitan units23: cities ‘search for region-wide coalitions as a means of dealing with the
threats and opportunities of globalisation’ (Scott, 1999; pp1).
These responses to globalisation, mostly instigated by the governance body or bodies, can
bring what was termed here as ‘global attractors’; so-called as they are desirable qualities that
allow the city to compete on an international scale24. The coordination and implementation of the
underlying policies are likely to also bring associated problems also specific to the metropolitan
region and its governance body. These problems are in addition to the errors and concessions
identified in the previous section as innate to the regionalist strategies. At the city-region scale
involving joint metropolitan regions, there are nuanced problems25 including gauging the balance
between inter-city competition and collaboration in partnership working, discussed fully
throughout this chapter. Dissertation
21
As cited by Sara Todd, Asst Chief Executive, MCC, 12.5.10
22
Referring back to Figure 1.12
23
The four sets of case studies in the next section and chapters illustrate examples of these measures.
24
See also Chapter 1 Regionalism, Part 2
25
`How have forms of economic and social organization in city-regions responded to globalization, and what new problems
have been created as a consequence?' (Scott, 1999; pp2) 2
1
2.12 _ INTRODUCING METROPOLISATION – DEFINING METROPOLITAN TERMINOLOGY
Metropolis is a common word used interchangeably with major city, global city, and commercial
city. Its derivative forms, e.g. Metropolitan, metropolisation, metropolitanisation, are all used to
describe major city growth. It is also used as a suffix for extended derived terms like
postmetropolis, exometropolis, heterometropolis or galactic metropolis26.In demographic terms, a
metropolis is a major city, with at least over half a million residents in its central area, and
typically over a million across its growth area. Metropolis comes from the Greek ‘Polis’, meaning
city or city-state, and prefix metro denoting `mother’. It is more archaically used to denote the
chief city of a country, applied frequently to financial centres, e.g. Frankfurt, as well as country
and USA state capitals. All eight cities from the case studies can be considered as metropolises,
each in their own right. Cities aspire to be “metropolises”, with central attractions to draw
residents and commuters away from the periphery, and attract tourists and investors from further
afield and abroad. These attractors are also known as “pull factors”, and explain the analogy of a
city as a magnet, shown in the diagrams that follow.
Figure 2.12 ‘Pull’ factors

of cities: explaining attractors
of cities and ‘push’ factors of
rural areas (for developing
countries, may be same or
inverted for developing
countries).
[SOURCE: Drivers of change,
Cards, ARUP, 2009]
Diagram 2.12a City as

metropolis explains qualities
of a metropolis and possible
core types. [SOURCE
(Graphics & content): Author's
own]
Metropolitan Regions operating for

large-scale economic development out
with major city nodes at the centre are
not at all uncommon. Such
conurbations constitute megacities,
capital cities, financial centres and/or
global cities all over the world. Key
examples include London and Greater
London Borough; Paris and its suburbs;
Barcelona's Metropolitan area and
Toronto's recent amalgamation of
nearby towns within Ontario.
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See Diagram 2.12c to follow 2
2
Diagram 2.12b City as (traditional) metropolis / explains qualities

A traditional metropolis has a commercial centre and hub at its core that acts as the major
attractor for the suburbs and surrounding areas. It
may have one main central hub, but modern cities
are increasingly polycentric. Examples of such
metropolises include Glasgow, which grew outwards
from a central core near the Clyde, and
Amstersdam, which is regarded as a monocentric
city, though part of the larger polycentric Randstad
metropolitan area.
An exopolis or galactic metropolis is defined as

another term for the postmodern city in which ‘the
urban areas are spread around like stars, rather
than forming a single, easily identifiable centre’
(Knox, 2005, Glossary). Many car-centric and
modern towns follow this model including British
New Towns and cities in North America. This model
(Diagram 2.12c) shows those urban areas outside
the core as more attractive and agglomerated than the centre itself.
Diagrams 2.12c City as exopolis explains qualities

The next few sub-sections discuss in further

detail, reasons and benefits for inter-urban
cooperation, including growth coalitions, and
possible resultant physical effects on the
combined urban region.
Diagram 2.12d Three possible scenarios for dual-

metropolises
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2.13 _'COOPETITION': COOPERATION FOR COMPETITION

Diagram 2.13a Collaborating to compete or competing all the same?
[SOURCE (Graphics & content): Author's own, images edited from Google]
Coopetition (EuroMOT27, 2010) is a useful

hybrid term for joint-city partnerships,
combining aspects of cooperation and
collaboration. “Coopetiton” also sums up
Glasburgh’s slogan “Collaborating to
Compete” (GECI, 2009). EuroMOT defines as
'a logic of “coopetition” combining cooperation
and competition'
(Website, accessed 25.08.10).
Another useful term to describe dual-metropolitan regions is ‘Growth coalitions’ (Knox, 2006).Yet
cooperation and collaboration seem clearly antagonistic to competition, which makes the
juxtaposition of these terms seem oppositional. Further adding to the paradox, cities across the
world compete nationally and globally for investment from companies, their employees, potential
residents, students and tourists. Although immigration policies differ widely between countries,
skilled workers are usually in demand. complicate a combined or coalitive/coalitional growth
strategy. Adjacent cities, in particular, compete fiercely between each other for resources,
workers, even shipping rights and airspace. Cities may be adjacent across state or country lines,
or divided by a major waterway, which can further.
Two or more such cities working correlatively also seems unusual given the fact that such cities
each come with a unique identity, and, especially if in close proximity, are generally opposed in
terms of competition for national resources, funding allocations and fiscal benefits. More rare still,
but becoming a piloted approach, is the case of two or more cities acting together to enlarge their
joint scale to that of a sizeable metropolitan region, whilst each maintaining their autonomy in
urban governance. Given their competing interests and complexities of policy merger why should
adjacent cities work together at all?
The answer lies addressing the solution summed up by the clichéd maxim “Size Matters”. It is a
simple fact that not every city is of sufficient size to compete as a Global city (See GAWC’s World
Cities Index). However, smaller cities, especially megacities can take measures to increase their
development potential through increased effective size or “critical mass”. In sociology, critical
mass is a term to describe sufficient inertia in a social system to allow the momentum to be self-
perpetuating (Wiki definition, accessed 28.08.10). A “virtuous circle” is established, with the
society or place able to subsist. It is a socio-dynamic term when applied to cities of a certain size
explains their ability to sustain growth. By increasing critical mass, smaller cities can therefore
overcome the issue of scale to become viable competitors for regional funding and other region-
scale attributes.
Increased or sufficient innate critical mass, when accompanied by sound metropolitan

connections, brings both policy and practical benefits. These include the ability to make feasible
bids at regional level for funding for key projects, especially infrastructure projects needed to
support business. Transport is given priority though EU28 funding initiatives such as
INTERREG29. Transport is prioritised because connections between metropolitan regions are
vital if they are to be considered as physically as well as politically linked30. It is even seen as a
possible regenerator for economic growth31.
27
Euroregion trans-border network EuroMOT, or ‘Mission Opérationnelle Transfrontalière’
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28
‘One of the preconditions for growth and jobs is to ensure that the necessary infrastructure (e.g. transport, environment,
energy) is available to businesses. A modern and secure infrastructure is an important factor in the performance of many
enterprises, affecting the economic and social attractiveness of regions and cities’ (EU Council L291/15 (EN); pp5, 2006).
29
(European Structural Funds INTERREG I, II, III, and IV; IV is current 2007-13)
30
(See also Chapter 2’s Appraisal Principles, Section 2.21.)
31
‘Infrastructure investment in regions that are lagging behind… will encourage growth and thus reinforce convergence
with the rest of the [European] Union as well as improving quality of life’ (EU Council L291/15 (EN); pp5, 2006).
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2.14 METROPOLIS X 2 = POLYCENTRICITY
Diagram 2.15 Extract from Diagram 2.12a

[SOURCE: as before, (Graphics & content): Author's own.]
For precursors to the multi or dual-metropolitan

working relationship, it makes sense to familiarise
with the principles of development based on
polycentric medium-sized cities. Then it is possible to
understand the concept of “Polycentric
Competitiveness” (Carta, 2007), and apply to the
enlarged metropolitan regions of similar scale:
‘The principles of (urban) competitiveness and

cohesion…point [us] in the direction of
“productive polycentrism” {sic}’
(Carta, 2007, pp32).
Polycentricism, or to have more than one centre or hub, is a

feature of modern cities. Polycentric cities include those that
have been planned (e.g. Los Angeles); have planned extensions
(e.g. Barcelona); were previously annexed (e.g. Berlin). Less
common are polycentric unplanned cities, but these can be
considered polycentric as applied to their city-regions (e.g.
Greater Manchester). In addition, traditional, monocentric cities, like London, are becoming
increasingly polycentric in modern times due to increasing reliance on the car, and globalisation,
both of which have led to relocation of core urban activities (Smith, 2009). Aiming for
polycentricism between metropolitan units at the city-region scale is part of regional restructuring:
‘New generation polycentricism concentrates on the frameworks of medium-sized cities,

seeking to interconnect and empower’ (Carta, 2007, pp32)
Mono/polycentrism qualities are closely linked to

transport networks; a major transport hub or
interchange can often coincide and/or be considered a
centre in its own right. In addition, transport networks
become further refined as urban systems adapt to
post-industrialism (Freidmann, 1966 and Roderigue et
al., 2009). Most modern cities in Western Europe
resemble either Stage 4, or a transition between 3
(Industrial City) & 4 (Post-Industrial City), in Figure
2.15b. Therefore, integrated transport networks, often a
feature and priority for dual-metropolitan regions, can
be seen to be an essential part of the post-industrial
city, which is frequently polycentric in nucleation and
spatial distribution.
Figure 2.15a Mono/polycentrism and Transport

Organisation
[SOURCE: Roderigue et al, 2009, The Geography of Transport
Systems]
.
Despite decentralisation deferring lucrative activities
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away from the centre, polycentricity is a desirable concept:
‘Polycentricity is becoming a major target most cities and regions aim at in the process of
pursuing balanced development’ (Hall and Pain, 2006; as cited by Luo Zhendong, 5.11.08).
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Figure 2.15b Friedmann’s Core-Periphery Stages of Urban Development

[SOURCE: Roderigue et al, 2009, The Geography of Transport Systems].
2.15 _DUAL-METROPOLITAN REGIONS – A SPECIAL CASE – UK FOCUS
Such cities use joint frameworks employing various actors, agencies and funding vehicles to
collaborate on regional and sub-national levels to improve regeneration, employment and
connectivity. The overall strategy is usually carefully phased over several years as part of a
masterplan, each stage of which may release additional capital or funding to sustain the latter
stages. Funding vehicles may include petitioning for grants including EU money allocations at
regional level, international design competitions or attracting consortium of inward investors as
stakeholders.
In Britain, under Labour, in the past decade, the PPP (Public-Private Partnerships), including
PFI’s (Private Financing Initiative) have constituted mainstream joint ventures for delivering
schools, hospitals and other infrastructure. This is winding down in light of the change in political
leadership in 2010, so alternative public and private funding sources for major building projects
will become increasingly competitive. Alternative public funding will have to be sourced
increasingly from EU, EC and international level as Britain prepares to substantially cut public
spending into the third year into the 'credit crisis' economic slump. Public Schools in particular
depend on PPP initiatives as funding vehicles.
Despite tightening of public spending32, the Budget has brought some measures to safeguard
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urban commercial growth; the new LibCon (Liberal Democrat-Conservative) coalition announced
the introduction of a new Regional Growth Fund. The Regional Growth fund provides finance for
regional capital projects, enacted over the next two years. Projects compete for eligibility and
funding through formal bids. The policy is designed to encourage and enable regional growth.
32
See Figure 2.13 Budget 2010 Projections for Public Spending 2
6
The formation of formal and informal ‘regions’ between adjacent cities and conurbations,
including metropolitan growth regions, is actively encouraged.
Figure 2.13 Budget 2010

Projections for Public
Spending
analyses public spending cuts in
the UK in light of this year’s the
recent General Election and
change-over in political party
leadership,
In this year’s Budget 2010, the

new Government propose to cut
spending on schools by 10% by
financial term 2014/15, next
electoral quarter (Institute for
Fiscal Studies, 2010).
[SOURCE: Rowena Crawford,

Slides, Institute for Fiscal Studies,
2010]
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2.2 _METROPOLISATION _CASE STUDIES REVIEW
2.21_APPRAISAL PRINCIPLES & OVERVIEW
From this chapter, two further key themes emerge as important to the success of city-regions,
both associated with connections:
2a. Collaborative 2a. Successful establishment of an effective joint metropolitan region requires a
approach collaborative approach. This is to be coupled with integrated working methods,
and is especially pertinent to two or more cities working together. Effective
partnering is also relevant to various actors, stakeholders and partners involved in
city planning, as well as the public, be they tourists or citizens.
A Joint Venture partnership or delivery vehicle or Joint Consortium may be

relevant in dual-metropolitan regions. This is an extension of Principle 1a
Coherent Governance. The main steering group must be well-connected
to other stakeholders and enablers, such as financiers and local
authorities.
1b. Connected 2b. A requisite for a successful city-region is to be connected in terms of transport
city-region and communication, as well as well-connected partnership links. In the case of
Joint metropolitan regions, it is especially important that the intercity connections
are strong within and out with the region. This means the urban areas should be
highly accessible by public transport and road infrastructure, and communications
systems.
Modernisation of public transport and infrastructure is an important aspect

for connectivity. Examples of these include the introduction of Electric
buses, new tramways, High-Speed Rail Links, Airport Terminal extensions,
Bridges may all be key projects.
The four sets of case studies from different Western European countries include partnerships
between adjacent cities. These partnerships involve spatial planning and built projects, where
infrastructure and connectivity is a key priority at regional level. Some points of note for focus
case study Berlin-Brandenburg are introduced hand discussed here.
2.22_METROPOLISATION CASE IN FOCUS: Berlin-Brandenburg (BB) Coalition
Berlin-Brandenburg Joint-Spatial Planning (GL)
a. Collaborative approach
Governance body
‘Berlin and Brandenburg: Together we are

stronger’ (CRBB, 2006).
The Berlin-Brandenburg Joint Spatial Planning

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Department (GL) was established 1996.
2
8
Metropolitan Region of Berlin-Brandenburg, Key features
Reasons Particulars / Details

General long standing history working as Joint Spatial Planning Department established
collaborative city-region since 1996;
It involves a Capital (State Region) Therefore could offer specific guidance for the
Glasburgh case with Scotland’s capital Edinburgh
Central nature of city (Berlin) to This makes the approach relevant to

state/region (Brandenburg) metropolises in general (single city-regions), for
example Edinburgh Metropolitan Region/ Greater
Glasgow
Brandenburg as ‘exopolis’ Most postmodern cities involve peripheral
development
Berlin as declining industrial base Also case for Glasgow, Manchester
Extensive post-war demolitions and Also case for Glasgow, Manchester
redevelopment; de-densification
involves complex social reorganisation, Especially due to demise of Federalism, and
economic reform and spatial reunification of Berlin, 1990 (see next)
reconfiguration/distribution
Specific to The reunification efforts of Berlin City itself Reunification adds a further layer of mediation
BB in the early 1990’s required. Though the political circumstances were
unique, this is interesting to draw lessons (see
previous)
Brandenburg, not counting Berlin is an Several cities mirrors the GMR model
agglomeration composed of several cities,
the most populous of which is Potsdam;
the largest is Brandenburg an der Havel
Specific to Germany’s federal roots from which it can There is much to be learned from the German
Germany draw strength in applying regionalism approach to regionalism in general
(NEHOM)
Germany’s forward-thinking approach to Likewise, Germany leads the way in city branding
place-marketing (Zenker, 2009). for metropolitan growth and attractors
Schedule 2.31 Berlin-Brandenburg is a special case in point for the above reasons [compiled by Author]
Berlin as metropolis; Brandenburg as exopolis – complementary attractors
Diagram 2.32 Berlin + Brandenburg complementary metropolitan relationships [SOURCE: Author’s own]
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2
9
Effective Partnering - a long and continued history
The BBCR website (Berlin-Brandenburg Capital Region) asserts their unique partnership as:
`the only federal state authority responsible for two federal states (read: in Germany) in the
field of regional development’ (accessed 23.08.10)
There are several Development Places or LEP33s in varying stages from proposal to
implementation. A major LEP is the business case for the proposed Common Airport
Location Development Plan (LEP SF), which was decided as far back as 1999 as a key priority for
the state region. The Joint Spatial Planning Department (GL) collaborates on Land planning and
Environment projects for the whole region. This helps ensure development is unified and well-funded.
This October 2010 marks the twentieth year of the state of Brandenburg, founded before the
Joint GL Department. The Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport is an excellent example of
effective partnering. It was facilitated by policy frameworks devised by GL in the form of LEP’s,
and statute. As effected 2006, the German Federal Administrative Court passed a definitive ruling to
authorise the expansion of Schoenefeld Airport. The legalities were designed to be finite: such that no
appeal against this would stand. See also b. Connected city-region; Transport, Infrastructure and
Investment
Year Key Dates for Berlin-Brandenburg

1989/1990 Fall of the Berlin Wall / Berlin re-unification
1990 Foundation of State of Brandenburg
1991 WFBB established
1996 Formation of Joint Spatial Planning Department Berlin-Brandenburg (GL)
1999 Common Airport LEP agreed
2002 Treaty formed to establish joint radio station for region
2003 RBB Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg television & media network established
2008 Literature.de, Berlin-Brandenburg’s regional literature website shortlisted for European
Regional Award
2009 Ten Years on, Berlin Study Published
2012 Berlin-Brandenburg Airport BBI due to open, to replace and merge three airports in and
around Berlin (Tegel. Schoenefeld, Templehof (closed 2008)).
Schedule 2.32 Key Dates for Berlin-Brandenburg Region [compiled by Author]
Economic reform
34
Economic reform and improvement is a key priority for the joint metropolitan region (GL, 2010). In
1991, WWFB, a joint economic taskforce35 for Berlin-Brandenburg was established, with the
purpose of economic reform. WFBB facilitates this without restructuring / re-ordering organisations
already established in the two metropolitan regions. The relevant economic agencies of Berlin and
Brandenburg cooperate closely when they convene at managerial level on supervisory board of the
Economic Development Company for Germany as a whole.
See Schedule 2.33 Berlin-Brandenburg Joint Initiatives / Coordination and implementation

of policies for a comprehensive list of joint agencies and initiatives.
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33
In German, the official title for the Joint Spatial Planning Department is Gemeinsame
Landesplannungs or GL. Development Plans or Landesentwicklungsplans are known as
LEPs.
34
"Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur" {trans. "Improving regional economic structures”}
35
"Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wirtschaftsförderungsgesellschaften von Berlin und Brandenburg
(WFBB)" {trans. "Economic Development Association of Societies of Berlin and Brandenburg”}, 3
0
Coordination and implementation of policies
Berlin-Brandenburg joint agencies / departments & initiatives

WFBB Economic Development Association of Societies of Berlin and Brandenburg
ZAB Brandenburg Economic Development Board
Berlin Partner
LEG Berlin/Brandenburg Development Companies
GL & LEP Berlin-Brandenburg Joint Spatial Planning
Joint Media Officers Employed by Minister of Economy and Senator for Economics and Technology
TINA / TFB Technology and Innovation Agency Brandenburg GmbH in partnership with
the Technology Foundation Berlin GmbH
BioPatent-Service Berlin-Brandenburg
Tourism Marketing Brandenburg GmbH and Berlin Tourism Marketing GmbH
Departmental Materials Testing State of Berlin/ Materials Office State of Brandenburg
Government Joint Strategy on Transport and mobility; Biotechnology
Government Joint Tariff Register of Berlin and Brandenburg
Working Group on Police Cooperation Berlin / Brandenburg
KOBV Cooperative Library Network Berlin-Brandenburg
Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg
Film board Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH
Joint Academy of the Arts / Joint Academy of Sciences
Since 1992 Innovation Award Berlin / Brandenburg
Establishment of GeoAgentur Berlin Potsdam (Geospatial)
PPP BioTop Action Centre Berlin-Brandenburg
Government Student exchange agreement (Schools)
Government Joint hospital planning across region Berlin / Brandenburg
Schedule 2.33 Berlin-Brandenburg Joint Initiatives [SOURCE: GL Website, accessed 01.09.10]
Related problems of coalitional working
Schedule 2.33 Berlin-Brandenburg Joint Initiatives charts several Joint Initiatives, some of
which are underway at the time of writing: whilst links between others are still tentative, even
after almost 15 years of partnership between the two states. Setting up these agencies, many of
which are publicly funded takes investment of time, effort, manpower, education, not to mention
money. The required financial and human capital to establish joint agencies is a big consideration
in how ‘real’ the links between to metropolitan regions can and should be. In order to establish
legal statutes, as is the case with some of BBCR’s joint initiatives, takes considerable investment
and bureaucracy. Legislature is one of the most formal and definitive ways of forging a joint
partnership. It is costly, but the rewards can be great if a unified approach is deemed the best
way forward for a dual city-(state-)~region.
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3
1
Population Density
Figure 2.31 Berlin / Brandenburg Population density / Germany Population density

36
[SOURCE: Berlin/Brandenburg in Zahlen 2009 , Statistick Berlin-Brandenburg]
Dissertation
36
trans. Berlin/Brandenburg in Numbers/Figures, Berlin Statistics. 3
2
b. Connected city-region
Transport, Infrastructure and Investment
! Airport Berlin Brandenburg International BBI (Berliner Flughafen) amalgamates

Berlin’s three airports – Tegel, Schoenefield and Tempelhof, in an expansion of Schoenefeld. It
will include a 20 minute rail shuttle to central Berlin.
The unified approach and effective partnering is shown by the many agencies all of which represent
Berlin and Brandenburg, and are stakeholders for the project., detailed in Schedule 2.34.
Berlin-Brandenburg agencies involved in Airport project
BBAA The Berlin-Brandenburg Aerospace Alliance

FAV Transport Technology Systems Network
of the Technology Foundation Berlin
ZAB Brandenburg Economic Development Board
Berlin Partner
FBS Berlin Airports
GL & LEP Berlin-Brandenburg Joint Spatial Planning
BBI Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport
Schedule 2.34 Berlin-Brandenburg Agencies involved in BBI [SOURCE: BBI Website, accessed 01.09.10]
The project website37 claims that with its closure of two airports, BBI will improve quality of life38
for the metropolitan area. ‘BBI will improve life in the region:
‘By closing Tegel and Tempelhof, hundreds of thousands of

Berlin and Brandenburg residents will no longer have to live
with aircraft noise’ - (BBI website, accessed 01.09.2010).
Work began on the subterranean rail link in 2007. Building the

tunnel underground is costlier, but offers benefits for the
surrounding area. The tunnel does not disrupt the existing urban
fabric, and also minimises noise to nearby residential areas.
Communications- Media, Language
ä Figure 2.32 RBB and regional broadcasters

[SOURCE: Wikipedia.de, accessed 01.08.10]
Berlin and Brandenburg have their own television and
media network known as RBB39. RBB is a public
institution and national broadcaster, similar to the BBC
business model, and has a headquarters in Berlin, in
addition to another HQ in Postdam, a large city in
Brandenburg. It was formed in 2003 by the merger of
two separate divisions RBB Berlin and RBB
Brandenburg. Its unity is symbolic of the integrated
approach of the state region to its dual constituent
cities. The approach was taken so seriously that it is
actually written into statute. A treaty was established
Dissertation
and passed to set up a joint radio station for Berlin-
37
http://www.berlin-airport.de/EN/index.php
38
Notably, there is no mention of the resultant loss of local employment bases (!).
39
Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg, RBB or rbb 3
3
Brandenburg in 2002. RBB’s news network includes a comprehensive website rbbonline.de with
its own dedicated regional section40 devoted to current and archived regional issues and news.
For the twentieth birthday of the State of Brandenburg this year, RBB has filmed a special
documentary ‘20 X Brandenburg’. The programme’s filmmaker Andreas Dresen remarked
“Extreme views are in demand”, as the film tackles issues such as unemployment, tourism,
opportunities and the region’s disaffected youth.
Innovative website Literaturport.de deals with the literary region of Berlin-Brandenburg,

Germany. The website not only offers current content, but covers history of literature in the
region. The initiative forms a vibrant addition to the literary life and culture of the region. The
project made the European Regional Champions Awards 2008 shortlist.
Dissertation
40
http://www.rbb-online.de/stadt_land/ ‘Stadt und Land’ {trans City and Region} 3
4
CHAPTER THREE: _MARKETING
3.1 MARKETING _LITERATURE REVIEW
3.11 MARKETING IN RELATION TO CITY-REGIONALISM: A PRIMER

Model 3.11 – Venn Diagram Marketing in relation to cities and regions
[SOURCE: Author’s own]
In summary, marketing as applied in
relation to metropolitan regions includes
features of Branding; Place-marketing
and Image-making. Branding involves
packaging the city/city-region’s image
as a recognisable `brand’. Place-
marketing is closely tied to but not to be
confused with place-making, and
includes promoting key projects for the
city-region to raise their profile, with a
view to improving the image of the
region as a whole. Lastly, Image-
making is an element of both of these:
‘Positive image-forming – city-marketing
or branding’ (Hospers, 2008; pp227).
Image-making relies and focuses on
marketing the city-region’s distinctive
features and 'attractors'41.
Branding is deemed to be an integral part of promoting and increasing awareness of the city-
region(s), key to the success of inward-investment. On the other hand, then there is broader
discipline of marketing that has been tangibly linked to place-making through place-marketing.
Promoting character of place through image-making and place-marketing have all become
fashionable through a combination of marketing methods. The balance then lies in how much is
style and how much is substance; put another way, does the city live up to the hype?
The scales of international, national, sub-national and regional are each linked to different
approaches to branding. A key part of launching the regional agenda, especially between new
pairings of cities, is the marketing campaign as it is the vehicle through which to raise the project
profile as well as communicate to the public. Launching a recognisable brand as a tool by which
to anchor an aspect of place identity is seen as a valuable way of capturing the public
imagination, as well as embedding the place in the social psyche. Ideally Branding at the
Regional Scale should also be strategically interlinked to Branding at the Metropolitan and
National Scales.
Image-making involves creating a recognisable, desirable image that can be credibly linked to
the city. A crass but simple analogy emerges from this epitaph-like title 'A city known and loved'.
How many people would turn up to a funeral for someone they neither liked nor knew? Likewise,
these two fundamental qualities of liking and knowing are deemed indicators of how successful a
city is at attracting visitors. To this end, 'known' and 'loved', as proposed by Anholt42 refer to
outside awareness of the place and its assets – be they real or perceived.
‘Research shows that a city's image is influenced positively by the extent to which the city is
known, or unknown, unloved and 'known,loved'.’ (Anholt, 2007, as cited by Hospers. 2008;
pp227)
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Consequently, a general perception or stereotype can have a great impact on international

reputation and relations. The case for branding is to produce a brand that embodies positive,
41
See also Chapter 1: Regionalism
42
See also Anholt – GMI City Brands Index, discussed in Chapter 4.1 3
5
recognisable aspects of a city's physical and social character. This requires more than merely an
effective visual communication strategy with bold logos and slogans, which in some cases is as
far as this is taken. A true brand, however, can help users identify the city's landscape, landmarks
and physical attributes; as well as identify with the city's persona, ideally building on heritage. For
example, Manchester enlisted the help of designer Peter Saville to champion their slogan
‘Original Modern’ which manages to combine aspects of both retrospection with forward-looking.
Place-marketing it is more than just a division of marketing, as the name implies. True, it is a
specific use of applied marketing to urban projects and places of a range of scales. These could
at the scale of one building project, a neighbourhood or even a city masterplan. Place-marketing
is more than applying marketing to places. Place-marketing is defined by the American Marketing
Association (AMA) as ‘Marketing43 designed to influence target audiences to behave in some
positive manner with respect to the products or services associated with a specific place’ (AMA
44
Website, accessed 30.08.10). However, as defined by Knox (2005), in addition to Place
Promotion, Place-marketing can also be bracketed under Civic boosterism. Related terms
include Civic entrepreneurialism, Urban entrepreneurialism. Most relevant to the case studies are
the associated terms of Growth Building and Growth Coalitions.
3.12 _ INTRODUCING MARKETING IN GENERAL_AND WHAT IT IS NOT
‘The Marketing concept is philosophy that firms should analyze the needs of their customers
and then make decisions to satisfy those needs, better than the competition’.
(NetMBA, accessed 23.08.10)
Diagram 3.11a Marketing Model

[SOURCE: Author's own]
In brief, Marketing is a specific, target-based,
accredited discipline, which incorporates a
range of techniques with the aim of
increasing the viability of a product or
service. This is achieved through employing
a range of tools and techniques, carried out
by skilled marketers. These methods are
designed to both wider participation and
awareness, and also facilitate effective
communication and presentation.
Common misinterpretations45 stem from a

general confusion of considering Marketing
and Advertising as fully interchangeable
terms. To lump the two together sometimes
brings baggage in the form of negative
connotations and undue criticism. British Essayist and Novelist George Orwell (1903-1950)
famously berated ‘Advertising is the rattling of a stick inside a swill bucket’. Marketing has been
tarred with the same figurative stick. Especially damaging is the association with hype46; a
perception due to the ‘tendency to lump marketing together with sales and publicity’ (Seisdedos,
2006; pp1).These promotional activities are sometimes regarded with a degree of suspicion, as
43
As a cautionary note, the editor added this caveat ‘Comment: Attempts by an individual or organization to educate target
audiences or change their attitudes about a place are not marketing’.
Dissertation
44
See also Selected Glossary, Appendix for more details and definitions.
45
For the purposes of this argument, misleading Just as profiteering would imply negative undertones compared to profiting,
this application seems appropriate to describe the cheapening and underrating of marketing skills. In addition, true uses of
Marketing are termed as “Applied Marketing”, or prefixed by suitable descriptors, e.g. “effective marketing”, where a
distinction needs to be highlighted. Likewise, a narrow view of place- and city marketing is coined as
(place~)“marketeering”.
46
Hype , an exaggerative form of promotional advertising 3
6
advertising in particular involves heavy use of bias47 and sometimes exaggeration and emotive
language to encourage by persuasion sales of a product or service. Mass-mediated promotional
applications of marketing have therefore degraded its integrity and belie its true value as a
respected business discipline.
As Applied Marketing is a frequently misunderstood concept, it is often discussed in terms of

what it is not, or does not do, or even justified as to what it does not do badly (!):’Marketing does
not consist of selling your products at all costs…[or] targeting a global market indiscriminately.’ –
(Seisdedos, 2006; pp1).This “Blunderbuss” or “One-size-fits-all” approach is the antithesis of
effective marketing, which is definitively target-based. Applied Marketing consists of careful
consideration and canvassing of specific target markets, based on demographics and other
statistics. This target-based approach of marketing is particularly important to cities. In order to
prosper, cities must increasingly aim for attracting as ‘clients’ (Seisdedos, 2006), inward-
investment and anchor tenancy from high-profile businesses, matched by a highly skilled
resident workforce. In addition, also desirable are stays from Tourists and International students.
Although a city’s attractors are intended to attract global appeal, successful marketing depends
on the assertion of distinct qualities, which can foster links with specific international connections
for mutual benefit.
Model 3.11 'Hard Facts Vs Soft Science': making a case for convincing
urban strategies uses aspects of both of these approaches [SOURCE:
Author's own]
Diagram 3.11 Explains some negative views transferred to marketing

[SOURCE: Author's own]
3.13 _ ‘GETTING AWAY FROM THE GIMMICK’: MARKETING PLACES - UNDER-USED

TOOLS
Despite its legitimate applications, city marketing is still privy to the same criticisms as
mainstream marketing, as well as some unwelcome additions; this investigates how it can shed
these and get away from ‘“gimmicky” associations.
Urban regeneration has always involved lengthy processes. Masterplans or major strategies are
often phased at 5 year intervals, and can take up to fifty years to implement – more than the
working lifetime of the council officials! Typical individual building projects can take up to seven
years to flow through the development pipeline. Councils must therefore, be ‘in it for the long
haul’, so to speak, and there is no quick fix solution to urban redevelopment. Since certain
Dissertation
applications of marketing can be a fast and effective means of raising the profiles of key
development projects. Therefore, urban marketing techniques are sometimes used as if it were a
“quick fix”, which lends support to the view that marketing is a gimmick.
47
See Model 3.11 11 'Hard Facts Vs Soft Science' 3
7
Figure 3.12 GLAMOUR’S ‘regional issue’: Regional marketing as a gimmick?

[SOURCE: Glamour magazine, UK, August 2010, Conde Nast Publishing]
The “quick fix solution”, together with the fact that regionalism is currently very much in vogue,
means that professionals must be careful when marketing regional strategies to ensure they are
not dismissed as part of a passing trend.
Marketing’s value to economic geography is clear from considering the contribution of markets to
cities. Modern cities are built on lively markets and commercial trade. Applied Marketing is
essential to the modern business artillery, and Trading and Marketing go in tandem with urban
economic growth. It is argued and substantiated here that Marketing is often under-used in
potential with regards city marketing and branding. It makes sense that the carefully packaged
and labelled set of policies in city-regionalism48 call for careful marketing. Nevertheless, why
does marketing always emerge when talking of metropolitan regions?
The answer lies with the allied links between policies and their promotion, and the wider issue of
image and attractiveness. A variant of city marketing is defined as a form of policy in itself: ‘Place
promotion (includes) policies to encourage economic development through advertising, lobbying
and other incentives, e.g. tax exemption’ (Knox, 2005, Glossary). Furthermore, often it is policies
which drive new industries49 that require effective marketing: ‘targeted policy measures in the
field of innovation, with a particular focus on branding’ (Hospers, 2008; pp224). Furthermore, the
power of branding is made clear by the assertion of its employment ‘[Branding] as a critical
element of the package of policies necessary for city innovation and growth’.
A sceptical view is that branding seems like a self-congratulatory exercise on the part of civic
authorities. Worse still, would be to display wishful thinking through projecting an inflated view of
the city’s strengths to make it look more desirable. To what extent are the images produced by
city branding viewing the city through a rose-tinted lens? This is difficult to quantify, but in
defence of branding, it is a given that though the tone should be upbeat in order to aid positive
image-forming, the purpose of a civic brand is to be recognisable as of its city. By this token, the
city brand or image should be based on a realistic, if idealistic, portrayal. Furthermore, city
marketing approaches also gather credibility as they become more widespread and accepted as
mainstream: ‘more and more cities try to face the challenge (i.e competition) with the help of
place marketing and city branding’ (Zenker, 2006; pp23).
Dissertation
Despite the broad range of associations linked to Image-making and place-marketing, the
“marketeering” approach prevails. Though both city brands and city marketing are prioritised at
48
identified in Chapter 1, as an area with strong functional interactions and therefore interdependencies between the core-
city (built-up area) and wider territory
49
See Chapter 4 Creativity 3
8
council level they remain underrated: 'city officials have decided that...producing videos,
brochures and websites...constitutes the core activity of city marketing' meaning that it 'still
revolves around promotional activities and does not enjoy the vision and involvement required to
define a city strategy' (Seisdedos, 2006; pp1). Inaccuracies stem from the common perception on
the part of authorities, whereby 'council officials confuse external signs (slogans and logos) with
the whole range of elements that make up a marketing strategy' (Seisdedos, 2006; pp2).
Seisdedos terms this downscaling as a ‘bonsai effect’, which summarises their fragility, and
miniaturisation of techniques. The resultant lack of depth both in focus and undertaking has dire
consequences for the state of city marketing today (‘consequences of this superficial relation
between city and marketing are devastating’ (Seisdedos, 2006; pp3)).
The misrepresentation continues from misinterpretations regarding applied Marketing and

“Marketeering”. This is not to say that Branding does not have an appropriate role in City
Marketing. It is merely more of a case that in general, core city marketing activities have been
rather one-sided, rather than multifaceted (refer back to Diagram 3.11a).The limitations of logo-
branding, as described by Seisdedos, have been rephrased positively (thus “inverted”/”made
opposite”), to form requisites for a marketing strategy, and are outlined in Schedule 3.12:
Schedule 3.12 Requisites for a marking Requisites for a marketing strategy – lacking by logo-
strategy: Learning from limitations of logo- branding approach
branding approach which lacks these (ed. links with city’s/cities’ economic development
Author SOURCE: Seisdedos, 2006) strategies
If seeing and using marketing as a mere Sufficient political interest to be taken seriously and
vehicle for visual communication is maintained regularly on a long-term basis
Investment (time, money, manpower) to ‘break
poisoning its credibility, then its antidote
through…a society that suffers from communication
lies is using it in its proper application as stimuli overload’ [sic].
a business tool: what Seisdedos terms Clear awareness of target audience and target-based
'the entrepreneurial city paradigm' whose methods
aim is to 'change behaviour...of clients of Coordination with stakeholders; partnership working
the city...on a long-term basis'. Such
'clients' may be potential or actual, and their targeted 'behaviour' includes spending &
employment; living, socialising & communicating; and tourism and travelling or commuting.
3.2_MARKETING_CASE STUDY REVIEW
3.21 _APPRAISAL PRINCIPLES & OVERVIEW
From this chapter, two key themes emerge as integral to effective marketing of city regions.
3a. City Branding and 3a. Effective City Branding and Marketing Strategies to include links with
Marketing Strategies city or cities’ Economic Strategies to ensure that high investment-value
projects are matched with high-profile promotion. This includes provision for
investment of financial and human capital for applied professional marketing
techniques, and skills for target-based methods.
3b. Place-marketing and 3b. Use of appropriate Place-marketing and Place Promotion techniques
Place promotion allows place-making to be complemented by effective promotion and policies.
Also desirable is effective partnering between investors and stakeholders, as
well as partnership working with media and public agencies.
Dissertation
The four sets of case studies have different marketing approaches and techniques. Marketing is
a subjective discipline and culture of the local target audience is a major factor in determining a
campaign's success in terms of how well it is received by the general public. Therefore, potential
for Glasburgh is considered best served by considering Glasgow and Edinburgh as part of 3.22
Case Study in focus.
3
9
3.23_ MARKETING CASE IN FOCUS: Glasburgh Region
Scotland (Glasgow-Edinburgh Collaborative Initiative, GECI)
This section discusses those initiatives already in place in both Glasgow and Edinburgh, some
successful and others less well-received, to draw lessons for marketing stances and applications for
the Glasburgh region as a whole. Attitudes and reception to marketing campaigns are highly variable
and subjective, but a range of techniques are appraised here.
a. City Branding and Marketing Strategies
Successful Image Making
A successful branding campaign will identify with the city’s users and capture the public imagination.
That is just what the popular children’s character Mr Happy did in 1983, with the clever play-on-words
“Glasgow’s Miles Better” Scotland. It was so successful; it ran for over five years, alongside the
Garden Festival of 1989 and saw Glasgow as European City of Culture. It also made a comeback in
1994. It was so celebrated; it is praised on the Glasgow City Council’s current website, and appraised
and commended by the Oxford Institute of Sustainable Development.
Figures 3.21a+b Glasgow’s Miles Better 1983-1990, 1994

[SOURCES: GCC website/Oxford Brookes website]
The optimism and warmth behind the strategy had universal appeal; liked by the public and favoured
by investors. Lord Provost at the time Dr Michael Kelly is reported to have said:
"We changed the media's perception of the city. People began to look at it in a proper light
and were able to make economic decisions based on that, so we got investment, we got
employment. "We turned the economy round, and that legacy is still being felt today."
(Michael Kelly, as cited by OISD, Oxford Brookes website, May 2008)
Dr Kelly is said to believe that the Glasgow Smiles… strategy unlocked the potential for Glasgow to
be seen in a positive light, which was instrumental to achieving subsequent success with the Garden
Festival, successful City of Culture bid, and Glasgow’s new positive image for the nineties. City
Leaders were impressed with New York’s popular ‘I heart NY’ strategy from the 1970’s and wanted
something similarly iconic, upbeat and with lasting appeal. Glasgow City Council claims that the
campaign was ‘one of the best promotions ever mounted by a British city’ (GCC website, last updated
08.05.2010).
Follow-up campaign “Glasgow’s Alive” was also well-received but not nearly as
successful, overall. It featured on badges and posters with several different
taglines arranged per sector, for example, housing, energy, and environment.
[SOURCE: Robert Pool, Flickr]
No, we didn’t believe the Hype

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Not well received was then First Minister Jack McConnell’s proposal for the slogan ‘Scotland: the best
small country in the world” in 2007. It started life on billboards in and outside airports, bus and train
stations around Scotland, but was generally not well received and after a few months it was
decommissioned.
So why did this campaign fail when Glasgow Smiles…did so well? It has something to do with the 4
0
tone of the claim. The juxtaposition of “best” and “small” do not sit well together, even with the graphic
effect. Also, there is the argument that other countries would dispute this, making it an unpopular
tourism strategy:
“We never saw the need to have a qualifier. Why not just aspire to be the best country in the
world?” (Alex Salmond on BBC News, 26.08.07).
Figures 3.22a+b Say it loud and proud? Jack McConnell’s flop campaign, 2007
[SOURCES: sharingtravelexperiences.com / BBC News Archive]
City & Regional Branding
City Branding is aspirational and works on many levels and scales. Both Edinburgh and Glasgow’s
city marketing ‘brands’ capitalise on the link between the metropolitan and national levels, implying
occupation of a scale somewhere in-between (i.e. the region). Edinburgh does so quite literally, by
stating its claim as the Capital city. By contrast, Glasgow links ‘Scotland with Style’, positioning itself
enviably as a design capital in terms of fashion, and building on its reputation as 1990 City of Culture
and 1999 City of Architecture and Design.
Figures 3.24a+b Edinburgh & Glasgow’s City Brands

[SOURCES: Edinburgh and Glasgow City Marketing Websites: Edinburgh- inspiringcapital.com/seeglasgow.com]
Inspiring Capital is the Edinburgh Brand, and is owned by DEMA, Destination Edinburgh Marketing
Alliance. It is not only the city brand, but actually Edinburgh City Region’s own brand. Edinburgh has
its own strategy for the Edinburgh City Region, as distinct from GECI’s joint initiative with Glasgow.
Glasgow’s Scotland with Style is campaigned by marketing agency See Glasgow.
Marketing Agencies for City Marketing
DEMA actively encourage use of their brand and materials, which are
available free of charge from their website Edinburgh-brand.com after
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registration. Their approach is innovative as it counters common

copyright practices amongst marketers as to the clearances and the
protection of their materials. It is also remarkable that it Collaboration
between DEMA, the city region brand and external agencies has had
some effective results, including road signage entering Edinburgh.
DEMA publish extensive guidelines on how best to use their materials, including their highly-illustrated
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Report ‘Brand Guidelines – How to Use the Edinburgh Region Brand’ (DEMA, 2010). Inspiring Capital
is available in ten different colours, including inverses (White text on coloured background and vice
versa), along with an image library of stock photos of Edinburgh.
For See Glasgow’s “Scotland with Style campaign”, see Placemarketing through Wayfinding
Marketing Accreditation
In the UK and abroad, reputable marketing agencies are

chartered with the Institute of Marketing. There are several
levels of accreditation, Professional Certificates and Diplomas
at Postgraduate level.
b. Place-marketing and Place-making
Place-marketing Campaign Gimmicks
In 1994 Prestwick built its own Airport raillink. Slowly, with the help of budget airline Ryanair and other
low-cost providers, business picked up and the airport survived the nineties. In April 2005, airport
owners Infratil completed a major £3 million refurbishment of the terminal building, which included the
‘Pure Dead Brilliant’ rebranding campaign, another example of unpopular branding.
The slogan seems clichéd though the Quentin Blake-style visuals add some finesse. In early 2006,
the airport bar was rebranded with ‘a logo depicting a man in a kilt, unconscious with an empty bottle
of whisky’ (Wiki, accessed 01.08.10). People objected that ‘it promoted the wrong image of Scotland
to foreign visitors and embarrassed local travellers’ (ibid.).South Ayrshire Licensing Board intervened
claiming the logo ‘trivialised excessive drinking’ (ibid.).and the logo was removed a few weeks after its
introduction.
Figures 3.23a+b Pure dead Brilliant campaign, 2007

[SOURCES: Prestwick Airport]
As to the Pure Dead…slogan, it remains in play on the airport’s official website and
airport signage, though is not well-liked generally, largely because Glaswegians
dislike the clichéd use of “Glasgae patter” (local slang). A housewife even
petitioned the airport with hundreds of signatures of support. As a Glasgow-based
daily reports: ‘Ann Paterson, of Greenock, believes the phrase promotes ned
culture and she has dubbed it "an atrocious insult to Scotland"’ (Evening Times,
27.05.07).
The irony is had the airport gone with a strategy, which say for arguments sake,
highlighted the benefits of Scotland’s only airport rail-link, rather than their
stereotyped campaign, they may have received a more positive response.
In the same year, a high-end lingerie retailer with an independent campaign naming Glasgow was
forced to scrap their proposed taxi-adverts. Agent Provocateur’s “Knickers to Glasgow” poster
campaign was banned for being too provocative and borderline offensive. Cited amongst the council’s
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reasons for its abolition was the potential for the campaign to damage Glasgow’s then Commonwealth
Games bid, highlighting the sensitivity surrounding non-place-marketing applications of advertising
using the city’s name, and the city’s image.
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Place-making & Place-marketing: Festivals and Awards
Festivals, City Awards and International Sporting and Cultural Events are an excellent way of raising
the profile for a city-region. Glasgow has been fortunate in the past twenty years to have had a good
number of honours, some of which are listed in Schedule 2.31/2.32.
Glasgow Edinburgh
Year Awards / Event/ Host Awards / Event /Host
1989 Garden Festival
1990 European City of Culture
1999 City of Architecture and Design
2005 MTV Awards Host City
2006 Six Cities Six Cities
2007
2009 Glasgow Fashion Week Academy of Urbanism Best City Award
2010 Glasgow City of Music
2010 EUROCITIES award nominee EUROCITIES award nominee
2014 Commonwealth Games Host
- UNESCO City of Music UNESCO World Heritage City
Schedules 2.21 Awards and Events, Glasgow / Edinburgh, 1989-present [compiled by Author]
Unlike Edinburgh, Glasgow tends to stagger its events and festivals to try to attract a steady stream of
tourists throughout the year. Many offshoots piggyback off the success of the main annual Edinburgh
International Festival and Fringe. Therefore, Edinburgh’s many festivals are centred on August, with
the exception of Hogmanay. On New Year’s Eve, Edinburgh plays host to the biggest New Year Street
Party in the World.
Edinburgh Festivals Portfolio (August) Glasgow Annual Festivals

Edinburgh International Fringe Glasgow Magner’s Comedy Festival, March
Edinburgh International Festival GFF Glasgow Film Festival, varies
EIFF Edinburgh International Film Festival GI Glasgow International Art Fair, April
Edinburgh International Art Festival Aye Write! Book Festival
Edinburgh International Book Festival MELA Festival
Edinburgh Festival of Marketing West End Festival, May
Festival of Politics Merchant City Festival, August
Leith Festival
Edinburgh’s Hogmanay Street Party
Schedule 2.22 Current annual Edinburgh / Glasgow Festivals [compiled by Author]
Placemarketing through Wayfinding
Photos 2.21a + b Glasgow WayfindingSignage [SOURCE: See Glasgow]
Further to a lighting strategy around the shopping district, and the introduction of
‘Tourism officers’, Glasgow produced wayfinding strategy with a series of durable
signage panels around the central area and West End, including ‘walkable
neighbourhood’ maps showing areas in range of each location. Tourism officers
wear read uniforms and can assist with tourism information enquiries around the
central area in summer.
In addition, the city has invested in large metal sculpture-like signage
around the city, to mark the Merchant City zone and Taxi stops and
Bus Interchange stops. SPT (Strathclyde Passenger Transport), produce a map for the
Glasgow Underground with list of attractions next to each subway stop.
As part of the ‘Scotland with Style’ campaign, Glasgow launched

‘The Style Mile’ (2009), a guide to the main shopping areas around
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Buchanan Street, including what is locally known as ‘the hen run’ of shops, from
George Square to the Merchant City. It even now comes with a downloadable
app for the iPhone (2010). The Style mile guide includes a booklet with
customised maps showing different high-end retailers around Buchanan Street.
‘Scotland with Style Brochure’ [SOURCE: See Glasgow]

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Metropolitan Marketing meets Graphic Art
Map 3.21 Glasburgh Marketing [SOURCE: GECI, 2009]
GECI produced a London-Underground styled map for features of the combined Glasburgh Region.
This is a well-documented technique, as shown by this excerpt from Simon Patterson’s artwork ‘The
Great Bear’ in the Tate modern, which replaces
London’s underground stations with the names of
celebrities and historical
figures (see Graphic
3.22a) GECI’s map is so
similar it even states
‘Illustration with
apologies to Harry Beck
and Simon Patterson’.
(Harry Beck was the
artist behind London’s original Tube map, see inset
graphic 3.22b).
Graphic 3.22b Excerpt from London Tube Map,

H. Beck et al. [SOURCE: TfL, Transport for London]
Graphic 3.22a Excerpt from ‘The Great Bear’
Tube Map, S. Patterson [SOURCE: Tate Collections]
Whilst, the tube map is a popular graphic, using it within an artwork is misleading as it implies a region
that is extensively connected by rail, but actually parodies connections to produces something
nonsensical. In the case of the Glasburgh map, in reality only one of the tube lines and the waterway
graphics relates to transport and it does so in a very abstract manner. Despite this, the waterway
graphic by GECI is very effective as it highlights how Glasgow and Edinburgh are physically and
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spatially linked by the largely disused Forth & Clyde Canal. There has been notable regeneration at
strategic points along this route, for example The Falkirk Wheel, and Clydebank Rebuilt. More efforts
and investment is needed to bring the canal back into both cities, especially Glasgow where it meets
the urban fabric at a very central, though dislocated junction, next to the M8 motorway. The potential
of the canal is notably absent from GECI’s key priorities at present.
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The same technique is also employed by the Marketing Manchester Agency in its representation of
the city’s online presence in Map 2.22, with the tube lines relating to 18 different categories or ‘routes’.
Map 3.22 Manchester’s Digital Map [SOURCE: Marketing Manchester, 2009/10]
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CHAPTER FOUR:_CREATIVITY
4.1_CREATIVITY_LITERATURE REVIEW
4.11_INTRODUCING THE CREATIVE CITY AGENDA:_VARIANTS ON A THEME
The Creative-City Agenda essentially concerns two main points relating creativity and urbanism.
Primarily, it is about cities competing for so-termed “creatives”; a highly skilled workforce based
on Richard Florida's idea of 'The Creative Class'. Secondly, it also concerns inter-urban
competitiveness in terms of global attractors for inward-investments, residents and
tourists50.Themes discussed in previous chapters of marketing, metropolisation, regional
governance all converge with creativity to enable city strategists to focus on both of these
creative ideals or goals.
To add a further thematic layer, “Creativity” and “Culture” and their associated terms, are also
sometimes used synonymously in the arts and cultural applications of the creative agenda51. In
addition, the creative agenda also represents emerging innovative industries, such as
technology; medical innovations; nano-manufacturing; IT & computing; textiles; advertising;
publishing and communications. Relatively new industries like these form an important emerging
economic sector following widespread de-industrialisation in the developed world. This sector is
known as the 'Quinary Sector'. Its emergence and ascendancy is important to modern
competitive cities in order to compete in the post-industrial age. This is especially true for cities in
developed countries where manufacturing is in decline, including Berlin, Manchester and
Glasgow from the case studies. Cities which formerly had a strong industrial base must re-define
themselves according to new modes of working. This can be achieved by effective use of Applied
Marketing of creative industries and sectors52.
It is important to recognise that in this context. 'Creative', 'innovative' and 'knowledge' are all
interchangeable, when prefixed to describe words such as City, Economy, Sector and Industry.
To a certain extent, the same is true for 'Cultural', though the culture component of the creative
agenda is detachable as a free-standing concept in its own right. Related cultural concepts stand
alone as separate ideologies with regards to terms such as 'Cultural Production' and 'Cultural
Planning'.
Elements of the Creative, Innovative, Knowledge-based or Cultural industries make up an

essential part of the post-industrial economy. They represent the Quinary service sector: a high-
end section of the economy. This sector provides specialist skills in specialist technology, cultural
services, including the arts, literature, design and development. The skills are greatly in demand
because they require specialist, sometimes high levels of education. This requisite specialist
education could be said to have high “embodied value”, in terms of the cost accrued in its
acquisition. Further to this, it also could be said to have high “economic potential”, in terms of
both industry contribution and salary. These jobs are often well-paid, and therefore the workers
contribute to the economy in taxes and spending. The employees of the Quinary Sector are
perhaps most famously referred to as “Creative Class”53.
The most comprehensive term found during this research to embody all of the elements or
variants for the Creative-City agenda is 'Ideopolis' (The Work Foundation, 2008). The term’s
founders define Ideopolis as 'a vision of a successful knowledge city, which is sufficiently strong
to generate sustainable economic growth for the whole of the surrounding region’ (TWF, 2008).
This intent formally links both creativity and economic geography to the regional scale. The
definition therefore exposes the clear connection between regionalism, economic geography and
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50
see also Chapter 1.2 for ''Global attractors'
51
Explained further in 4.12 Variants on a Theme
52
See also Chapter 3 Marketing
53
from Richard Florida’s series of popular books on his concept of The Creative Class, published in the past decade under
various related titles.
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the creative-city, as assumed the role of the Ideopolis in driving the city-region agenda.
Table 4.1 Traditional Vs

Innovative Industries:
Manufacturing cf. Information
technologies
[SOURCE: cited by Ian Wray

Northwest RDA, Slides,
12.05.10; PRIMARY SOURCE:
Peter Hall, 1989]
4.12_IDEOPOLIS IN ACTION
Wider Issues TWF Findings Table 4.1a Ideapolis Ideas

Visioning & Strategy- the concept is 'most useful as a strategic vision As it was a working concept,
thinking; cities as of cities as wealth creators in the knowledge the Work Foundation (TWF)
creators of demand; economy' had consultations to discuss
Knowledge~/Creative~ the best connotations of their
Economies newly coined term, the findings
of which are paraphrased in
Sustainable growth; 'must consider knowledge issues in relation to summary.
Quality of Life; sustainable economic growth and quality of life (ed. Author; PRIMARY
Knowledge~/Creative~ issues' SOURCE: TWF, 2008)
Industries
Interestingly, TWF also
Issues of Scale; City- must acknowledge and make provision for
includes the idea of a
region transcalar relationships, 'such as the spatial
differences between city and city-region' 'Secondary Ideopolis' as
being a smaller innovative
Frameworks; strategic 'cities require more detailed strategic drivers city, often linked to or part
drivers frameworks in order to help them become of a larger City-region
Ideopolises’ which may also be an
Ideopolis. This allows
consideration of differences in spatial scale and scope. The example they give is of Brighton as a
Secondary Ideopolis, as part of Greater London. Further distinctions emerge when noting how
established the Ideopolis ideology is. For example, Glasgow is described as an 'Early Stages
Ideopolis', whereas another of the case studies Manchester is an 'Almost Ideopolis'.
Edinburgh54, along with London, is noted as a fully-fledged 'Ideopolis: City-region'. This is
possibly due to the capitals given priority for public funding, but also Edinburgh's International
festival and world-renowned central University campus help.
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54
(See Case Studies for more detailed analysis of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Manchester and others).
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Driver Explanation Quality Actions Examples

1. 'Creating Design-appropriate n/a Conduct Edinburgh's Financial
physical accommodation for ‘Ideopolis audit’ district; Glasgow's
knowledge knowledge intensive Media Hub
city' businesses & workers
2. 'Building on recognise / extend 'high levels of 'Focus on Sheffield builds upon
what’s there' city’s existing strengths economic success' in building on manufacturing
& weaknesses; playing Ideopolis & wider city’s heritage; Boston
to these city-region strengths' builds upon academic
excellence
3. ‘Diverse diverse range of 'diverse industry n/a Edinburgh's Finance
specialisation’ economic specialisms base including Sector; National &
for which city is known distinctive Local Government
specialist niches'. bases; Universities;
Art Schools &
museums; Festival
4. 'High skill organisations rely on 'high levels of 'Review whether Stirling and
organisations' productivity through high “knowledge city could Cambridge's Medical
quality jobs & highly intensity” ’ become an Technology
skilled people Ideopolis/ Campuses;
Secondary
Ideopolis'
5. 'Vibrant one / more universities 'university with 'Invest in local Glasgow University
education linking closely with city & mutually beneficial skills at all medical school;
sector business, aiding 2-way relationship with levels' Caledonian &
embedded in transfer of skills and city, leading to Strathclyde
community & technology industries built upon complement by
economy' research strengths, training ancillary
knowledge transfer & medical
graduate retention' professionals &
technical staff
6. Distinctive attract knowledge 'distinctive long- 'Concentrate on Cambridge has a
‘knowledge intensive businesses & term ‘knowledge city’ what makes the world-class university;
city offer’ workers considering offer to investors & city distinctive' local firms benefit
inward-investing, individuals alike’ from
supported by diverse Reputation- a major
cultural and leisure factor in
facilities distinctiveness
7.'Leverage good infrastructure 'Strong n/a Manchester's new
strong combined with quick communications tramway from centre
connectivity links both within city and infrastructure and to Salford and
within and to others via air, rail and good transport links suburbs; vibrancy of
outside city- road within the city and to the cultural industries
region ' other cities’. is partly attributed to
the airport's success
8. 'Strong civic/private sector n/a n/a Oresund Health
leadership leadership around Region; Manchester
around knowledge intensive Science City
knowledge city vision, based on
vision’ strong networks
9. 'Investing in investing in strategies at 'strategies ensure 'ensure 'Manchester

communities' 'trickle-down' policy level deprived complementary recognises the
to ensure the benefits communities benefit strategy allows challenge ensuring
from knowledge- benefits to be that the community in
associated economic experienced by which the university is
success.' whole based are able to
community' benefit from the
university’s success'
Table 4.12 Drivers for an Ideopolis
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TWF employ a dedicated taskforce who publish extensively on the Ideopolis concept. Some of the related ideas
in the literature overlap heavily in different discussions of drivers, qualities, actions and examples.
Table 4.12 collates extended definitions, are paired together with nine drivers, seven qualities and six actions for
a potential Ideopolis to add dimensionality to the creative city approach. (ed. and compiled by Author/ SOURCE:
TWF publications, 2008)
Academic opinion sways towards the idea that there is an element of elitism surrounding the
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creative-city agenda aspirations. The innovative city profile is such that, though it may be in
reach for many, ‘yet not every city has an equal chance of growing into a creative knowledge city’
(Hospers, 2008; pp227). Some go one step further as to conceptualise the innovative city as
something unique and innate – therefore not able to be man-made. Further to this, an innovative
city is time-dependent though unpredictable: its location and emergence ‘is impossible to predict
where and when’. Its changeability is also time-limited: a city that was innovative at one point in
history may lose its claim if conditions change. Hospers cites among the select few as ‘the
Athens of Pericles’, Manchester of the Industrial Revolution (Interestingly, he really means
Salford) and Henry Ford’s Detroit, and the Silicon Valley of today.
.
Schumpeter55 believed that knowledge and creativity under the right conditions were factors that
contribute to innovation. He also posited, with more foundation, that innovation can be seen as
“creative destruction”, which comes in ‘waves that restructure the whole market in favour of those
who grasp discontinuities faster’ (Scocco, 2006; accessed online 30.08.10). Consequently, this
implies that innovation is instable in nature. A set of conditions as prerequisite factors that
contribute to urban innovation, are ‘concentration, diversity and instability’ (Hall, 1998 &
Desruchers, 2001, as cited by Hospers, 2008; pp227).
Distinctiveness is very important in terms of achieving a sound economic basis for global
attractors within a metropolitan region. Much has been made of the dangers of emulating other
distinctive knowledge bases. Their replication around the world is termed ‘mcDonaldization’ of
the knowledge economy (see Knox, 2005). This is well-summed up by the memorable quote:
‘It is in general not advisable to attempt to become a Silicon Valley when a Silicon Valley
exists elsewhere’ (i.e. in California) (Scott, 2000 as cited by Evans, 2009, pp2011).
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These ideas come from Schumpeter, an early twentieth century economist, professor and technocrat who pioneered several
seminal theories including entrepreneurship, creative destruction and innovation. 4
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4.13 CHALLEGES LINKING LIVEABILITY TO THE CREATIVE CITY-REGION AGENDA
Benchmarking is a way of comparatively assessing performance, calibrated to set criteria and

compared against competitors. It is a useful and popular tool, and offers easily available and
comparable results. Many such lists exist, most commonly as indices or league tables, several of
these are renewed annually.
Schedule 4.13 City Benchmarking Indices Measuring Index / Shortlist / Data Source
(Edited by Author, compiled Various Sources) Creativity / European Innovation Scoreboard
Innovation European Creativity Scoreboard
There is a certain 'seduction of indices, Florida's Creative Class Index
league tables and benchmarks widely The Work Foundation's Ideopolis Criteria
Regional Lisbon Index
used and cited in international and
Global Anholt – GMI City Brands Index
national ranking exercises; (OECD, 2006, Competitive ICIC's Current Competitiveness Index
as cited by Evans, 2009; pp1005). But this ness of GaWC Global City Index
seduction can be misleadingly alluring. cities The GaWC Inventory of World Cities
Evans writes extensively on the Quality of Mercer's Quality of Living Survey
inadequacy of comparative analysis; the Living / The Economist's Intelligence Unit's
perils of 'falling into a reductive trap of Desirability Liveability Survey
universality at the cost of underrating the Monocle's Most Liveable Cities Index
YouGov's Place Index (UK)
particular' (ibid.). Much as globalisation Florida's Inequality Index
threatens to subsume the very nature of Multiple Indices of Deprivation (England)
what makes cities unique in their localism, SMID (Scotland)
so it would seem the top-down approach Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics
of comparing against league tables of (SOURCE)
global cities may overlook the individuality Prestige in Academy of Urbanism's Annual Place
Place- Awards and Nominees Longlist (UK)
of its candidates and criteria, thereby making CABE Case Studies incl. Large-scale
wrongly assessing them. Urban Design (UK)
Eurocities Awards (EU)
Table 4.13 is taken from a current
discussion paper on European urban Innovation and is useful to refer to the different goals; types
of innovation; their associated actors and examples of actions. This ‘Innovation Web’ is a
framework for improving economic and social prospects and therefore, potential to also better
quality of life, as well as facilities and amenities.
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Table 4.13 Innovation web (SOURCE: Cities and Innovation in Europe Discussion paper, 2009)
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Despite counter-claims, much is made of the value of creativity as a civic attractor, especially in
terms 'of knowledge economy and cultural city ranking' (Evans, 2009). Richard Florida is perhaps
the best-known proponent of this view, and has written several books including 'The Creative
Class' (2007), charting the contribution and progress of this upwardly-socially mobile group and
their ability to indirectly lead urban regeneration. The notion of creativity enters our scope of
discussion as it holds relevancies for Culture and Economy; two key drivers of metropolitan
regeneration.
Like the criticisms made with regards the validity of city-regionalism, the Creative-City agenda is
challenged by claims of lack of substance: 'Creative City promotion – heavily reliant on proxies
but light on theory or hard evidence' (Evans, 2009; pp1005). These are also very much policy
issues, with widespread policy transfer and emulation, so the fault largely rests with the those in
charge of governance rather than the ideas themselves, though they lend scope to this practice.
In particular, 'rapid urban policy emulation (is) linked to competitive city strategies' (Evans, 2009;
pp2006), which themselves often embody creative and cultural agenda.
A further problem linking the Liveability agenda as a descriptor of living conditions lies in the
limitations of using the data that is in itself, one-sided. Complexities of social dynamics and
relations, taxation issues and inequities between rich and poor are all reduced to a strip of
numbers on a faceless scoreboard. Comparative analysis in this style lies 'at risk of a 'thin' and
one-dimensional description of what are obvious complexities with plural not universal
causations' (Pickvance, 2001 as cited by Evans, 2009; pp2006). Care must be taken to observe
the limitations of this surface treatment of data which can be at face value, cursory and at worst,
misleading.
Aside from the problems following gentrification of bohemian areas, injecting creativity into a city
can lead to other inequalities. The Creative-City agenda is actually said to exacerbate the rich-
poor divide, often leading to further social inequality between working class immigrants and white
collar city workers. So much so, even Creative Class' series author Richard Florida made this
stark admission56:
'I had a strong hunch that...inequality in our society [sic; read as: US and W. Europe] was
being exacerbated by the rise of the creative economy.' (Florida, 2004; preface; as cited
by McCann, 2007; pp194).
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in the preface to a reprinted edition, 2004 5
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4.2_CREATIVITY_CASE STUDY REVIEW
4.21 _APPRAISAL PRINCIPLES
From this chapter, two key linked themes emerge as important to the success of city-regions,
which bind creativity to industry, economic growth and city-regional prosperity:
a. Key Industry Sectors 4a. Key Industry Sectors emergent from the Knowledge Economy
Industry Sectors must have a sustainable future. In addition, spatial
distribution and geography of industries is important to consider for
strategic growth/managed ‘shrinking’ of certain areas of the metropolitan
region.
For example, key questions for urban planners to consider,
regarding industry include: How do the trajectories for traditional
and innovative industries compare? Is the city-region well-aligned
and resourced for international trade? Internally, is the city core
well-sustained by edge cities and commuter towns?
4b. Creative and Cultural drivers 4b. Creative and Cultural drivers See Chapter 1a. Global attractors
In 21st Century urban development, the so-called Fifth or 'Quinary' Industry
Sector or 'Knowledge Economy' is of increasing relevance. The
metropolitan strategy should have a clear view on both culture and
innovation and developing its economic potential.
For example, key questions regarding creative and cultural
drivers include identifying: What are the city-region's Innovative
Industries and traits? What cultural planning moves has the city
secured? How developed is the Tertiary Education Sector?
4.22_CREATIVITY CASE IN FOCUS: Oresund Region
Oresund Region, Scandinavia (Malmo, Sweden and Copenhagen, Denmark)
Reasons Particulars / Details

General It involves a transnational region This involves legal and currency-based complexities
With complex issues of not privy to the Glasburgh case. Could be a point for
harmonisation of transnational cross-border Scotland-England regions?; trans-
policies metropolitan policies still and issue
The catalyst for regenerating the Approach that buildings can be catalysts for change
region was a built project (The and regeneration; see also the ‘Bilbao effect’
Oresund bridge link)
Established Project with improved Oresund Bridge open for over 10 years; usage
prospects improved from the start
Specific to The Oresund project is probably It often features as a case study within literature
Oresund currently the most widely referenced review-based articles on regionalism, and marketing
case study for a coalitional city regions;
region; Also researched in precedent studies for
‘Oresund as a model for EU SMARTLIFE (UK) and Ocean Gateway (Manchester-
region building’ (Lofgren, 2008; Liverpool) initiative
pp195)
It was built using INTERREG There is scope for other EU projects, e.g.
funding Glasburgh’s proposed High Speed Rail link to also
gain funding under current INTERREG IV
It overcame widespread social Economic imbalance from higher pay and cost of
inequities and the economic gradient living in Copenhagen balanced out by demand to
between Copenhagen and Malmo achieve a kind of “economic equilibrium”.
Specific to Scandinavia is one of the most well- An improved attitude to inter~ and intra-regional
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Scandinavia connected transnational global connections may emerge from the newly proposed
regions in Europe (Larrson, 2010) UK Regional Development fund
High levels of public taxation in This enables substantial public sector investment in
Scandinavia public transport projects;
Accepted as part of high quality of life and standards
of living
Schedule 4.31 Oresund is a special case in point for the above reasons [compiled by Author]
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a_Key Industry Sectors
Traditional Industries
Z Oresund is at the forefront of regional development in terms of an established, cross-border,

diverse knowledge economy. Despite this, certain traditional industries are actually benefiting from
resurgence due to its extended regional links. Shipping, in particular, is a vibrant industry around
Scandinavia, and the Oresund area is seen as a major strategic shipping corridor. Shipping trade
through exports and imports is now an upscaled, highly sophisticated multi-million euro industry in
logistics. The bridge has significantly improved Oresund’s role as a leading logistics centre (Larsson
et al, 2003). European funding vehicle INTERREG, which funded the Oresund bridge, has also
backed a proposal for a strategic shipping corridor known as SCANDRIA (Scandinavian-Adriatic
Corridor for Growth and Innovation), as part of the wider transnational Baltic Sea Region (BSR).
Figure 4.31 Baltic Sea Region, SCANDRIA shipping corridor (includes Oresund hub)
[SOURCE: SCANDRIA Proposal Annex, INTERREG IVB, 2009]
BSR’s shipping corridors are being extensively and strategically

st
modernised in order to be functional 21 century logistics centres and
shipping hubs. Once developed, the result is a transnational, multimodal,
polycentric and highly connected transport and communications network.
This network will be able to respond to the transport demands of the
Baltic Sea Region, including key hubs in both Sweden and Denmark,
and the Oresund. Industries require good connections to thrive, see also
Chapter 2 2b Connected city-regions).
Figure 4.32 Baltic Sea Region, Network Demand (incl Oresund hub)
[SOURCE: Logistics Centres in the BSR, 2001]
Innovative Industries - Ideopolis
e Specialised knowledge-based industries in Oresund are high-tech and region-wide, and

compete both globally (mainly Western Europe) and trans-regionally within Scandinavia (including
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other Nordic regions in and between Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, FInland). Those innovative
industries centred in Oresund include Oresund Science Region (OSR); Medical Valley (Medical and
allied technology); Oresund Health Region; Environmental Science; not forgetting the region’s
network of ten Oresund Universities, all with Science specialisms.
For more details see Regional Benchmarking & Innovation and subsections that follow.
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Regional Benchmarking & Innovation

‘cross-border regions…are found in all EU countries’ (Lofgren, 2008; pp196)
[74, at the time of writing, 2008]
EU regions within and across borders are certainly worth comparing between competitive cities and
regions. EU15 does so by applying benchmarks and assessing for the top 15 performers, as shown in
Map 4.21 and Table 4.21, and discussions that follow. Transnational links are important - there were
74 cross-border regions in the EU in 2008 (Lofgren, 2008).
Map 4.21 EU-15 High Tech Service Sector [ed.

Author; SOURCE: Oresund Kommitee, website
accessed 17.07.10]
Oresund Science Region (OSR) aims to

strengthen and concentrate presence of
manpower and innovative technologies.
Oresund region is in a key position to be
able to do this since it has already
established its own specialised research
community with links between ten
universities within the region, and secured
interest, investment, tenure and tenancy
from growing number of knowledge-based,
market-leading companies.
Part of the OSR is Medicon Valley, a

specialist knowledge industry involving medical technology, innovation and health. Medicon Valley is
also part of the Oresund Health Region. Both medical technology and biotech sciences can also be
classed as part of the emerging competitive high tech service sector. High tech sectors are classed
57
under EU15, with benchmarked specialisation indices (Krugman scale) referring to their level of
specialised expertise, as shown on Map 4.21. The higher the value (shown by pink and orange areas
on map), the more unique and therefore specialised the industry base. Oresund region (shown in
dashed outline) has medium highest index values, and is therefore developing its innovative service
base.
Table 4.21 Oresund High

Tech Service Sector
[SOURCE: Oresund
Kommitee, website
accessed 17.07.10]
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57
‘The Krugman specialisation index takes value zero if country I has an industrial structure identical to the rest of the
EU,nindicating that country I is not specialised, and takes a maximum value of 2 if it has no sectors in common with the rest
of the EU,reflecting strong sectoral specialisation. The indicator can onlybe seen as a relative specialisation compared with a
benchmark,which here is the EU; no absolute degree of specialisation can beassessed with this measure’. – explanation taken
from SECTORAL SPECIALISATION IN THE EU: A MACROECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE, European Central Bank,
Occassional Paper no. 19, July 2004, This paper can be downloaded from the ECB’s website http://www.ecb.int 5
4
Knowledge Localisation & Society
Figure 4.21 Localisation of Businesses in Malmo

1990/2005 [SOURCE: C.Larrson, Slides,13.05.10]
Oresund has a progressive attitude towards the

Knowledge economy and is taking steps towards
a new paradigm within knowledge/ creative
industry sectors. It is recognised that traditional
and knowledge-based industries have differing
needs from the city, both in terms of physical and
intellectual demands. Christer Larsson, Director
of City Planning in Malmo, identified the new
localised needs of knowledge-based society in a
presentation earlier this year. A few of the most useful slides have been translated, edited and
redrawn, and/or reproduced here. Figure 4.21 shows that over fifteen years the industrial paradigm
for businesses in Malmo (Oresund), has shifted from (Traditional) Industrial to Knowledge-based
businesses. This has been accompanied by a rise in the number of local businesses by a factor of 10,
and an inversion (or reversal) of localisation trends – instead of businesses spread around the
suburbs they are now densely nucleated in the core. The picture provided by Larrson probably an
over-simplification in terms of spatiality, but the key message is that knowledge-based industries
within Malmo and Oresund and their respective creative drivers are catalysing urban growth and the
metropolitan economy.
Model 4.21a Oresund Knowledge-based

Society – ‘Urbanity’ model
[redrawn by Author, SOURCE:
C.Larrson,Slides,13.05.10, trans. H.
Tordardottir]
Model 4.21a presents Traditional~ (/Industrial~) and Knowledge-based Societies at either end of a
pyramid, which separates their different sets of needs across the continuum. It was difficult to
translate from the original Danish, but it is clear that creative or knowledge-based industry requires
specific, localised contact available in many areas of the city (‘Urbanity’), rather than a permanent
headquarters-type base (‘Place’). It seems the qualities of the intermediate condition (Space) involve
positive urban image-making and an expression of the city’s urbane qualities.
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Model 4.21b is a cycle which represents an emerging shifting continuum with flows between urban
and social capital (or investment). It is this interchange that allows the knowledge-city to sustain. At
the core of this ‘Knowledge-City Platform’ are humanistic or model societal values including
democracy and tolerance. The implication is that a socially progressive, integrated and democratic
society is at the heart of [Oresund’s] Knowledge Society.
Model 4.21b Oresund Knowledge-based Society

– ‘Knowledge-City’ Platform
[redrawn by Author, SOURCE: C.Larrson,
Slides,13.05.10, trans. Author]
b_Creative and Cultural Drivers
Inter-region (inter-urban) competitiveness
‘Scandinavia has a long and strong tradition of developing cross-border regions’

(Lofgren, 2008; pp196)
The scale of the region is more appropriate here given the spatial trans-border and intercity links
amongst Nordic regions, but the same principle may be more commonly applied amongst nearby
cities (inter-urban competition), as appropriate. Oresund competes with other Scandinavian regions,
some of which also include transnational borders, throughout Scandinavia (shown in Map 4.22).
Dissertation
Map 4.22 Nordic Countries

[excerpt, SOURCE: Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries]
Table 4.21a Nordic High tech Sector,

[excerpt, SOURCE: tendesoresund.org]
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Table 4.21a highlights innovative industries in which Oresund is significantly strong compared to other
Nordic regions. Pharmaceuticals and IT are particularly strong, both very lucrative and skilled sectors.
Medical Technology, optics and data management are also very strong compared with the
concentration amongst other regional centres.
Educating Oresund’s Creative Class / Competition for creatives
‘The region is home to the largest concentration of highly educated people in Northern
Europe’ (Oresund.org Website, accessed 02.09.10).
M R
The region’s large skilled employment base (see opening citation for this section) makes it very
desirable for inward investment. Taxation in Scandinavia is high, so it is preferable for Oresund’s
graduates to remain in the region to consolidate its tax base. Having the companies attracted to the
region creates the necessary specialised industries
for the skilled local employment base. Competition
for creatives is therefore more active between
potential inward-investors to the region rather than
the region itself requiring to actively seek creatives
to recruit – a very desirable position, skills-wise.
Øresund .Org, serves one of the defining principles

for an Ideopolis in bridging between public, private
and education sectors across the Oresund region.
The cross-border networks are strengthened by
strong ties between Swedish and Danish universities
within Oresund, as well as industry ties with the private sector and strong links with the public sector
to facilitate, streamline and mediate urbanism~ and planning-based projects. Since 1997, it is also the
‘brand’ for Oresund Science Region and Oresund University; its website design and logotype show its
clear visual identity.
Social Inequalities
‘Oresund’s ambition of creating a strong transnational region and also integrating the
two cities.’ (Lofgren, 2008; pp196)
Despite Oresund’s merits, it is no social utopia. Social problems soon emerged after the link was
opened. These ranged from as seemingly trivial in the difference in taxi starting fares and rates either
side of the bridge, to ‘drug tourism’ – cashing in on the benefits of addiction rehabilitation across the
border with Sweden’s generous welfare state. Similar to observations found researching regionalism;
there is a tendency amongst papers to focus on ‘questions of governance and institutional structures’
(Lofgren, 2008; pp196). Lofgren is an academic concerned with the human and social geography of
regions. Some initially identified social problems linked to the bridge are summarised in Table 4.22.
Social Problem with bridge Example Solution

‘Price Barrier’ Car toll fares too high Justify cost through attraction
Dissertation
‘Bureaucratic Barrier’ Differences in legislatures Close loop-holes

‘Culture Clashes’ National stereotyping ‘boomed’ Concentrate on real trans-border
networks, e.g., Oresund University
Schedule 4.22 Types of social problems with bridge [excerpt, SOURCE: Lofgren, 2008; pp201]
5
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5.0._CONCLUDING SUMMARY
5.1._Literature Review Key points
hypothesis
_Explain and critique by literature review and case studies the urbanism and planning
orientated concepts related to the establishment of coalitional city regions.
_EXPLAIN? / Key Questions revisited
1_What is the role of metropolitan regions in today's economic, Political and

cultural climate?
Model 5.21 Interlinked features of effective metropolitan

region-building
Metropolitan regions compete in today’s globalised Marketing

economy for various city users or ‘clients’. Amongst these
clients are; inward investment from companies; public
money; regional and large project funding; creative class
or skilled workers; a willing student base; residents
including young families to settle. A strategic and Creativity
coherent governance body with a clear strategy must be
in place, including a convincing and well-based urban
marketing strategy, with especial emphasis on developing Metropolitan
REGIONS
and supporting the creative or Quinary sector, as summarised in
Model 5.21.
2_Are they a concrete reality with repercussions on

economic and political development or is the relationship a looser
association in relation to culture and society?
As can be seen from the Berlin case study, repercussions on policy and politics in general, and
socioeconomics can be diverse and of great impact. However, the extent of the effects of Joint
Metropolisation on socioeconomic/ socio-political factors in general, is very much tied to the formality
and approach of the alliance between two cities or conurbations. For example, it depends if there is a
joint legal framework and relevant statutes to support proposals and initiatives put forward by the joint
consortium.
Dissertation
Figure 5.21 Three features of effective region-building

[SOURCE: as cited by Antikainen et al, 2001; pp8]
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3_How is the development of joint-metropolitan regions altering the dynamics of

inter-city competition on a global scale?
Joint-metropolitan regions currently are forming an interesting impact globally, in Europe in particular.
Several trans-border alliances within the EU have formed in the past decade to forge so-called
‘Eurocities’ or ‘ Eurodistricts’, see Map 5.21a, of which Oresund is considered a key player. These
Eurocities often focus on tourism, but require solid governance cooperation in order to be truly
collaborative.
Eurocities are a relatively new approach and some critics remain sceptical as to their true impact:
‘Many cross-border regions in Europe remain more political dreamscapes than examples of strong
transnational development’ (Lofgren, 2008; pp195). Dutch Architect Theo Deutinger satirises the
concept of Eurocities in his fictional tourist project ‘European Central Park’ (ECP), 2004, see Map
5.21b. ECP highlights the sometimes tenuous applications of urban marketing, and their need to be
backed up by evidence rather than post-rationalised with images.
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Map 5.21a Eurocities and Eurodistricts within EU

[SOURCE: EUROMOT website, http://www.espaces-transfrontaliers.org/en/]
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Map 5.21b ‘European Central Park’ (fictional Eurocities Marketing strategy)

[SOURCE: Theo Deutinger, http://td-architects.eu/]
Dissertation
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5.2._Case Studies Key points
Diagram 5.22 Nine principles for a successful city-region [SOURCE: Author’s own]
The first chapter gave a broad view of contemporary concepts in regional planning and their
marketing, with special emphasis on their scope of application in metropolitan regions, and more
specifically, dual-metropolitan regions through setting referential questions and discussing
contemporary policy context. There werefour broad subtopics comprising: Regionalism;
Metropolisation; Marketing and Creativity. From these, nine principles for a successful
metropolitan region were identified, as summarised in Figures 5.22- to follow.
Chapter One topic Key Principles

REGIONALISM • Economic and Spatial Response to Globalisation
• Coherent Governance strategy & body
METROPOLISATION • Collaborative approach
• Well-connected city-region
MARKETING • Suitable Marketing Strategy
• Recognisable Brand & Civic Identity
CREATIVITY • Creative & Cultural Drivers
• Economically-sustainable Industry Sectors
(ALL) • Understanding of scale
Table 5.22 Nine principles for a successful city-region [SOURCE: Author’s own]
Dissertation
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Map 5.22 Locations of Case Studies [SOURCE: Author’s own]
Model 5.22 Key Principles for effective

city-regions
[SOURCE: Author’s own, based on Inspire
East Excellence Framework]
The case study appraisal relied on a

‘best of the best’ approach by focusing
on one case study selected to be most
suitable for an in-depth assessment per
topic chapter. Initially, the aim was to
study all four for each chapter and
compare but this was not practical for
several reasons:
• The data was freely available

but unorganised, and more
crucially from a variety of
different sources and years;
• The last available Census for

UK is 2001, making it
inaccurate for drawing
conclusions, especially for
studying potential of the
Glasburgh ‘merger’;
Dissertation
• Word limit and time constraints of this project
6
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Lessons for Glasburgh
Chapter Topic Case Study in focus Lessons for Glasburgh Further notes Pitfalls to avoid
Regionalism Greater Manchester Glasburgh should bid for Especially for its Competitive bids
Region regional and European priority project from within the
funding High-Speed rail, two cities
INTERREG IV
Metropolisation Berlin-Brandenburg Framework not as formal Glasgow and Even working
as BB (constitutional); Edinburgh have a across/between
but consider learning real difference in 2 local planning
from ability to transcend culture and class to authorities can
potential differences consider when be very
acting in union bureaucratic
Marketing Glasgow, Edinburgh Consider the best and Place~ and project Tap into local
worst marketing marketing for high- culture but be
campaigns from both speed rail link wary of
Glasgow and Edinburgh, (priority project). stereotyping
of recent times.
Creativity Oresund region Potential of Consider same Ensure creative
infrastructure to create a potential for M8 industries in two
dynamo effect to Corridor, Forth- cities do not
catalyse regeneration of Clyde canal and rail compete (can
surrounds link overlap)
Schedule k 5.22 Case Study Summary – Lessons for Glasburgh
Dissertation
Framework 5.22 Glasburgh Overview

[SOURCE: Author’s own, based on ‘An Comman’ (2009), Hooi & Hart]
6
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_ADDENDUM
! + 8 % * ä
flights public motorways car ownership cycleways comms.
transport
[ d { m v
population under 18 households females:males homeowners
= J 9 W Ü
healthcare hospitals sport life expectancy birth rate
M R _ n T
TAX higher
education
students skills resources attractors
GDP e
new
Z
traditional
u
employment av. salary
v
av. house price
industries industries
3 " h q V / C
waterfront/ arts music tourism special retail nightlife cuisine
waterways
E Q , l X i 4
fuel electricity energy 'green' construction special wildlife
buildings
W
homeless
|
disease
U
waste
S
accidents
<
crime
__KEY
Not all these symbols are used in this study but they may be applied to continue the case study
analysis in a further study, pending the publication of the 2010 Censuses.
Dissertation
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Dissertation
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Dissertation
The City of Edinburgh Council - Commercial Property - For sale/let

The City of Edinburgh Council - Edinburgh Scientific Services
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The City of Edinburgh Council - Edinburgh By Numbers
http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/Attachments/Internet/Business/Economic_development/Strategy_and_Rese
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http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/Attachments/Internet/Business/Economic_development/Edinburgh_Visitor_
Survey_2007_Raw_Data_(PDF,_528_kb).pdf
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Survey,_2007_(PDF,_1.32_mb).pdf
arch/Edinburgh_2020_-_Executive_Summary_(PDF,_405_kb).pdf
arch/EBN_2009-2010_(PDF,_1.36_mb).pdf
The City of Edinburgh Council - Key Facts and Figures
Dissertation
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_Author's Afterword
the seed that grew into a tree....
The seed of this project was a personal interest in my home cities and current trends in urban policy. My home
town (Glasgow) and home of my alma mater (Edinburgh) have recently recognised this through a recent joint
planning venture launched in 2009, forming the original inspiration for this dissertation.
Stemming from one specific idea of assessing the potential of Glasgow and Edinburgh's newly formed
metropolitan region, came several related ideas. Though researching the policy background and various
agenda, the idea proliferated and grew, producing four diverging branches, all stemming from, and tightly
linked to the central core idea. From each of these four branches, came four or five sub-branches, and so
on...until the ‘seed’ had become a 'tree', in 80 or so pages.
This was a challenging and fascinating topic, relevant to local context and current affairs and events. It also
holds scope for further study. There was a steep learning curve with regards to Regional Planning (Chapter 1),
but this will no doubt stand me in good stead continuing future studies in City and Regional Planning this
autumn.
Yasmin Jilaihawi, August 2010
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_Acknowledgements / Thanks
For related Events

Academy of Urbanism Annual Congress V, 2010, Manchester, 'The Layered City: City-Region-
Neighbourhood', Festival of Politics 2010, Edinburgh 'Cities: Catalysts for Economic Success?'
For Slides
Mike Blackburn, MIER; Neil Lee, TWF; Speakers; Academy of Urbanism Congress V;
Steve Tiesdell, Ivan Turok, University of Glasgow
For Press Enquiries

GECI; Oresundsburo; Manchester Forward;
For Academic Support

Tutors Drs. Ombretta Romice & Prof. Sergio Porta, Urban Design Studies Unit, University of Strathclyde,
Glasgow
Department of Urban Studies, University of Glasgow
For funding for degree-level Studies

CTA and EPSRC for MSc Urban Design, Part-time, 2006/7 / 2009/10;
PSAS and Dr. Allison Orr, Department of Urban Studies, University of Glasgow, for 2010/11, MSc City &
Regional Planning
For funding CPD Studies

ILA Scotland for Funding CPD Courses from 2006-present
HCA for funding 'Introduction to sustainable communities' CPD
UDL for funding 'Planning for Non-Planners' CPD
Personal Thanks to...

.
…my parents, sister, my partner Ian; mi amiga Lucija
for letting me stay at her house in Barcelona whilst writing up;
Amy for help printing; Hanna for translation (Swedish/Danish/English);
Carmen & Andrei for their wedding the day after the deadline!
Dedication ‫ ن‬/ for my Uncle Sinan; on the other side of the world but never far from my thoughts.
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_ANNEX
Criteria for selecting comparative case studies for metropolitan regions
City status
The area must include at least two cities, towns or conurbations each with a unique and individual history.
At least one of the main components of these must be recognised as a city on an international scale in its own
right; it may be a metropolis, a global city, and /or a country and/or state capital, but need not be a megacity
(=population >10million).
The metropolitan strategy must include the participation of policy makers/local planning authority as a key actor in
its development and implementation.
The cities themselves should be developed and within developed or developing countries. They should not be
third-world countries, recently war-torn or impoverished by natural disaster. The comparatives must not include
new, previously unpopulated cities.
Dominance
The strategy must allow emphasis on all civic identities within the area. The weighting need not be equal, more
likely it will correspond to other factors contributing to the 'value' of each city/township. However, the identities
themselves must be expressed. Otherwise, it appears that a dominant city is subsuming others.
There must be evidence that the inclusion of two or multiple conurbations has advantages from a spatial planning
as well as place-making and image-branding perspective, or at the very least, this is the intention.
Planning authorities on both sides must be involved (co-dominance), though one may be more expressive or
involved than the other. In the case that the planning authorities have united and merged to one body or vehicle,
this is also acceptable.
Population & Geography
The area must not have a population of greater than 10 million (definition of a megacity). This would render the
results incomparable with Glasgow-Edinburgh.
The two (or more) cities/towns must be adjacent. i.e. This is not a study based on twinning or twin-towns abroad.
This means there are measurable implications for connectivity.
The areas may bridge different countries.
Examples in Europe hold greater relevance as comparatives to Glasgow-Edinburgh; examples within the EU may
also be more indicative in terms of financing options from within the European Union.
Terminology
For the most part, for simplicity, substantial areas within metropolitan regions will be referred to as cities, even
though in some cases they may be more properly classed as towns. Where appropriate, however, the distinction
will be made.
Merging cities may be relevant, if the mergers are planned and strategic, within the scope of modern spatial
planning (1960's onwards), and not as a result of the 'natural' progression of urban morphology.
The global terminology given to adjacent cities acting in a joint-capacity is unclear. Herein they are also referred
to as Dual metropolitan regions and Joint-city regions. Synonyms for ‘joint’ or ‘dual’ also include coalitional and
coalitive. Case studies are also referred to simply as 'comparatives'.
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_SELECTED GLOSSARY (Knox, 2005)
Glossary of selected terms edited by author, from Knox (2005), Dictionary of Urban Social
Geography
Glossary Terms with definitions directly

pertaining to concepts discussed in this
dissertation are bounded by a boxed outline
The following pages include a selected (abridged) glossary of some related terms for reference. This is because
of the extensive specialist vocabulary and technical terms, especially those related to planning, policy,
urbanism and economics. Many of the terms featured in this abridged glossary are used throughout this text;
others are similar relevant or useful terms or synonyms/antonyms. Numerous sources, including dictionaries
have been consulted throughout the formulation of the framework and duration of research. In order to
remain consistent and uncompromised by varying views or bias, this glossary has been edited for academic
reference from a single, reliable academic source. Another recommended set of definitions is The Dictionary of
Urbanism. R. Cowan. For alternative sources, please consult the Bibliography.
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Image: Author., Crossword made using Crossword Weaver 8 software.
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_GLOSSARY A-C
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_GLOSSARY C-D
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_GLOSSARY D-G
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_GLOSSARY G-M
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_GLOSSARY M-Q
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_GLOSSARY Q-S
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_GLOSSARY U-end
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Urbanism & Planning of Coalitional City-Regions: Masters Dissertation

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Urbanism & planning of

_Urbanism & planning-orientated concepts related to establishment of joint-metropolitan regions.

Urbanism & planning of

_A study of urbanism and planning-orientated concepts related to the

Coalitional city-regions are two or more cities or urban agglomerations working

Examination Candidate for Masters

Cover Image: Author., using freeware word-art tool ‘Wordle’ – www.wordle.net

22 900 MArch Advanced Architectural Design

Name: __Yasmin Ali Jilaihawi________________________________________

Date: 3rd September, 2010

_chapter _subchapter pages

CHAPTER FOUR: 4.11_INTRODUCING THE CREATIVE CITY 46-

4.2_CREATIVITY 4.21 _APPRAISAL PRINCIPLES 52-

Each set of case studies:

• consists of 2 cities and their region;

_WHERE? / Locations of Case studies

Chapter Part 1 Literature Review Part 2 Case Study

5.0._CONCLUDING Lessons for Glasburgh: Regional Planning 5.2._CONCLUDING SUMMARY

_0.13 Aims & Scope

_EXPLAIN? / Framing Key Questions

3_How is the development of joint-metropolitan regions altering the dynamics of inter-city

CHAPTER ONE: _REGIONALISM

This section provides a critique on Regionalism2, highlights the importance of regions in

1.1 _REGIONALISM LITERATURE REVIEW

1.11 _ INTRODUCING REGIONALISM – DEFINING REGIONS & CITY-REGIONS

General Qualities of a Region [abstract noun]

1.12 RE_PACKAGING NEW REGIONALISM INTO CITY-REGIONALISM

Regionalism is often discussed in the context of economic geography, sometimes to the

The renaissance of city-regionalism...constitutes a new and distinctive post-national phase in

From this movement came the idea to create

1.13_EMBEDDED ERRORS & CONCESSIONS

1.14_ROLE OF GLOBALISATION FOR REGIONAL SPATIAL FRAMEWORKS

'economic globalization...depends upon and is driven by the forces of spatial

1.2 _REGIONALISM CASE STUDIES REVIEW

1.21_APPRAISAL PRINCIPLES & OVERVIEW

Oresund Region, Scandinavia (Malmo, Sweden and Copenhagen, Denmark)

Berlin-Brandenburg Joint-Spatial Planning (GL)

Scotland (Glasgow-Edinburgh Collaborative Initiative, GECI)

1.22 REGIONALISM CASE STUDY IN FOCUS: Greater Manchester Region (GMR)

Greater Manchester Region (GMR) / Combined Manchester Region (CMR)

Figure 4.21a: Manchester within Greater Manchester Region

The Greater Manchester region (GMR) case study is interesting as the

The way in AGMA’s authorities currently work together is

strong. The RDA for the Manchester area is The Northwest

Regional Developm ent Authotrity (RDA ):

1a. Governance bodies: Consorti a: Core Cities, England;

Planning au th ority (city cou nci l l evel):

Figure 4.21: Manchester’s governance bodies / regional &collaborative initiatives

Cities within the Region

Greater Manchester comprises of the f ollowing

Figures 4.21b: Manchester within Greater Manchester Region

Figures 4.22: Manchester’s population rate in city centre

Figure 4.22: Manchester’s spatial distribution cf. London

The Combined Manchester Region (CMR) is the largest UK

Urban regeneration – new

Manchester and Salford are particularly

Figure 4.22: New neighbourhood typologies for GMR

Tourism to the region

Figure 4.22: Overseas Marketing for

Graphs 4.21: International visitors to

CHAPTER TWO: _METROPOLISATION

2.1 METROPOLISATION _LITERATURE REVIEW

Name: Yasmin Ali Jilaihawi______________________________________