ROLE OF DIGITAL MEDIA IN PROMOTING EDUCATION

HAFSAH RAHAT
MC150401636.

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE THESIS FOR THE DEGREE

OF

MASTER OF MASS COMMUNICATION

VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN

2017

i
Contents
1- Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Promotion of Education ................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 Role of Internet in Increasing Dropouts ........................................................................................ 5
1.3 Importance of Education ............................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Digital Media, Technology and Education ................................................................................... 7
2- Literature Review.......................................................................................................................... 12
2.1 From Student’s Point of View .................................................................................................... 12
2.2 From Teacher’s Point Of View ................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Development in Education Due to Digital Media ....................................................................... 16
2.4 Why Students Need Digital Media In Education ........................................................................ 17
2.5 Developing Countries ................................................................................................................. 19
3- Research Methodology ................................................................................................................. 21
3.1 Data Collection Method .............................................................................................................. 22
3.2 Sampling ..................................................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Proposed Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 25
3.4 Research Ethics ........................................................................................................................... 25
4- Data Analysis and Discussion ....................................................................................................... 27
5- Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 36
6- References ..................................................................................................................................... 40

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 Acknowledgements
I am extremely thankful for my advisor and supervisor ____ for this research thesis. They
were a constant source of guidance for me and directed me to the right path throughout this
journey. I could not be more thankful for such amazing teachers.
Furthermore, I am highly grateful for the all the universities that allowed me to collected data
from their students and to all the participants who took the time and energy to provide
insightful responses for my thesis.
Finally, I am most humble and grateful for the undying support of my family and friends who
helped me throughout this journey emotionally. They encouraged me and inspired me to
work even harder. I would not have been able to complete this study without their prayers
and support.
Thank you

Author
Hafsah Rahat

1
 Abstract
With rising technological jobs and technology worming its way into our daily lives,
learning and receiving education is of crucial nature. It is claimed and advocated that
education that children receive are the cornerstone of their effectiveness in any society.
Formal education that they receive in schools and other educational institutes are the building
block for their life. It grooms them and transforms them into a valuable member of the
economic system. However, the rate of students opting to continue studying after high school
has been continuously declining in the past few years due to a number of influencing reasons
some of which include, social pressure, the urge to start earning right away, peer pressure and
finding formal education of no use in the practical life.
Education is promoted at all international levels. Countries like United States of
America, United Kingdom and Australia earn millions of dollars each year in terms of
educational revenues from overseas students. However, due to various social influences, the
domestic student count in various educational institutes around the globe is falling. Young
adults fall into wrong habits like drugs and gambling which drives their focus off studies and
they drop out. It is also plausible that sometimes people have to move out of one city and into
another and going to old school becomes impossible.
The face of education will be completely revolutionized if countries like
Pakistan started adopting digital media in educational sector for the purpose of its promotion
and flexibility. The concept of digital media in education will allow the spread of education
for areas that did not receive formal education due to being remote. Many a people in villages
and small town across the globe, do not have access to good universities and colleges in big
cities. The use of media can allow the government to provide educational facilities to these
small villages and provide them with a chance to gain opportunities that will open up because
of education.

2
 ROLE OF DIGITAL MEDIA IN PROMOTING
EDUCATION
Chapter 1: Introduction
In the chapter, the variation in education systems found globally will be discussed. In
addition to this, the reasons for the rising rates of college dropouts globally and the
importance of education for the development of individual, society and the nation will be
highlighted. Reasons in support of use of digital media in the promotion of education will be
discussed.

1- Introduction
With rising technological jobs and technology worming its way into our daily lives,
learning and receiving education is of crucial nature. It is claimed and advocated that
education that children receive are the cornerstone of their effectiveness in any society.
Formal education that they receive in schools and other educational institutes are the building
block for their life. It grooms them and transforms them into a valuable member of the
economic system. However, the rate of students opting to continue studying after high school
has been continuously declining in the past few years due to a number of influencing reasons
some of which include, social pressure, the urge to start earning right away, peer pressure and
finding formal education of no use in the practical life.
Schools in the twenty first century have several purposes and provide numerous
opportunities to the learners. These educational institutes are a place where students learn to
work effectively in groups and collaborations with co-students. However, despite these
purposes that school systems are supposed to serve, instead of inculcating creativity and
interactively collaboration between learners, schools have continued to present problems for
working students due to the traditional curriculum. Even today, the school system are bound
in the rat race of tests and quizzes which do not allow flexibility for students who are facing
tough problems of their own. In reality, the school systems in today’s world are not fulfilling
their purpose of preparing students neither for their jobs nor for the digital world that they
belong to. Research shows that an increasing number of students are opting out of formal
education in favour of hands on experience in blue collar jobs, freelancing and starting their
own businesses. Internet has opened up so many ways of earning with little investment that

3
studying for a long period in hopes of landing a minimal paying job does not hold the same
appeal.
1.1 Promotion of Education
Despite the fact that there have been great technological progress in the past few
decades, thousands of students are still not able to receive education. It can be said that these
children are being denied the right of education because education is one of the most basic
human right. By receiving quality education, every student is able to get more opportunities
and chances in life. Children who are availing quality education enjoy greater employment
opportunities, have a better health awareness and are able to participate effectively and
actively in political process and are able to make informed decisions in their life. There are a
lot of benefits for the government to invest in education because eventually by promoting
education there are various social and economic benefits that are promoted.
Through providing a quality education, the government is able to reduce the level of
poverty, increase the growth of economy as well as boost household income. When
individuals are able to earn more because of their education, they are able to enjoy increased
chances of having a successful and healthy life, the number of maternal death is highly
reduced and educated people are more aware of diseases like HIV and AIDS. Through
education gender equality is promoted in the society. In an educated society, child marriages
are disapproved and peace is promoted. Therefore, it is not wrong to say that investment in
education sector of country is able to build the future of people as well as the country.
Promotion of education is of critical importance because it is able to bring peace during times
of conflict. Whenever there is a conflict and crisis in any nation, young students are forced to
stay at home and not go to school. In countries where there is a constant conflict all prices, it
is necessary to have a strong focus on education because the aim of education is to promote
stability, peace and good governance. Through having a strong did you dazed educational
system, countries at threat of war are able to educate their students even if the parents opt not
to send their children to school. Digital media and inclusion of technology is able to promote
education even in conflicts and crisis.
Education is promoted at all international levels. Countries like United States of
America, United Kingdom and Australia earn millions of dollars each year in terms of
educational revenues from overseas students. However, due to various social influences, the
domestic student count in various educational institutes around the globe is falling. Young
adults fall into wrong habits like drugs and gambling which drives their focus off studies and

4
they drop out. It is also plausible that sometimes people have to move out of one city and into
another and going to old school becomes impossible.
Studies shows that major cause of students opting out of education is because they
have to support themselves financially and for this purpose, they have to work more hours per
week making it impossible for them to attend school on regular basis. Young adults take up
jobs and shifts that make it impossible for them to be at school in time for classes. To make
situation worse for such students, they have no financial help from their families to support
their education and thus when students cannot pay attention to their studies and find it
difficult to pay huge sums for a degree they do not have time to pursue. Education seems like
a waste of time and an extra effort.
1.2 Role of Internet in Increasing Dropouts
Understanding why the use of digital media can be helpful in promoting education
can only be possible when a researcher is able to understand the role of internet in increasing
the rate of dropouts from high school and colleges. By understanding these reasons through
which Internet has led students to leave school, it will be possible to develop strategies in
which the role of Internet can be limited and it cannot influence students in a negative way.
One of the major reasons as to why students have started leaving education and decided to
earn is because of the hype internet has created of successful entrepreneurs who went from
rags to riches despite having no formal education. Young children believe that they can make
the same happen for themselves and for the purpose of getting rich, education is not a
necessity. However, what internet does not publicize is that fact that becoming rich from rags
is a chance and only one in million people have the lucky stars for making this happen for
themselves. Internet and social media falsely get the hopes of young adults up and they leave
education in an attempt to make money at a young age. It sometimes takes a whole lifetime to
become successful as an entrepreneur. Internet and social media should focus on the
advantages and need of education for the young minds because without education of this
generation, the future generations will be at a loss. Rather than undermining the importance
of education in the society, the media should portray the need for education.
1.3 Importance of Education
It is important to understand that education does not just help in getting a white collar
job but has certain very long term positive effects as well. Education serves as a separate
sector in every country around the globe. Education is said to be a systematic process that
aloe students to gain knowledge and develop skills through the medium of study and

5
instructions. In such circumstances, with students drop out ratio increasing all over the world
because of busy life, education and its promotion are becoming one of the major concerns of
the world. Education is highly important for the economy of any country as well as its
prosperity. Theoretically, education is the only long term effective solution for poverty by
boosting the economic growth worldwide and in turn increasing the income per capita. Not
only is education a necessity for improving the financial position of individuals all over the
globe but it is also an influential factor in raising awareness regarding gender equality and
promotes peace. By improving the educational facilities and increasing awareness of
education using the media that is widely used by students and young adults is the key to
spread of education.
Furthermore, despite the boosting technological developments and progress in
countries across the globe, millions of children have no access to formal education in many
remote areas of the world. Taking Pakistan as an example for such a study is not enough
because education and its promotion have to become a priority for the countries across the
globe. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, education is one of the vital
right of every human. Every child, be it a girl or a boy has the right to gain quality education
for the mere purpose of gaining more chances and opportunities in life. It is believed that
children that gain formal education have a chance at a better life filled with various
opportunities. People who have formal education can live a much better life as compared to
their illiterate ancestors who had little or no education and worked blue collar jobs all their
lives. By denying and not promoting education, certain opportunities and chances are
snatched from the young ones (Tschirner, 2009). With no quality education, millions are
being deprived of the chance of getting employment, better health opportunities, insurance
and also a right to participate in politics in some countries where education for politicians is a
must. Not only can digital media be used in effectively communicating the necessity of
education as a basis on which economies strive to provide a better future to people but also
help in making educational easily accessible for students all over the globe who want to
continue their education despite the factors that hinder this process.
There are various reasons as to why the digital media should be used to promote the
education and make it more easily accessible. For a country, an educated person is a valuable
asset. An educated acts as a human capital for the country and brings prosperity to the
country’s economy. Education allows a person to become eligible for citizenship throughout
the world. The purpose of education is to make students more tolerant towards all of
humanity because it aims to bring peace around the world. Education teaches people to

6
become public spirited, wiser and tolerant towards people of all colour and race without
holding biases. Education is the key to promoting the interest of the nation. People who gain
education, pursue careers like surgeons, doctors, scientists and engineers’ work helps people
across the globe and bring in loads of money and publicity for the country.
Educated people invent things that make life easier for all humanity. They act as the
true benefactors for all humanity. Social reforms that are brought about by the educated
people leads to governments that are working for the social benefit of the public. For a
developing nation, education acts as a backbone for the future development. An educated
person has an opportunity to get loans and raise investments for their entrepreneurial
ventures. It is true that through education people cannot become saints but at least the school
systems can help inculcate the positive value system in their students which allows them to
become better human beings. Social evils like drugs, robbery and rape etcetera can be
lessened with proper education.
The immense importance of the educational system is that education is one of the
most important aspects for an individual and for the overall development or welfare of the
society and the country as a whole. But unfortunately, the state of education in many
developing countries around the globe is sad because hundreds of millions of young minds
are out of schools and are forced to earn a hard living through child labour. In addition to this,
children who do get the opportunity to go to schools are given poor quality education in
government schools. Putting resources into quality early youth instruction brings the most
astounding comes back from people, social orders and nations. Youngsters who approach
quality early youth programs improve the situation in elementary school and will have better
instruction results later. It is imperative that low and lower centre pay nations put more in
moderate early youth programs.
1.4 Digital Media, Technology and Education
Digital media is a very broad term and entails any audio file, video or animated files
that has been encoded. Encoded in simple terms means digitally compressed. This process is
carried out by converting any audio or video file into digital media file for example a VLC
file. The encoding of any media in a digital media allows it to be manipulated easily, as well
as shared, distributed over various computer networks using internet. Over the past couple of
years, the use of digital media has become highly popularized and is used in various sectors
for better performance and effectiveness.

7
 Education serves as a vital investment for individuals in a society as well as for the
development off economy. There really is changes according to which policies are changed
by the government. Whenever there are changes in technology, patterns of labour market,
global environment, International relations et cetera all these changes require responses in
policy. However, education has hardly changed ever since the system of school game into
existence. The world is becoming an innovation oriented society and it demands nobility,
creativity, innovation in critical and analytical thoughts. The changes in technology and
world has not resulted in the educational processes much. Some countries are so
technologically advanced that it has entered their educational industry and led to
advancements in how education is delivered and students are kept in loop.
To cater for the greatest technological changes and for the busy schedule of students
and to promote education, it is very important to redesign educational curriculum, method of
teaching and engaging students in educational systems. Research clearly mentioned that in
21st-century active learning is one of the only ways through which educators can develop
creativity and stimulate students to learn. It is very easy to claim that our future as a global
digital world is highly dependent on communication and easy transmission and transfer of
data using mediums provided by technology. Internet has become a digital marketplace
where all sort of services can be found to make operations better in any industry. The latest
study is into the use of internet and digital media into education sector for better transmission
of education and for making education easier for students who find it difficult to find time for
regular school system. In the digitized and technology oriented world, the use and knowledge
of digital media does not just allow better communication and easy handling of tasks that
were once done by hand.
Technology like digital media can be used for a technology rich approach in
education for its promotion and easy accessibility. Digital media is the latest trend and is
highly effective in promotions. We come across hundreds of promotion campaigns on digital
media that are moving and make us think twice. This study proposes using the very same
digital media to promote quality education and make sure Pakistan and other countries do not
suffer the consequences of not giving quality education to its current generation. Promoting
education is crucial for the future of the world that we live in. Digital media is a very simple
term but is a complex phenomenon to understand, difficult to implement, at the same time
makes things simpler and easier. Technology has been making life easier for users for a long
period now.

8
 The latest technology changes have given a new shape and identity to education
however, the inculcation of the digital revolution in developed countries like Unites States of
America, has led to a 360 degree change. The face of education will be completely
revolutionized if countries like Pakistan started adopting digital media in educational sector
for the purpose of its promotion and flexibility. The concept of digital media in education will
allow the spread of education for areas that did not receive formal education due to being
remote. Many a people in villages and small town across the globe, do not have access to
good universities and colleges in big cities. The use of media can allow the government to
provide educational facilities to these small villages and provide them with a chance to gain
opportunities that will open up because of education.
ICT or computerized age is reality of our lives today which is unavoidable in the
event that one need to live, learn and push forward in 21st century world. This advanced age
is a possibly freeing process liberating educators and understudies from the procurement and
maintenance of data and empowering them to concentrate more on the innovative procedures
of making associations and making new ways which have significance and reason for the
present time (Anderson and Krathwohl, 2000). ICT or computerized age assets today offer
extraordinary open doors in instruction area and particularly to our schools for the recipient
part they give in data, learning and research. It unmistakably expresses that educators ought
to be carefully proficient keeping in mind the end goal to utilize these ICT assets and devices.
Existing conventional practices and parts essentially be changed by the utilization of
innovation in the classroom. Instructors must be a facilitator and direct the understudies
towards the correct heading whereas understudies ought to be given the opportunity to
investigate, find and ask.
Assets ought to be influenced accessible to the schools keeping in mind the end goal
to satisfy this target and educators must be instructed carefully. That is to say, educational
modules of educator training will in the end be changed into ICT based educational programs
and exploratory academic practices. ICT can improve the showing learning process and can
make it more intelligent than today. It will give new measurements to the learning as it will
prompt self-governing learning. Constructivism will rise as the new hypothesis and
innovation will tail it practically speaking as it stresses on synergistic adapting, certifiable
undertakings with valid evaluations with understudies tolerating duty regarding their own
learning. In any case, this will need inner motivation and help framework from our
instruction framework and in addition the preparation to change and gain from everybody
even from the understudies. Instructor preparing educational programs additionally should be

9
overhauled as educators should themselves be student and carefully taught to be equipped for
utilizing these ICT apparatuses.
Using technology to promote education is a systematic and organized process through
which modern technologies and techniques are employed in educational system to increase its
efficiency and its promotion. The concept behind using technology and its tributaries like
digital media in making education accessible to all students requires various fundamental
changes within the educational system. In developed countries of the world, technology
integration into education is now favored however, its use in teaching and learning
environment still holds various challenges. Private educational institutes throughout the globe
are privileged enough to have access to technology as well as number of trained educators
and a favorable open environment but still the use of technology in classroom environment
for promotion of education is still very low.
Even though the use of technology in education sector throughout the globe is fairly
limited but power and potential of digital technology in promotion of learning and teaching
cannot be stressed enough. Initially technology has been continuously used for past many
decades for teaching of special needs students. Brail machines have been used for many years
to help visually impaired students to continue with their education. Furthermore, special
children with autism and Down syndrome are now using technology and digital media to
enhance their social and educational skills.
Through introduction of technology and its integration in education, the aim of
educators is to bring fundamental changes and cater for the needs of students all over the
globe. Technology in education is not only a tool to promote education but it is also catalyst
for change which is required for a long time now. Technology will help in promoting
education by improving and facilitating learning in every educational institute around the
globe. Equal distribution of technological innovations all over the world will allow to create
an educational system where there are no physical boundaries and students from every part of
the world can gain education using technological tools from any university in any corner of
the world. By introducing technology and digital media in educational system, the way
teachers and students collect data, analyze, process and transfer information will be greatly
changed. In developing countries, the education of students with special needs is not
promoted to a great extent because in such countries education for normal students is also
challenged in various ways. Using digital media and assistive technology, education and
learning of students with special needs can be greatly promoted in developed and developing

10
countries. By giving them proper education, such students will be able to maintain and
improve their functional capabilities so that they can lead a quality life.
In many countries around the globe, certain discrimination as well as social attitudes
of people, the level of poverty and lack of political stability as well as limited resources more
often than not leave special children with disabilities more what unable to being left out from
the educational system. Through using technology and digital media in education to promote
the scores will be able to adapt its educational system in such a manner that it makes sure
such children are able to enjoy their basic right to protect education without any
discrimination and bias. The digital media will promote the education and make it more
accessible for such children.
The accompanying are ways that innovation could be better utilized to enhance
learning. With the across the board accessibility of understudy databases that can track
singular advance, educators are urged to distinguish learning targets and separate direction in
view of the necessities of their understudies. At whatever point educators endeavor to exhibit
guideline utilizing innovation, they ought to do as such utilizing a channel that is significant
to the targets, the learning style, mode and the innovation chose. While assessing innovation
based guideline, there should be proper assessment strategies that are in accordance with the
techniques for direction, destinations and the innovation. Educators can configuration catch
up exercises when utilizing innovation to assess understudies' learning and the part
innovation played in that procedure.
In general, innovation is fundamental to numerous segments of society and its mix
into the instruction procedure has awesome guarantee for understudy learning. With
innovation, one can expect expanded productivity and viability on both the piece of educators
and understudies. Innovation can likewise provoke academic change and address issues that
influence picking up, educating and social association. Innovation can along these lines be
viewed as both a device and an impetus for change. Understudies should grasp innovation for
them to profit and instructors ought to be available to acquainting innovation into the
classroom with enhance and develop their educating practice.

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 Chapter 2: Literature Review
In the chapter, the past research of various authors on the use of digital media and
technology in the educational sector will be discussed in detail. This thesis will be built upon
the hypothesis and conclusions of the secondary research already present on the internet in
renowned journals. The technologies that have been used in educational sector in various
developed countries and their impacts will be mentioned.

2- Literature Review
In the past couple of decades, research into newer technologies and their effectiveness
in the field of education have been studied by a number of scholars. The impact of using
these revolutionary technologies and the resultant positive effect in quality of education and
is a leading pathway towards the use of digital media in promoting education globally.
Research concludes that indeed technology and use of media in classroom environment has
several positive outcomes and can be very effective in improving the learning of the students
and also help in enhancing the teaching tactics leading to quality education (Mills, 2010).
Using digital learning tools in classrooms like multimedia, computers and hand held devices
in the developed countries like USA and Australia have shown that the experience of the
students in the classroom can be enhanced and their engagement and motivation can be
substantially increased.
2.1 From Student’s Point of View
Globally, with the inculcation of digital media in education, education is being
delivered in ways that were not possible before with inventions like massive open online
courses (MOOCs). Research states that three major factors that change the digital technology
without changing educational system altogether. First major change that use of digital media
in education is bringing is that it has made the process of learning and education very
flexible. By being flexible means that now students are able to alter the place, the speed or
pace and the mode of learning for their degrees.
The use of various online platforms, which are hybrid in nature. Students are now
capable of choosing the timings of their class, as well the medium through which they will
attend lectures be it on tablets, online module/ blackboard, conference calls etcetera. With the
advancement in technology, the educational sector has become exceedingly favorable for
working students because now their education integrates well with their other daily
obligations. Due to this fundamental shift in the use of technology in learning atmosphere, the

12
number of students who are now willing to continue education despite working and having
problems in attending regular classes.
Another paradigm shift that has occurred due to the integration of latest technology in
education is that now students are learning the use of technology in addition to traditional
education. Such knowledge proves exceptionally important for their future job prospects
since the world is now highly dependent on technology and businesses are being run using
technological systems. Students are able to learn digital skills in addition to the theory based
knowledge that will help them in doing excellent job hunting and will improve their chances
of landing higher paying white collar jobs. This fact is another attractive aspect which makes
students more inclined towards completing their education and not take the decision to drop
out due to other factors. Technology not only makes it time saving for students to take
education but also makes it possible for them to learn digital skills that makes them a suitable
candidate for higher paying jobs.
Due to the use of media and technology in education, the interaction between students
and their teachers has increased exponentially. Furthermore, it is astonishing to see how
students from all over the globe are able to take classes from a country far away from them
while sitting in their houses in another part of the world. Online colleges, classes and
enrollment has allowed people to get admission in overseas universities without physically
moving from one country to another.
Techniques utilized inside the classroom need to continue advancing, as well as bridle
the impacts of the computerized unrest in a positive and useful way. Making an educational
programs that acknowledges the energy of innovation in the learning procedure can serve to
build engagement in the classroom and make learning simpler and more proficient.
A typical misperception encompassing the effect of innovation on learning is that the
Internet, with all its real information, has served to render our long haul memory as futile.
Why focus on getting the hang of something if a basic press of a press will give students the
appropriate responses they are searching for? Defenders of this contention thusly trust that
the need to recollect certainties is never again basic to our training. Be that as it may, these
contentions regularly overlook the dynamic between long haul memory and working
memory. A man's long haul memory has significantly more limit than their working memory
that can just recollect between 4-7 things before it ends up over-burden. Consequently,
working memory space is premium, with the goal for it to be free all the time we need to
submit certain realities to our long haul memory. This is maybe why specialists mark long
haul memory as 'the seat of human scholarly expertise.

13
2.2 From Teacher’s Point Of View
From the point of view of the teachers who are part of a digital media system, this
system has made delivering lectures and education easier and flexible. Due to integration of
technology and digital media in education, teachers have found it flexible for imparting
knowledge. Teachers have now finding ways to create flexible learning material in all digital
media formats. Audio, video and animations and all sorts of multimedia formats are now
available to teachers for creating innovative yet interactive lectures (Sarkar, 2012). Within a
class setting, through using digital media, teachers are now able to employ various ways of
delivering lectures. Rather than using paper to provide resources to students, online mobile
files are introduced in classrooms. To support learning goals of students, the use of these
diverse techniques allow teachers to effectively teach. Through molding the classroom
material, teachers are supporting students who have constraints and in turn help students in
making the decision to stay in school.
Globally, teachers are able to impart education and knowledge to students from all
across the world. Technology has enabled teachers to use internet and creative digital content
to interact actively with all learners globally. This allows students to be more flexible in the
ways that they chose to teach and impart knowledge. Now the interaction with students is not
just limited to one on one meetings with learners. Technologies like video conferencing,
voice notes, email and text messaging etcetera.
In the past couple of years, researchers have realized that the educational change that
is required can all leave it possible if teachers actively participate in changing in the face off
education. The teachers role is not just limited to delivering regular lectures in the classroom
Bart there are major rule is to provide their best effort in the development of skills with
installments. It has now become a teacher‘s responsibility to cope with the latest technology
and to make sure that students are not only able to begun ready for the jobs in the
marketplace but also developed the required Digital skills that are now a must for the
practical world (Kahne, Lee and Feezell, 2012). However, throughout the world the teachers
who embrace innovative technologies are very limited in number and to developed countries.
For the success of educational endeavors in developing countries it is extremely important
that teachers are encouraged and taught the use of technological tools will allow them to
bring flexibility in educational sector. For traditional teachers, it is definitely a difficult
challenge to learn and adopt the latest technology in the classroom scenario because the
traditional teachers believe that only knowledge is required for a student to become

14
successful in life. In addition to this, it is also a challenge to make teachers become a learner
first in order to learn the use of digital media tools in the classroom setting.
The downside of using digital media in classrooms is that teaches also have to get
used to this idea and then spend time and energy in order to the new ways of imparting
knowledge. Furthermore, teachers who are so used to their traditional and conventional
methods of teaching, have to accept that teaching is still possible without students sitting in a
classroom on a fixed time on fixed days. Use of digital media in education does not just bring
a massive change in the overall educational system but its success entirely relies on the shift
in teacher’s attitude towards using newer methods in classrooms. The roles and
responsibilities of teachers in the digital world have surprisingly changed and expanded. For
a good teacher, the process of teaching is really smooth. Such teachers make sure that they
keep in mind the comfort level of students and their needs in order to deliver the quality
education that builds futures and generations to come (Buckingham, 2007). These teachers do
not shy away from learning new tools and methodology to become an even better teacher for
the achievement of academic goals of all students.
In order to make students willing to attend classes and not leave school for other
endeavors, a teacher’s responsibility is to make them feel valued. Rather than showing
discontent on use of new tools and media in classrooms, a teacher should make sure that they
communicate to the students that such measures have been taken to ensure comfort for
working students because the educational system understands the dilemmas students are
going through. Research has delineated that numerous instructors experience serious
difficulties coordinating innovation into training. This might be on account of numerous
teachers still can't seem to investigate the connection amongst innovation and instructional
method. Doing as such could have an immense impact in empowering basic reasoning by
instructors as they endeavor to incorporate innovation into training.
In the meantime, for innovation to work viably, it should just be fused in classroom in
the event that it is fitting for a given instructional assignment. Likewise, innovation must be a
viable showing instrument if educators take part in choices to embrace innovation. This is on
account of educators have the obligation of encouraging direction and consolidating
innovation at the classroom level, yet numerous school executives tend to settle on choices
identified with innovation appropriation/preparing without counseling instructors.

15
2.3 Development in Education Due to Digital Media
In the technologically advanced 21st century the concept of teaching and learning is
not limited to just within the four walls of a traditional classroom. Due the advancement in
digital media and technology the process of teaching and learning has expanded. Now due to
constant access to Internet, vast amount of information is available to students and it has
become possible for teachers to use variety of teaching tools that make this process a flexible
one. For achieving better results with the use of media and technology, teachers need to adapt
to new situations (Subrahmanyam and Smahel, 2007). The traditional practices of teaching
styles have to be changed immensely in order for the new techniques and technologies to give
positive results. In favour of teachers, they have always changed their teaching styles and
methodology to cope with the changing needs of students. The fact that it is circumstantial
factor of the students that make it difficult for them to attend school regularly or even
continue their academic career.
The use of digital media also includes developing online platforms where students can
find all educational resources and material which aids them in learning. There are several
students who, in the past under tough circumstances, have chosen to opt out of gaining
education in favour of earning. The reason is that they are not privileged and have to earn in
order to support themselves in a host country (Johnstone, 2005). Taking classes and being
present on the job simultaneously is impossible and failing courses due to unavailability of
the course material is de-motivating. With the use of digital media in education, the students
who are working constantly have the ease to take material off the online platforms on
whenever they are free rather than having to attend all classes in order to gain access to
course resources (Purdy et al, 2015). Research by Johnstone shows that digital media like
Moodle in Australian universities are a great and engaging way of promoting education and
also creates ease for the hard working students working jobs to support themselves and fund
their education.
Paper by Buckingham and Willett in 2013 talks about the online education and the
ways it has helped in promoting education and making it accessible to students living in
remote areas of the world. Virtual or online learning is the latest trend gaining popularity in
developed countries across the globe (Buckingham & Willett, 2013). Students can take online
courses at their ease and education is made accessible to anywhere the internet prevails.
Spreading and promoting education has become easier with the introduction and popularity of
virtual learning programs.

16
 Initially, this media use was limited to number of courses but with advancements in
technology, now full time online schools have been architected digitally which allow the
students to attend school sitting at home. Digital media is presenting a newer possibility into
home schooling (Dillon, 2008). The online schools are a great opportunity for students who
are not able to attend school or had dropped out of school due to some reason or have been
deemed ineligible to graduate from a high school for any particular reason. Research has
proved that digital media is reshaping the educational (Roblyer, 2006). Using the digital
media, the educational systems worldwide can find a working solution for the drop out
problem.
Through digital media, the educational material is now easily accessible on public
domain which makes learning and developing skills easier for the students. Rather than just
limiting themselves to what is being taught in class, the young minds have the opportunity to
indulge in self-study due to the use of digital media (Haughey, 2009). In addition to this,
students can also learn skills that intrigue them or are useful for part time earning. Therefore
it can be rightfully said that digital media promotes both formal and informal education
because people have been reported to learn new crafts and skills using the online data and
resources that can be accessed anywhere (Downes, 2007).
Digital media is especially a blessing when the cross lingual education is in question.
Using the official language of the world in education is one of the major ways through which
countries can prepare students for international and better jobs. Teaching and making
education understandable for the students in a language that is alien to them is more difficult
than one can imagine. Students with varied cross lingual caliber can have varied level of
difficulties in coping with the education pressure (Pirnajmmudin and Baya, 2017). Often
student fail to reasonably understand the new language enough to pass. Even if they do their
courses, their learning is limited due to the traditional methods of teaching. Here the use of
digital media can prove to be a blessing. Using varied media tools such as audio, video,
pictures and animations, teaching a new language becomes bearably easier (Cavus and
Ibrahim, 2009).Cavus and Ibrahim have successfully shown in their studies that new English
words can be taught to people new to this language using the text message feature of smart
phones.
2.4 Why Students Need Digital Media In Education
The present students are altogether different from those that our instructive
framework was intended for. With progression in innovation, classrooms are being

17
redesigned to fit the developing needs of the cutting edge understudy. Numerous advanced
education establishments are substituting customary assets with instructive innovations trying
to stay aware of their computerized learning populace. There are various reasons why
understudies require innovation in the classroom condition and how it can affect their
engagement and learning.
Research shows that there are several reasons for students needing technology in
classroom settings all over the world. Students required digital media and technology in a
classroom environment so that they can be allowed you to move the physical barriers and
connect their educational material with the real world to using Internet and its power. A
traditional geological Professor will only be able to give a detailed description of the Grand
Canyon National Park from the textbook. However, in technology integrated educational
system, the professor will be able to provide on multimedia presentation of the Grand Canyon
National Park but on its students. In addition to this, 3-D stimulators can be used to provide
students a virtually real experience of the same park. The engagement of the students in the
traditional learning of Grand Canyon and the technology infused way will be extremely
difficult. Students find technology stimulating and interesting as well as highly engaging.
Now the world is becoming digitized and people need to be proficient in the use of
mobile devices and applications that run on it. By using mobile phones and educational
application in the classrooms, students will utilize a chance to prepare themselves for their
future careers (Buckingham, 2015). Due to their individual differences, every student has a
different learning style; with the integration of technology in the everyday classroom setting
will prove to be an effective way of connecting with students with varied learning styles.
Technology use in classrooms can allow students to effectively collaborate with peers,
making them more social in the process. A student’s digital citizenship skills can be
developed in the event when technology is inculcated to aid the educational process.
To succeed and to thrive in the workplace of 21st-century, students not only need to
understand the basics of their work but also need to be proficient at use of certain
technological tools including electronic whiteboards, teleconferencing, Internet et cetera. By
infusing digital media and technological tools into the educational curriculum, educational
institutes are making sure that all the students and highly prepared for modern technology
infused offices. Without having knowledge of latest digital media and new technologies
hundreds of talented students will not be able to succeed in the modern workplace because of
intense competition. Employers are now favouring candidates who are well proficient in the

18
use of modern computer based systems because the operations of major businesses have been
computerised.
Integrating technology and digital media into education is easier said than done. It
requires a several strategies for successful implementation which will allow the promotion as
well as easy accessibility of education. Research studies show that good analogy and media
are especially effective when students are getting education in a foreign language. One of the
middle examples of using digital media for learning of foreign language is educational
institutes in Saudi Arabia where technology is being used teach students in English language
which is completely new to them.
However without media literacy on a global scale, the effectiveness of digital media
and technology in education will be reduced. The major strategy for harnessing the maximum
advantage from integration of digital media in education is to develop media literacy
throughout the globe (Dekker et al, 2009). Not only do students need to know about media
literacy but educational institutes, governments, teachers, parents and other relevant
authorities need to be highly educated about the positive aspects of using latest technology
for making education easier for the students.
Students need digital media in their education so that they are able to continue their
studies even in the face of conflict and crisis. Promotion of education is of critical importance
because it is able to bring peace during times of conflict. Whenever there is a conflict and
crisis in any nation, young students are forced to stay at home and not go to school. In
countries where there is a constant conflict all prices, it is necessary to have a strong focus on
education because the aim of education is to promote stability, peas and good governance.
Through having a strong did you dazed educational system, countries at threat of war are able
to educate their students even if the parents opt not to send their children to school. Digital
media and inculcation of technology is able to promote education even in conflicts and crisis.
2.5 Developing Countries
In countries like Pakistan, the use of digital media in education is a foreign concept.
The reason is that such countries are not so technologically advanced as compared to the
developed nations like United States of America. Developing countries around the globe need
to understand the potential of digital technology in revolutionizing the educational sector. It is
now time to start adapting to the new technologies that are making education system more
flexible for the needs of the students because the aim of educational system is the bin
knowledge and skill set of the students. However, in this busy vile there students have to earn

19
in order to survive without adequate parental supervision and financial support, the needs
obviously didn’t have changed. In developing countries, the education of students with
special needs is not promoted to a great extent because in such countries education for normal
students is also challenged in various ways. Using digital media and assistive technology,
education and learning of students with special needs can be greatly promoted in developed
and developing countries. By giving them proper education, such students will be able to
maintain and improve their functional capabilities so that they can lead a quality life.
It has now become impossible for students to attend classes like a traditional student
did in the last century. Now educational institutions have to build systems that allow the
students to take classes whenever it suits them and wherever it suits them. Coming to
university campuses for classes is no longer a necessity in many modern educational
institutions around the globe (Jenkins et al, 2009). One of the major reasons for this
flexibility in the educational system is the widespread availability of mobile networks; cloud
based learning, computer power and internet technology. When combines together in a
specific manner, these new technologies have added up to a new system where students find
it flexible and easier to continue their academic careers without worrying about losing jobs.
The present kids are "growing up advanced." Their perspective of the world is
altogether different from that of grown-ups, because of extraordinary access to data,
individuals, and thoughts crosswise over exceptionally intuitive media. The present kids are
the most recent model of individual. Taking a gander at the universe of kids isn't taking a
gander at our own particular past-it's looking forward. They are our developmental future.
Be that as it may, it additionally proposes the most concerning issue in the instructing
learning process in the present computerized age. A typical situation today is a classroom
loaded with carefully proficient understudies being instructed by straight •thinking,
innovatively discouraged educators. Understudies have been presented to these advances or
comparable ones from the get-go amid their developmental years while their educators have
quite recently been presented to it just as of late. Subsequently, the understudies are here and
there more proficient with the innovation. Regardless of this educators are once in a while
allowed to figure out how to utilize this innovation teachers are given the apparatuses,
however not the information. Instructors progressively are taking in the innovation time
permitting.
Understudies on the other are sufficiently sure to utilize these innovative headways
successfully and they very much want it more on customary strategies for educating and
learning. Students now have opportunity to investigate, find and ask whatever they need.

20
 Chapter 3: Research Methodology
In the chapter, the philosophy of this research will be discussed, alongside the limitations of
various options that are available for carrying out this thesis. The discussion about the
nature of this study and reasons for choosing a particular method of study will be included.
The structure of sampling, research analysis tools and the ethics of this research will be
introduced.

3- Research Methodology
The methods of conducting a research are broadly split into two categories namely
quantitative and quality different methods. Choosing the most appropriate research method
depends upon the nature of study. T can only be used when the data collected for research is
numerical in nature can be easily analysed and interpreted using mathematical and statistical
methods. Then the data collected is not in numerical format, using quantitative research
method is not possible. The aim of conducting a quantitative research study is to find out the
relationship between an independent and dependent variable within a given population. The
quantitative research methodology is often descriptive study because it establishes
associations, links and connections between these variables.
The major characteristic of a qualitative research is that it deals in numbers, logical
explanations build through numbers and objective output. Another important characteristic of
quantitative research is that the data is collected using structured research instruments. These
instruments include questionnaires (Creswell and Clark, 2007). The data is collected from a
sample taken from the population. The quantitative research study has clearly defined aims
and objectives in form of research questions which are to be answered objectively. The
analysis of a quantitative research study usually is in form of tables, statistics, charts and
figures and textual format.
Deductive logic is utilised by quantitative researchers. The investigators start the study by
building a hypothesis and then they collect primary data quantitative in nature which is
analysed to understand whether evidence supports the hypothesis or not. There are several
ways in which quantitative data can be collected. In an experimental setting, investigators are
able to collect primary data in form of blood pressure and temperature et cetera. In addition to
this, questionnaires and structured interviews are the most common method which are used to
collect primary quantitative data by asking the participants to answer a series of questions
visit on the attitude for my experiences and demographics (McMillan and Schumacher,

21
2010). Observation is also a tool to collect quantitative data. Another popular and common
quantitative approach is called secondary data analysis. This approach investigator is used for
the purpose of research. Usually any qualitative research study is a combination of secondary
data analysis and primary data analysis.
The hypothesis for a quantitative analysis are usually very specific and are able to
describe clear relationships between the two variables. The purpose of research is understand
and validate the link between the two variables so that the actual hypothesis can be validated.
The results of any quantitative analysis are usually presented in the form of a statistical
format using charts, tables and graphs. These graphs and other figures are furthered explained
in detailed through a descriptive technique. The results of the quantitative analysis is useful in
addressing questions about well-defined phenomenon. For the purpose of computing a valid
and reliable research study, investigators need high-quality data in variables designed for the
study are well defined. Creating measurable variables in complicated research topics and
understudies areas of research can make the whole research a lot more complicated for the
researcher. The fact that quantitative research makes use of deductive approach towards
analysis from collected data, it is often referred to as real science. The literature states that
quantitative research provides a stronger empirical evidence as compared to qualitative
studies.
The research is quantitative in nature; therefore, quantitative research techniques will
be utilized to investigate the required hypothesis as mentioned above. For the purpose of
gathering information, specific and thoughtful questionnaires will be floated among students
of various universities and colleges to understand their insight regarding the role and use of
digital media in promoting education. The questionnaire will be based on close ended
questions all inclined towards finding out the impact of digitization of education from the
point of view of students. A sample of 100 students between the ages of 18-22 years will be
chosen through convenient sampling.
3.1 Data Collection Method
This thesis is a mix method thesis; it will use both qualitative as well as quantitative
method of research to take an in-depth view on use of digital media for the aim of promoting
education. For credibility and reliability, it is important that the most appropriate research
tools are chosen for the purpose of collecting primary and secondary data. After finalizing the
research parameters, the secondary research will be carried out by studying the existing
research that has been done by other authors on the similar topics. The purpose of studying

22
majority of research regarding use of digital media in education is to understand the
conclusions that have been drawn already and to take inspiration from the work already done
and research a different aspect of this topic. In addition to this, secondary research proves
beneficial when the investigator will be making questions for the primary research collection
through questionnaires. The secondary data collection can be carried out using the techniques
of observation, interviews and arranging focus groups but for thesis, the use of existing
documents (research) will be done.
After research has been addressed, the next step is the designing of a questionnaire
that is easy to understand and fill out and has the potential to investigate the hypothesis in a
limited set of questions. The fact that the respondents of this questionnaire are students, the
comprehension and understanding level of the respondents should be kept in mind while
formulating the questionnaire. For the ease of the participants, the questionnaire will not be
very long. It will include all close ended questions because opinionated answers cannot be
measured quantitatively. The questions will be based on the experience of students in terms
of the ease and flexibility that digital media has provided them in education.
Criteria for
Respondents Method of Data Reason for Sample Size Choosing
Collection choice Sample
Students Questionnaire Most 100 or more Maximum
appropriate tool diversity to
for collecting reflect the
primary data in diversity of
a quantitative students who are
research aware of digital
method. media and its
impact of the
promotion of
education.

3.2 Sampling
For the purpose of carrying out any research, there are a number of techniques
available to the researchers in order to collect data. However, before the collection of data is
made possible, it is highly important that the population from which data will be collected is

23
correctly identified. Generally, the population that is chosen has a set of distinct
characteristics that sets them apart from other populations in general. These characteristics
may include age, gender, occupation, nationality, colour etcetera.
For the purpose of this thesis, the most appropriate population is students because the
aim of this study is to understand the role of digital media in the promotion of education and
the point of view of the students who drop out due to various other factors needs to be
understood. By understanding the student’s perspective, it will be easier to conclude the
effectiveness of digital media in promotion of education. The population is students aged
between 18 and 24.The major objective of any thesis is to provide conclusions that are true
for the whole of the population. For this purpose, the selection of sample needs to be done
carefully so that all characteristics of the population are well balanced in the sample. It is best
to choose a sample with the maximum diversity from among the overall population.
There are several techniques that can be used by investigators for the purpose of
selecting a sample from the population. These include simple or random sampling, systematic
sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling and multistage sampling. To research it is
concluded that for including maximum diversity to reflect all the characteristics of the
population the most suitable sampling technique is stratified sampling. For the purpose of
carrying out stratified sampling, few steps need to be followed in order (Cochran 2007). The
whole population needs to be broken down into several groups based on their common
features.
These separate groups are known as strata. For the purpose of stratified sampling,
various strata need to be organized. However it is very difficult to obtain all the relevant
information regarding separate strata in a limited amount of time. Due to time constraints the
most convenient and simple technique that can be used for this thesis is convenient sampling
(Vrana et al, 2005). From the overall population hundred students will be selected at random
to fill out the questionnaire that has been specifically designed to understand the perspective
of young minds regarding the role digital media plays in order to promote education and
make the educational system flexible.
Primary data collection becomes very easy after sampling technique had been
decided. By using the convenient sampling technique it became very easy and convenient for
the investigators to collect necessity information to validate the hypothesis of this thesis.
Students from various educational institutions were approached in order to fill out the
questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed in a manner that all close ended questions

24
have specific options. The filling of these questionnaires was quite easier and the questions
are designed using easy vocabulary for better comprehension.
3.3 Proposed Data Analysis
For the success of any research study it is very important to select the most
appropriate techniques for analysis of that collected data. As mentioned above whenever a
research is quantitative in nature, it has numerical data which can be analysed using statistical
and mathematical techniques. After success and collection of data from hundred different
students from various institutes, the data collected from questionnaires will be entered into
Microsoft Excel without using the personal information of the students which includes their
name and that age. After the questions have been the divided into various categories, different
charts and tables will be constructed using analysis tools of this software. These figures will
be used as part of analysis.
Research shows that a large amount of information can be easily understood then it is
summarised in form of a readable figure or chart. The analysis will include descriptions of the
figures so that the discussion on how things can be set right can be made. The most important
figures that was used for the analysis of primary data collected through pie charts and bar
charts. Sets of questions showed the contradictions between the beliefs of the students and
showed that awareness needs to be developed for use of digital media in promotion of
education within Pakistan.
3.4 Research Ethics
There are a number of ethical principles that should be taken into account when
performing undergraduate and master's level dissertation research. At the core, these ethical
principles stress the need to (a) do good (known as beneficence) and (b) do no harm (known
as non-malfeasance). In practice, these ethical principles mean that as a researcher, you need
to: (a) obtain informed consent from potential research participants; (b) minimise the risk of
harm to participants; (c) protect their anonymity and confidentiality; (d) avoid using
deceptive practices; and (e) give participants the right to withdraw from your research.
In order to complete a research all study, keeping in mind and abiding by the research
ethics becomes extremely important for the purpose of valid study. It is extremely important
that the research investigators be huge attention to all research ethics and handle the study
carefully. Research shows that there are five major principles with regard to research ethics
that should be followed by all investigators when carrying out their thesis study (Alderson
and Morrow, 2004). The first principal is to make sure that there is no risk of harm does any

25
of the respondents who have agreed to fill out the questionnaires given to them. This second
important ethic that needs to be followed is that all the participants of the study should
willingly participate in the study.
No respondent should be forced to take part in the study by forcible making them fill
out the questionnaire. There should not be any deception in the collection of primary data.
The participants of the study should be clearly informed about the aims and objectivists of
this thesis and no information should be withheld. The respondent should not be given any
hints with regard to answers. The personal information provided by the participants should be
kept confidential and should not be used open in the final report if the respondents have
specifically mentioned that they want to remain anonymous. Their personal information
should only be included in the report if the participants have agreed to it.
One of the major rules to be followed in study is to provide participants with
sufficient information before taking answers from them. To keep the personal information of
the participants confidential, the names of any students will not be mentioned in the thesis.
Instead of using actual names code names will be used four example student 1, student 2 et
cetera. Lastly, all participants have the right to the draw the questionnaire from the study at
any point in time (Simons and Usher, 2000). By following these ethics, the validity and
credibility as well as reliability of the thesis will be preserved. If the following ethical rules
are not followed while conducting a research than the validity and reliability of the research
can be highly affected.

26
 Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Discussion
In this chapter the analysis of the data collected using questionnaire will be done. The
discussion on the affectivity of digital media in promoting the educational industry in
Pakistan will be done. The recommendations will be presented to make people aware of this
proposed use of digital media. Awareness campaigns will be suggested.

4- Data Analysis and Discussion

The major factor of this data analysis was based on the use of digital media in the
educational scenario for the promotion and easy accessibility of education. Therefore, it was
very important for the students to know the meaning of the term digital media before they
could help the authors in understanding the perspective role of digital media in promotion of
education. Digital media is a very broad term and entails any audio file, video or animated
files that has been encoded. Encoded in simple terms means digitally compressed. This
process is carried out by converting any audio or video file into digital media file for example
a VLC file. The encoding of any media in a digital media allows it to be manipulated easily,
as well as shared, distributed over various computer networks using internet.
A question regarding the meaning of the term digital media was included in the
questionnaire to understand whether the students belief that they are aware of the broad term
digital media. 67% of students believed that they were aware of the meaning of the digital
media while 33 percent selected the option that they did not know what the term digital media
means (presented in Figure 1). This helped investigator in analysing their more than half of
the student population was aware of digital media and it would be easier for such educated
students to understand the affectivity off did you tell media in promoting education and
making it more accessible. However, the 33% of student population that did not know about
digital media means the government will have to carry out an awareness campaign regarding
digital media before this technology can be implemented within educational sector for any
purpose. Another important insight could be that some of the 33% of students that were
unaware of the term digital media were aware of the phenomenon of the technology just did
not know the technical terminology.

27
 Figure 1: Aware of digital
media

33% Yes

67% No

It was also possible that students was just claiming to know the term digital media and
they were in reality not aware of what this terminology entails. Do you understand the level
of student awareness with the term digital media question was formulated in which the
definition of digital media was posed as a question. The data collected from this question was
analysed and it was found that 56% of the students were aware of the actual meaning of the
term digital media. And 44 first end of the students did not know that didn’t know that the
term digital media refers to any audio file or video file as well as photo content that has been
digitally compressed and encoded. Almost half of the student population did not know the
term digital media which shows that awareness is very limited in Pakistan regarding new
technologies like digital media. Before this technology is introduced in the educational sector
at a large scale, it is highly important that awareness is created about latest technologies and
the benefits of using these technologies for the purpose of supporting, promoting and
spreading education to all parts of Pakistan. The analysis of this question led investigator to
believe that the first step towards improving the educational system in Pakistan is by
educating students regarding latest trends in technology.

Digital media refers to audio,

video, and photo content that
has been encoded

Yes
44%
56% No

28
 A question was asked from the students based on the ability and sufficiency of Pakistan
infrastructure in order to support and advice scary online school system. That results were not
encouraging because only 26% of the students believed that the infrastructure of Pakistan was
sufficient enough to support a large scale shift from traditional studies to online school
system. 63% of the students were of the opinion that Pakistan lacks in terms of infrastructure
that could support such a large shift to online studies. 11% of the students were not sure
whether Pakistan can support such a huge change. The government needs to invest in new
technologies and open up research centres that aim at finding out viable technologies that can
help various sectors grow. By introducing new technologies and investing in buying latest
computer equipment and producing high level quality internet services is the way through
which Pakistan can build a better infrastructure for supporting the change of shifting from a
traditional school system to an online one. Technology plays a vital role in making such
things happen. Without investing in technologies that are vital for such changes, Pakistan can
never be able to use digital media in education sector to its full potential.

Pakistani infrastructure
enough to support a wide
scale online school system

11% Yes
26%
No

63% Maybe

One thing that was applaud worthy was the awareness of all students about the
importance of education for every individual be it a male or a female. The questions
regarding importance of education as a fundamental and vital right was answered correctly.
100% of the participants in the study strongly agreed that indeed education is one of the
basic, fundamental and vital right of every human being. This clearly meant that education
that they have already received has made them insightful and they have learned the
importance of education and they knew how important this is for every individual.
Theoretically, education is the only long term effective solution for poverty by boosting the
economic growth worldwide and in turn increasing the income per capita. Not only is

29
education a necessity for improving the financial position of individuals all over the globe but
it is also an influential factor in raising awareness regarding gender equality and promotes
peace.

Education is the fundamental and

vital right
150

100

50 100
0 0 0 0
0
STRONGLY DISAGREE NO IDEA AGREE STRONGLY
DISAGREE AGREE

Technology is shaping the world at an exponential rate. Every other day technology
has reached new sectors and has made operations computerised and easier. The investigator
wanted to understand the perception of young adults about the role of technology in shaping
the world. 68% of the students strongly agreed that technology is making this world a better
place and while 32% believed that technology is not making the world a better place.
Research clearly mentioned that in 21st-century active learning is one of the only ways
through which educators can develop creativity and stimulate students to learn. It is very easy
to claim that our future as a global digital world is highly dependent on communication and
easy transmission and transfer of data using mediums provided by technology. Internet has
become a digital marketplace where all sort of services can be found to make operations
better in any industry. Technology is making world a better place in various capacities. If
educational sector around the globe are technology oriented, education can be made
accessible for all.

Technology is shaping the world for

the better

52

12 20 16

STRONGLY DISAGREE NO IDEA AGREE STRONGLY AGREE

DISAGREE

30
 Advocates of education have always claimed that educated people tend to become
better citizens because formal education shapes their views, opinions and their value systems.
People become better citizens and fight for the rights of everyone. The analysis of a question
based on this premise showed that 79% of the students agreed that education shapes the
thinking of people. While 21% disagreed that education has anything to do with opinions,
views and value system. They believed that these three things are learned at home and from
environment. People learn to hold views and opinions according to what they are taught at
home from a really young age. Especially the value system of any individual is solely
inspired by people living near. However, research shows that despite the fact that family is
the first educational institution for any child, the child also learns from educational
institutions and from peers, teachers and every person they come into contact throughout their
life. Knowledge about particular topics shapes their opinions and they change their views
based on new information. Educated people make informed opinions and views based on
their education or their knowledge and experience.

Education shapes the views, opinion

and value system
80
70
60 68

50
40
30
20
10 18
3 11
0
Strongly Disagree Disagree No Idea Agree Strongly Agree

Pakistan is a developing country and had economic limitations in term of income of

middle class. Many of the students going to good educational institutions are forced to work
to make their ends meet. The parents are only capable of paying a portion of their tuition fees
because of having large families. Students have to work part time or often full time to cover
the expenses. Some students opt out of education in order to earn full time and support the
household even if they aspire to study further. For such students, developed countries have
initiated online classes which allow the students to work and continue their studies alongside.

31
A research question regarding online classes for working students was analysed and it was
found that 91% of the student population believes that online classes for working students is a
good idea. Only 9% students were not in favour of the idea of online classes for students who
opt out to work rather than continue to study regularly. Online colleges, classes and
enrollment has allowed people to get admission in overseas universities without physically
moving from one country to another. With the use of digital media in education, the students
who are working constantly have the ease to take material off the online platforms on
whenever they are free rather than having to attend all classes in order to gain access to
course resources.
Another important question that was answered automatically after understanding the
stance of students regarding online classes was of compulsory attendance. Students believed
that attendance in classes should not be compulsory for students who were working.
However, for regular students it is important for them to attend school and pay attention. If
compulsion on attendance is removed students will stop bothering to come to class at all and
the educational goals of the society will not be achieved at all.

For working students, online classes

is a good idea

76

9 15

STRONGLY DISAGREE NO IDEA AGREE STRONGLY AGREE

DISAGREE

For students that are working full time or part time, online classes are an extremely
good idea because it allows the slogan earn their living and finance their studies but also
continue with the studies despite having lack of time to go to school. With online classes
comes the concept of online study resource materials and online quizzes for assessment of
student learning. Investigator wanted to investigate the viability of online quizzes that are
taken from home rather than in a classroom setting. When the question was put forth in front

32
of the students, the results were quite encouraging. 83% of the students believe that taking
online quizzes from home was a good idea while 17% of the students did not favour this
concept. Students who did not find online quizzes a good idea had the belief that cheating is
possible when students are not assessed in a controlled classroom setting. However, the
remaining students who favoured this idea believe that such was this can actually work if the
quizzes are logical and cannot be cheated off of internet.

Online quizzes from home are a good

idea

74

17
9

DISAGREE NO IDEA AGREE STRONGLY AGREE

The research study is aimed at finding out the perception of students with regard to
the use of digital media in promotion of education. The analysis showed that a astonishing
96% of the population agreed that education can be made better and easily accessible with
increased and thoughtful use of digital media. Only 4% of the students did not agree to this
idea. The face of education will be completely revolutionized if countries like Pakistan
started adopting digital media in educational sector for the purpose of its promotion and
flexibility. The concept of digital media in education will allow the spread of education for
areas that did not receive formal education due to being remote. Many a people in villages
and small town across the globe, do not have access to good universities and colleges in big
cities. The use of media can allow the government to provide educational facilities to these
small villages and provide them with a chance to gain opportunities that will open up because
of education.

33
 Education can be made better and
easily accessible with increased and
thoughtful use of digital media

Strongly Disagree
4%5%
Disagree
No Idea
Agree
91% Strongly Agree

The next important piece of analysis reflected that students believe that with bringing
changes to the way education is delivered and made accessible can lead to an increase in the
productivity of the students. 89% of the students agreed to this phenomenon while the
remaining believed that just changing the way education is delivered cannot solely increase
the productivity of the students. Other factors like social influence, peer pressure, economic
problems in family and psychological factors also play a vital role in affecting the
productivity of the students. Education can be made more interesting and easier to understand
using new technologies and digital media but this does not guarantee the increase in the
output of students in terms of better scores and better grades.

Changing the way education is

delivered and made accessible can
lead to an increase in productivity of
the students
11%
Strongly Disagree

6% Disagree
No Idea
Agree
83%
Strongly Agree

Overall the analysis showed that for the success of educational endeavors in
developing countries it is extremely important that teachers are encouraged and taught the use

34
of technological tools will allow them to bring flexibility in educational sector. For traditional
teachers, it is definitely a difficult challenge to learn and adopt the latest technology in the
classroom scenario because the traditional teachers believe that only knowledge is required
for a student to become successful in life. In addition to this, it is also a challenge to make
teachers become a learner first in order to learn the use of digital media tools in the classroom
setting. It has now become impossible for students to attend classes like a traditional student
did in the last century. Now educational institutions have to build systems that allow the
students to take classes whenever it suits them and wherever it suits them. Coming to
university campuses for classes is no longer a necessity in many modern educational
institutions around the globe

35
 Chapter 5: Conclusion
In this chapter, the conclusions of this whole research study will be discussed. The
concluded reasons for adding technology and digital media in classroom will be summed and
the awareness of teachers and students with regard to digital media and its impact on
promoting education will be written down.

5- Conclusion
Conclusively it can be said that there are incalculable reasons why innovation is a key
part of learning in the schools. In any case, innovation is all over; and all together for our
understudies to make due in post-optional instruction and the business world, they should
know innovation.
Students now request rather demand the use of technology and digital media in
classroom. Understudies are drawing in with innovation always outside of the classroom.
Children get a kick out of the chance to be intelligent, and learning through innovation has
now turned into a piece of their way of life. New educators are requesting it. The innovation
development has been executed in post-auxiliary instruction and additionally other expert
employments. For new instructors, innovation is viewed as a need for the learning condition.
Children are the computer literates. Children know innovation superior to generally
grown-ups. It has turned into the most effortless way they learn, in light of the fact that it is
such a vital piece of their life. Drawing in with innovation in the classroom has helped them
learn better, as well as obtain multi-entrusting aptitudes. At this day in age, they barely know
how to learn without it. This learning is essential, since they would be path behind in reality
without it.
Children can learn at their own pace. We know from years of experience that children
learn at their own pace, however now and again the customary classroom makes it hard to do
as such. With the incorporation of innovation in instruction, kids can back off and backpedal
over lessons and ideas, and further developed children can proceed. It additionally authorizes
the educator to help kids on a more one-on-one level.
With innovation, there are no restrictions. Approaching other data outside of the book
gives understudies a wide range of approaches to take in an idea. Educators can think of
inventive approaches to instruct their understudies that keeps them locked in. Innovation has
changed the learning condition with the goal that learning is more active. Schools all through

36
the country are assorted in wage, and frequently kids don't generally get the assets they
require. The usage of innovation in schools enables close that to hole.
Innovation can upgrade connections amongst educators and understudies. At the point
when educators viably coordinate innovation into branches of knowledge, instructors develop
into parts of counsel, content master, and mentor. Innovation helps make instructing and
adapting more significant and fun. Understudies are additionally ready to work together with
their own schoolmates through mechanical applications.
One convention that schools don't have control over, yet should adjust to, is online
testing. Testing on the web is the method for the future, however it has a great deal of points
of interest. Evaluating understudies' execution should be possible in a flash with innovation.
Past observing test scores progressively, instructors can better track and comprehend
understudies' grip of the subject.
PCs, tablets, and different types of innovation bring various assets for the educator that is
not in the book. They not just keep understudies connected with energizing new highlights
and applications, yet additionally have different approaches to show understudies material.
Each child adapts in an unexpected way, and innovation assists with this hole also.
The understudies of this age are viewed as mechanical students. They learn best being
more intuitive, and innovation is the thing that encourages them do that. Kids frequently
battle to remain focused or intrigued, and with assets to help the educator, they can better
remain centred and learn speedier. Innovation is important to prevail outside of essential and
auxiliary instruction Regardless, innovation is a fundamental idea to learn. Since it changes
so immediately, kids are in an ideal situation finding out about it sooner. It is an essential
piece of each industry, and there is no chance to get around it. Nowadays, innovation implies
something other than learning essential registering aptitudes. Innovation has influenced itself
to some portion of each part of our lives today, and the understudies who comprehend it are
the ones who prevail in the business world.
Integrating technology and digital media into education is easier said than done. It
requires a several strategies for successful implementation which will allow the promotion as
well as easy accessibility of education. Research studies show that good analogy and media
are especially effective when students are getting education in a foreign language. One of the
middle examples of using digital media for learning of foreign language is educational
institutes in Saudi Arabia where technology is being used teach students in English language
which is completely new to them. Major cause of students opting out of education is because
they have to support themselves financially and for this purpose, they have to work more

37
hours per week making it impossible for them to attend school on regular basis. Young adults
take up jobs and shifts that make it impossible for them to be at school in time for classes. To
make situation worse for such students, they have no financial help from their families to
support their education and thus when students cannot pay attention to their studies and find
it difficult to pay huge sums for a degree they do not have time to pursue. Education seems
like a waste of time and an extra effort.
However without media literacy on a global scale, the effectiveness of digital media
and technology in education will be reduced. The major strategy for harnessing the maximum
advantage from integration of digital media in education is to develop media literacy
throughout the globe Not only do students need to know about media literacy but educational
institutes, governments, teachers, parents and other relevant authorities need to be highly
educated about the positive aspects of using latest technology for making education easier for
the students.
Students need digital media in their education so that they are able to continue their
studies even in the face of conflict and crisis. Promotion of education is of critical importance
because it is able to bring peace during times of conflict. Whenever there is a conflict and
crisis in any nation, young students are forced to stay at home and not go to school. In
countries where there is a constant conflict all prices, it is necessary to have a strong focus on
education because the aim of education is to promote stability, peas and good governance.
Through having a strong did you dazed educational system, countries at threat of war are able
to educate their students even if the parents opt not to send their children to school. Digital
media and inculcation of technology is able to promote education even in conflicts and crisis.
Using technology to promote education is a systematic and organized process through
which modern technologies and techniques are employed in educational system to increase its
efficiency and its promotion. The concept behind using technology and its tributaries like
digital media in making education accessible to all students requires various fundamental
changes within the educational system. In developed countries of the world, technology
integration into education is now favored however, its use in teaching and learning
environment still holds various challenges. Private educational institutes throughout the globe
are privileged enough to have access to technology as well as number of trained educators
and a favorable open environment but still the use of technology in classroom environment
for promotion of education is still very low. Even though the use of technology in education
sector throughout the globe is fairly limited but power and potential of digital technology in
promotion of learning and teaching cannot be stressed enough. Initially technology has been

38
continuously used for past many decades for teaching of special needs students. Brail
machines have been used for many years to help visually impaired students to continue with
their education. Furthermore, special children with autism and Down syndrome are now
using technology and digital media to enhance their social and educational skills.
Now the world is becoming digitized and people need to be proficient in the use of
mobile devices and applications that run on it. By using mobile phones and educational
application in the classrooms, students will utilize a chance to prepare themselves for their
future careers. Due to their individual differences, every student has a different learning style;
with the integration of technology in the everyday classroom setting will prove to be an
effective way of connecting with students with varied learning styles. Technology use in
classrooms can allow students to effectively collaborate with peers, making them more social
in the process. A student’s digital citizenship skills can be developed in the event when
technology is inculcated to aid the educational process.
To succeed and to thrive in the workplace of 21st-century, students not only need to
understand the basics of their work but also need to be proficient at use of certain
technological tools including electronic whiteboards, teleconferencing, Internet et cetera. By
infusing digital media and technological tools into the educational curriculum, educational
institutes are making sure that all the students and highly prepared for modern technology
infused offices. Without having knowledge of latest digital media and new technologies
hundreds of talented students will not be able to succeed in the modern workplace because of
intense competition. Employers are now favouring candidates who are well proficient in the
use of modern computer based systems because the operations of major businesses have been
computerised.

39
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