Name: Nowsheen Sharmili

Roll: 1308014

3. A- Engine
B- B-drive shaft
C- Transfer box (pump, motor assembly).
From engine power comes to the driveshaft and then transfer box and then with the transfer box
two driven shafts are attached. From this two shafts power goes to the front and rear wheels and
they rotate.
Hydraulic drive is needed to transfer motion from C to the wheels. They steer by a hydraulically
actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated
steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated
steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and
attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning
the machine, which can be useful. The tradeoff is that when the machine is "twisted" to one side
and a heavy load is lifted high, it has a greater risk of turning over to the "wide" side.
Pascal's law is the basis of hydraulic drive systems. As the pressure in the system is the same, the
force that the fluid gives to the surroundings is therefore equal to pressure  area. In such a way, a
small diameter of piston exerts a large force and vice versa
The same principle applies for a hydraulic pump with a small swept volume that asks for a
small torque, combined with a hydraulic motor with a large swept volume that gives a large torque.
In such a way a transmission with a certain ratio can be built. Most hydraulic drive systems make
use of hydraulic cylinders. Here the same principle is used — a small torque can be transmitted
into a large force. By throttling the fluid between the generator part and the motor part, or by using
hydraulic pumps and/or motors with adjustable swept volume, the ratio of the transmission can be
changed easily.
At the time of wheel rotation we need pump and motor. Between pump and motor there is no
connection. The swash plate tilts and low end pushes piston of the pump plate. So the oil goes out
of the piston and goes to the motor. The oil surged from the pump goes to the motor pushes the
piston of the motor outwards. They bump into a second swash plate which doesn’t move. The
piston slides on the swash plate and they rotates the motor. The motor rotates the drive shaft that
connect to the wheels.
Controllable hydraulic pump and accumulator can consume less power than electric motors and
gearboxes in applications with a lot of back-and-forth motion that move or hold heavy loads, or
that have a large number of motion axes. So they are better than other drives.
C is situated at center as it is four wheel drive system. From engine power goes to both front and
rear wheel. In a nutshell, it’s a system that sends power to all four wheels equally and without
vectoring (controlling the division of power delivery between the wheels or axles), meaning each
wheel will spin at the same constant rate as all the others. Power simply comes from the engine,
and is transferred to the transmission, where a unique device known as a transfer case divides the
power between the front and rear axles.
This equal split of power is great for maneuvering real tough and low-traction situations. But it
isn’t very friendly on the road in terms of everyday drivability.
For maintaining centroidal balance as it’s self-weight is able to make a clockwise moment and
reduction in power loss due to having a long transmission shaft, C is situated at center. Otherwise,
Twisting angle will be more and greater torque will be required to transmit motion in wheels.
4WD improves traction in dangerous driving conditions, such as snow, ice, rocks, and other
scenarios that can make control difficult. By engaging both sets of wheels, traction and control
improves. Additional weight contributes to better grip on the road. So in wheel loader 4WD is
better.

4. In normal road condition the hydraulic assistance mood is disengaged. But at the time of difficult
road condition this hydraulic assistance mood is on. Thus from the engine oil goes to the pump
and through drive shafts they go to the hydraulic motor which is situated in the wheel.
Two hydrostatic wheel hub motors are the central system components. There are ten cylinders
secured to the wheel hub. There are special pistons in the cylinders. Rotating rollers are attached
to the respective piston heads. This rollers make a contact with a wave shaped contour of an outer
circular cam ring. The wheel is rotated by specific cylinders being alternatively supplied by
pressure while at the same time oil is able to drain away from other cylinder. In the cylinders that
are under pressure pushes the piston outwards. The roller rests against the cam rings and torque is
produced that drives the wheels. When the system is switched off, working pistons on the wheel
hub motor are depressurized. Springs arranged in a ring shape pull back the pistons from the cam
ring contour inside where they remain and the wheel stops rotating.
By this drive the wheel turns in any system base loss of friction.

This mechanism is just like the vane pump or any positive displacement pump.

2. Hydraulic pump drive system through the power of the engine is transmitted to the
hydraulic motors, hydraulic cylinders and other actuators, action to promote the work means to
complete a variety of jobs.
The fundamental of hydraulic system is the ability to apply force or torque multiplication in an
easy way, independent of the distance between the input and output, without the use gears, levers.
Hydraulic ratios are combined with a mechanical force or torque ratio for optimum movement of
boom and arm in an excavator.
In excavator, from engine fluids go to the hydraulic tank. From here, fluid go to the piston pumps.
Pumps squeeze fluids in a hydraulic system through small diameter hoses and pipes — pressure
in, pressure out — and mechanical force is created. As we know from pascal’s law if diameter is
reduced then force increases for constant pressure everywhere.
F1/A1=F2/A2, A (area) = d^2.
The force of the fluid at the working end of the lines activates pistons or other moveable surfaces.
The piston is pressurized by the fluid. The movement of the piston ensures the movement of the
boom arm and bucket in different arrangements. So they work like the piston pumps (positive
displacement pumps).
 1. Gear pump Vs Piston pump
There is frictional loss in gear pump for the meshing gears. Piston pump higher horsepower,
efficient multitasking, increased valve control and improved cooling than the gear pumps.
But gear pumps are self- priming, give constant delivery, volumetric efficiency is higher than
piston pump.

Gear pump Vs Vane pump

Vane pumps are quitter than gear pumps. They have higher pressure capability than gear pumps.
They are well balanced in design for longer life and variable displacement as an option.
Gear pumps are more simple and inexpensive in nature than vane pumps and they are self-priming
where the vane pumps are not self-priming.

Vane Vs piston pump

Piston pumps have the highest pressure rating and the best overall efficiency and
reliability while vane pumps have lower efficiency and work in lower pressure cond ition
with low viscosity fluids and are not good at abrasive liquids.
In piston pumps the mechanical parts are prone to wear so maintenance cost is high, but in vane
pump it compensate for wear through vane extension.
5. Pressure pulsation is fluctuations in pressure in the pump. Pump flow pulsation occurs when
there is rapid uncontrolled acceleration and deceleration of energy. This energy is usually slugs of
liquid moving and can be designated by frequency and pressure amplitude. In
peristaltic pumps, pulsation is caused as fluid enters the head and becomes trapped between two
rollers.
In piston pump, when the plunger reverses direction at the end of its discharge stroke, there is a
cessation of pressure generation for the duration of return stroke. During this time, discharge
pressure decreases until the next discharge stroke occurs. This causes pulsation in pumps
Gear pumps can produce a high frequency pressure pulsation and thus increase of fluctuations of
delivery flow ‘flow rate ripples’ in suction and impulsion chambers, which tends to damage
pressure gauges as fluid can be trapped between the teeth. The generation of significant vibration
is caused by flow rate fluctuation during the delivery process. Generally, the vibration excitation
is the main source of noise in most hydraulic systems. Therefore, reducing the flow rate fluctuation
is an essential topic of continuous concern in the design process of gear pumps.
In vane pump vibration due to pressure pulsation is caused by the uneven flow of hydraulic fluid
from the pump to the system, which results in the accelerated wear of pump’s elements, increased
emission of noise and reduction in the accuracy of the receivers’ positioning.

6. At first with pressure the discharge doesn’t vary. But after coming to a certain threshold, it
decreases with increasing pressure. So we have to compromise discharge flow rate.
As we know that Q=Va
Where Q=discharge flow rate
V=velocity
A=area
And P=Qp
P=power
P=pressure
Here, Q proportional to 1/p. and Q proportional to V. So if speed increases discharge increase and
pressure decrease.
7. In gear pump the theoretical flow rate is higher than the vane pump. In vane pump the theoretical
flow rate is lower than the gear pump but higher than the piston pumps. So the piston pump has
the highest volumetric efficiency.
The fluid that trapped in between the two teeth of the gear pump is not as much as the other two
pumps. Because of the limitations when dimensioning gear tooth design parameters such as the
circular pitch, clearance, addendum and dedendum, the actual flow rate is not much higher than
the other two pumps. Also, there occurs slippage of fluid during flow from the gear pump because
of the tooth clearance.
In vane pump, there is no mating of teeth like gear pumps is required so efficiency is more.
In piston pump, by increasing the radius of piston circle and number of pistons, the flow rate be
increased. As the bore along with the pistons are well fitted, creating reduction of slippage, the
volumetric efficiency is greater than the other two pumps.
As volumetric efficiency= actual discharge/ theoretical discharge
If viscosity is high, leakage is low so flow rate is high and the volumetric efficiency is high by
neglecting the pipe and head loss.
Mechanical efficiency=theoretical torque/ actual torque
So, if viscosity increases flow rate decreases and for a constant power pressure increases. If the
pressure increases actual force of torque increases and mechanical efficiency decreases.
If viscosity is high, mechanical efficiency decreases.
In the last portion if speed is low then there is leakage in the gap and if it is high then for swirling
some leakage occurs and volumetric efficiency decreases. So, for an optimum speed volumetric
efficiency is highest.
In overall efficiency we count pipe loss, head loss, leakage and all kind of loss but we only count
leakage in volumetric efficiency. So overall efficiency is lower than the volumetric efficiency.