Modified Ce Lab Mnual

ELEC/PHCET Communication Engineering
MAHATMA EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S
PILLAI HOC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Pillai HOCL Educational Campus, HOC Colony, Rasayani, Dist. Raigad. MH-410207
Laboratory Manual
Communication Engineering
Semester V
Prepared by
Rukhsar Pathan, Lecturer
Department of Electrical Engineering
Rukhsar Pathan Page 1 of 33

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1) Generation of Double-Sideband Full Carrier Amplitude

Modulation (DSB-FC AM) envelope and measurement of
modulation.
2) Frequency modulation generation using varactor diode
3) Pulse Amplitude modulation generation and detection
4) Pulse Position Modulation generation and detection
5) Pulse width Modulation generation and detection
6) To study of Amplitude Shift Keying
7) To study of Frequency Shift Keying
8) To study of Pulse Shift Keying

EXPERIMENT 1: Generation of Double-Sideband Full

Carrier Amplitude Modulation (DSB-FC AM) envelope and
measurement of modulation index
AIM: Generation of Double-Sideband Full Carrier Amplitude Modulation (DSB-FC

AM) envelope and measurement of modulation index
APPARATUS REQUIRED : Trainer Board, CRO, Connecting Probes
THEORY: Information signals are transported between a transmitter and a receiver
over some form of transmission medium. However, the original information signals are
seldom in a form that is suitable for transmission. Therefore, they must be transformed
from their original form into a form that is more suitable for transmission. The process of
impressing low-frequency information signals onto a high-frequency carrier signal is
called modulation. Demodulation is the reverse process where the received signals are
transformed back to their original form.
PRINCIPLES OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION:

Amplitude modulation (AM) is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high
frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal (information). Amplitude modulation is a relatively inexpensive, low-
quality form of modulation that is used for commercial broadcasting of both audio and
video signals. Amplitude modulation is also used for two-way mobile radio
communications such as citizens band (CB) radio.
AM modulators are nonlinear devices with two inputs and one output. One input is a
single, high-frequency carrier signal of constant amplitude and the second input is
comprised of relatively low-frequency information signals which may be a single
frequency or a complex waveform made up of many frequencies.
Frequencies that are high enough to be efficiently radiated by an antenna and
propagated through free space are commonly called radio frequencies, or simply RFs. In the
modulator, the information acts on or modulates the RF carrier producing a modulated
waveform. The information signal may be a single frequency or more likely consist of a
range of frequencies. The modulated output waveform from an AM modulator is often
called an AM envelope.
THE AM ENVELOPE:

Although th ere are several types of amplitude modulation, AM double-

sideband full carrier (DSBFC) is probably the most commonly used. AM DSBFC is
sometimes called conventional AM or simply AM. The figure shows how an AM waveform
is produced when a single-frequency modulating signal acts on a high-frequency carrier
signal. The output waveform contains all the frequencies that make up the AM signal and
it is used to transport the information through the system. Therefore, the shape of the
modulated wave is called the AM envelope.
The instantaneous amplitude of a modulated wave can be expressed as
Where,
= Carrier Signal (Volts)
= Upper side frequency signal (Volts)
= Lower side frequency signal (Volts)
An AM modulator is a nonlinear device. Therefore, nonlinear mixing occurs and the

output envelope is a complex wave made up of a dc voltage, the carrier frequency, and the sum
and difference frequencies (i.e., the cross products). The sum and difference frequencies
are displaced from the carrier frequency by an amount equal to the modulating signal
frequency. Therefore, an AM signal spectrum contains frequency components spaced Hz on
either side of the carrier.
The AM spectrum extends from to, where is the carrier frequency and is the
h igh est modulatin g signal frequency. The ban d of frequencies between and is
called the lower sideband (LSB), and any frequency within this band is called a lower
side frequency (LSF). The band of frequencies between and) is called the upper
sideband (USB), and any frequency within this band is called an upper side frequency
(USF). Therefore, the bandwidth (B) of an AM DSBFC wave is equal to the difference
between the highest upper side frequency and the lowest lower side frequency, or two
times the highest modulating signal frequency i.e., .
COEFFICIENT OF MODULATION AND PERCENT MODULATION:

Coefficient of modulation is a term used to describe the amount of amplitude change
(modulation) present in an AM waveform. Percent modulation is simply the
coefficient of modulation stated as a percentage. More specifically, percent
modulation gives the percentage change in the amplitude of the output wave when the carrier
is acted on by a modulating signal. Mathematically, the modulation coefficient is,
W her e,
m = modulation coefficient (unitless)
= peak change in the amplitude of the output waveform voltage (volts)
= peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier voltage (volts)
The AM DSBFC wave is shown in the figure which includes carrier and modulating signal.
With 100% modulation the maximum power in the upper or lower sideband is equal to
only one- fourth the power in the carrier. Thus, the maximum total sideband power is
equal to one-half the carrier power. One of the most significant disadvantages of AM
DSBFC transmission is the fact that the information is contained in the sidebands
although most of the power is wasted in the carrier. Actually, the power in the carrier is
not totally wasted because it does allow for the use of relatively simple, inexpensive

demodulator circuits in the receiver, which is the predominant advantage of AM

DSBFC.
PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure the following initial conditions on the board.
a. Audio input select switch should be in INT position:
b. Mode switch in DSB position.
c. Output amplifier's gain potentiometer in full clockwise position.
d. Speakers switch in OFF position.
2. Turn on power to the ST2201 board.
3. Turn the audio oscillator block's amplitude pot to its full clockwise (Maximum)
position, and examine the block's output (TP14) on an oscilloscope. This is the audio
frequency sine wave which will be as our modulating signal. Note that the sine wave’s
frequency can be adjusted from about 300 Hz to approximately 3.4 KHz, by
adjusting the audio oscillator's frequency potentiometer.
Note also that the amplitude of this audio modulating signal can be reduced to zero, by
turning the Audio oscillator's amplitude present to its fully counter- clockwise (MIN)
position. Return the amplitude present to its max position.
4. Turn the balance pot, in the balanced modulator & band pass filter circuit 1 block,
to its fully clockwise position. It is this block that we will use to perform double-side
band amplitude modulation.
5. Monitor, in turn, the two inputs to the balanced modulator & band pass filter
circuits 1 block, at TP1 and TP9. Note that :
a. The signal at TP1 is the audio-frequency sine wave from the audio oscillator
block. This is the modulating input to our double-sideband modulator.
b. Test Point 9 carries a sine wave of 1MHz frequency and amplitude 120 mVpp
approx. This is the carrier input to our double-sideband modulator.
6. Next, examine the output of the balanced modulator & band pass filter circuit 1 block
(at tp3), together with the modulating signal at TP1 Trigger the oscilloscope on
the TP1 signal. The output from the balanced modulator & band pass filter circuit 1 block
(at TP3) is a double-sideband AM waveform, which has been formed by amplitude-
modulating the 1MHz carrier sine wave with the audio-frequency sine wave from the
audio oscillator.

7. To determine the depth of modulation, measure the maximum amplitude () and the
minimum amplitude () of the AM waveform at TP3
FORMULA:
Percentage Modulation = *100
Where, Vmax and Vmin are the maximum and minimum amplitudes.
8. Plot modulating signal, carrier signal and AM signal (undermodulated and
overmodulated case).
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. No. Vmax Vmin m Percent m
CONCLUSION:
1. Why Modulation is necessary for communication system.

3. What is Baseband signal?
4. Differentiate analog and Digital Modulation.
5. Define Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation?
8. Write an expression for the total power of the Amplitude Modulated wave. 9. What is the
efficiency of AM signal?
10. What are the applications of AM system.

EXPERIMENT. 2: Frequency modulation generation using

varactor diode
AIM: Frequency modulation generation using varactor diode

THEORY:
Angle modulation was first introduced in 1931 as an alternative to amplitude modulation. It
was suggested that an angle-modulated wave was less susceptible to noise than AM and,
consequently, could improve the performance of radio communications. Major E. H.
Armstrong (who also developed the super heterodyne receiver) developed the first
successful FM radio system in 1936, and in July 1939 the first regularly scheduled
broadcasting of FM signals began in Alpine, New Jersey. Today, angle modulation is used
extensively for commercial radio broadcasting, television sound transmission, two-way
mobile radio, cellular radio, and microwave and satellite communications systems.
Angle modulation is of two different types: (i) Frequency Modulation (FM). (ii) Phase
Modulation (PM).
In essence, the difference between frequency and phase modulation lies in which property of
the carrier (the frequency or the phase) is directly varied by the modulating signal and
which property is indirectly varied. Whenever the frequency of a carrier is varied, the phase
is also varied, and vice versa. Therefore, FM and PM must both occur whenever either form
of angle modulation is performed. If the frequency of the carrier is varied directly in
accordance with the modulating signal, FM results. If the phase of the carrier is varied
directly in accordance withthe modulating signal, PM results. Therefore, direct FM is
indirect PM and direct PM is indirect FM.Frequency and phase modulation can be defined as
follows:
(i) Direct frequency modulation (FM): Varying the frequency of constant amplitude carrier
directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the
frequency of the modulating signal.
(ii) Direct phase modulation (PM): Varying the phase of a constant-amplitude carrier directly
proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the
modulating signal.
The most important advantage of FM or PM over AM is the possibility of a greatly improved
signal-to-noise ratio. A penalty is paid for this in increased bandwidth: an FM signal may
occupy several times as much bandwidth as that required for an AM signal. There may seem
to be a contradiction here, as we found that for AM, decreasing the bandwidth improved the
signal-to-noise ratio.
In contrast to AM, the amplitude or the power of an FM or PM signal does not change with
modulation. Thus, an FM signal does not have an envelope that reproduces the modulation.
This is actually an advantage: an FM receiver does not have to respond to amplitude
variations and thus it can ignore noise to some extent. Similarly, FM transmitters can use
Class C amplifiers throughout, since amplitude linearity is not important. Modulation can
be accomplished at low power levels.
FREQUENCY DEVIATION BANDWIDTH AND MODULATION

INDEX OF FM SIGNAL:
Carson’s rule approximates that the bandwidth necessary to transmit an angle modulated
wave is twice the sum of the peak frequency deviation and the highest modulating signal
frequency. Mathematically stated, Carson’s rule is:
Where, ∆f = Peak frequency deviation (Hertz)

fm= Modulating signal frequency (Hertz)
FREQUENCY DEVIATION:
Frequency deviation is the change in frequency that occurs in the carrier when it is acted on by
a modulating-signal frequency. Frequency deviation is typically given as a peak frequency
shift in hertz (∆f). The peak-to-peak frequency deviation (2∆f) is sometimes called carrier
swing.
For an FM, the deviation sensitivity is often given in hertz per volt. Therefore, the peak
frequency deviation is simply the product of the deviation sensitivity and the peak
modulating-signal voltage and expressed mathematically as: Hz
PERCENT MODULATION:
With angle modulation, percent modulation is simply the ratio of the frequency deviation
actually produced to the maximum frequency deviation allowed by law stated in percent
form. Mathematically, percent modulation is
PROCEDURE:
This experiment investigates how ST2203's Varactor modulator circuit performs frequency
modulation. This circuit modulates the frequency of a carrier sine wave, according to the
audio signal applied to its modulating input.
1) Ensure the following initial conditions on the ST2203 board.
a. All Switched Faults in ‘Off’ condition.
b. Amplitude potentiometer (in mixer amplifier block) in fully clockwise position.
c. VCO switch (in phase locked loop detector block) in ‘Off’ position.
2) Make the connections as shown in figure.
3) Switch on the power.
4) Turn the audio oscillator block's amplitude potentiometer to its fully clockwise position,
and examine the block's output TP1 on an Oscilloscope. This is the audio frequency sine
wave, which will be used as our modulating signal. Note that the sine wave's frequency can
be adjusted from about 300Hz to approximately 3.4 KHz, by adjusting the audio oscillator's
frequency potentiometer.
Note also that the amplitude of this modulating signal is adjusted by audio oscillator
amplitude potentiometer Leave the amplitude potentiometer in minimum position.
5) Connect the output socket of the audio oscillator block to the audio input socket of the
modulator circuit’s block.

6) Set the reactance / Varactor switch to the Varactor position. This switch selects the
Varactor modulator and also disables the reactance modulator to prevent any
interference between the two circuits.
7) The output signal from the Varactor modulator block appears at TP24 before being
buffered and amplified by the mixer/amplifier block, any capacitive loading (e.g. Due
to Oscilloscope probe) may slightly affect the modulators output frequency. In order to
avoid this problem we monitor the buffered FM output signal the mixer / amplifier block at
TP34.
8) Put the Varactor modulator's carrier frequency potentiometer in its midway position, and
then examine TP34. Note that it is a sine wave of approximately 1.2 Vpp, centered on 0V.
This is our FM carrier, and it is un-modulated since the Varactor modulators audio input
signal has zero amplitude.
9) The amplitude of the FM carrier (at TP34) is adjustable by means of the
mixer/amplifier block's amplitude potentiometer, from zero to its potentiometer level.
Try turning this potentiometer slowly anticlockwise, and note that the amplitude of the
FM signal can be reduced to zero. Return the amplitude potentiometer to its fully
clockwise position.
10) Try varying the carrier frequency potentiometer and observe the effects.
11) Also, see the effects of varying the amplitude and frequency potentiometer in the audio
oscillator block.
12) Turn the carrier frequency potentiometer in the Varactor modulator block slowly
clockwise and note that in addition to the carrier frequency increasing there is a decrease in
the amount of frequency deviation that is present.
13) Return the carrier frequency potentiometer to its midway position, and monitor the
audio input (at TP6) and the FM output (at TP34) triggering the Oscilloscope on the audio
input signal. Turn the audio oscillator's amplitude potentiometer throughout its range of
adjustment, and note that the amplitude of the FM output signal does not change. This is
because the audio information is contained entirely in the signals frequency and not in its
amplitude.
14) By using the optional audio input module ST2108 the human voice can be used as the
audio modulating signal, instead of using ST2203's audio oscillator block. If you have an
audio input module, connect the module's output to the audio input socket in the modulator
circuit’s block. The input signal to the audio input module may be taken from an external
microphone be (supplied with the module) or from a cassette recorder, by choosing the
appropriate switch setting on the module. Consult the user manual for the audio input
module, for further details.
15) Plot waveforms of modulating signal, carrier signal and FM signal.
CONCLUSION:

1. What are the different methods of generating FM signal?

2. Compare FM with AM technique.
3. Give the Carson’s rule to calculate bandwidth of the system.
4. What is the commercial FM frequency range?
5. What is the difference between FM and FSK technique?
6. List the applications of FM technique

EXPERIMENT 3: Pulse Amplitude modulation generation and

detection
AIM: Pulse Amplitude modulation generation and detection
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Trainer Board, CRO, Connecting Probes
THEORY:
Most digital modulation systems are based on pulse modulation. It involves variation of a
pulse parameter in accordance with the instantaneous value of the information signal. This
parameter can be amplitude, width, repetitive frequency etc.
Depending upon the nature of parameter varied, various modulation systems are used.
Pulse amplitude modulation, pulse width modulation, pulse code modulation are few
modulation systems cropping up from the pulse modulation technique. In pulse amplitude
modulation (PAM) the amplitude of the pulses are varied in accordance with the
modulating signal.
In true sense, pulse amplitude modulation is analog in nature but it forms the basis of most
digital communication and modulation systems. The pulse modulation systems require
analog information to be sampled at predetermined intervals of time. Sampling is a process
of taking the instantaneous value of the analog information at a predetermined time interval.
A sampled signal consists of a train of pulses, where each pulse corresponds to the
amplitude of the signal at the corresponding sampling time. The signal sent to line is
modulated in amplitude and hence the name Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM).
Pulse amplitude modulation, the simplest form of pulse modulation, is illustrated in above
figure. It forms an excellent introduction to pulse modulation in general. Pulse amplitude
modulation is a pulse modulation system in which the signal is sampled at regular intervals,
and each sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of
sampling. As shown in figure, The two types are double polarity pulse amplitude
modulation, which is self-explanatory and single polarity pulse amplitude modulation, in
which a fixed DC level is added to the signal, to ensure that the pulses are always positive.
As will be seen shortly, the ability to use constant amplitude pulses is a major advantage of
pulse modulation, and since Pulse Amplitude Modulation does not utilize constant
amplitude pulses, it is infrequently used. When it is used, the pulses frequency modulates
the carrier. It is very easy to generate and demodulate pulse amplitude modulation. In a
generator, the signal to be converted to Pulse Amplitude Modulation is fed to one input of
an AND gate. Pulses at the sampling frequency are applied to the other input of the AND
gate to open it during the wanted time intervals. The output of the gate then consists of
pulses at the sampling rate, equal in amplitude to the signal voltage at each instant. The
pulses are then passed through a pulse shaping network, which gives them flat tops.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as explained below.
 Output of sine wave to modulation signal IN in PAM block keeping the switch in 1
KHz position.
 8 KHz pulse output to pulse input.
 Connect the sample output to low pass filter input.
 Output of low pass filter to input of AC amplifier. Keep the gain pot in AC amplifier
block in anti clock wise position.
2. Switch ‘On’ the power supply & oscilloscope.
3. Observe the outputs at TP (3 & 5) these are natural & flat top outputs respectively.
4. Observe the difference between the two outputs.
5. Vary the amplitude potentiometer and frequency change over switch & observe the effect
on the two outputs.
6. Vary the frequency of pulse, by connecting the pulse input to the 4 frequencies available
i.e. 8, 16, 32, 64 kHz in Pulse output block.
7. Switch ‘On’ fault No. 1, 2, 3, 4 one by one & observe their effect on Pulse Amplitude
Modulation output and try to locate them.
8. Monitor the output of AC amplifier. It should be a pure sine wave similar to input.
9. Vary the amplitude of input, the amplitude of output will vary.
10. Similarly connect the sample & hold & flat top outputs to low pass filter and see the
demodulated waveform at the output of AC amplifier.
11. Switch ‘On’ the switched faults No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 8 one by one and see their effects on
output.
12. Switch ‘Off’ the power supply.
13. Plot various waveforms at various points including modulating signal and sampled flat
top signal.
CONCLUSION:

1. Mention the applications of PAM signal.

2. Compare PAM signal with other Pulse modulation.
3. Which device is used to track PAM frequency variations in the clock recovery circuit?
4. What kind of switches is commonly used in PAM multiplexers?
5. What are the advantage and disadvantages of PAM?
6. How the message can be recovered from PAM

EXPERIMENT 4: Pulse Width modulation generation and

detection
AIM: Pulse Width modulation generation and detection
THEORY:
PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION:
Pulse-width modulation of PTM is also often called PDM (pulse duration modulation) and,
less often, PLM (pulse-length modulation). In this system, we have a fixed amplitude and
starting time of each pulse, but the width of each pulse is made proportional to the
amplitude of the signal at that instant
Pulse-width modulation has the disadvantage, when compared with pulse-position
modulation (PPM), that its pulses are of varying width and therefore of varying power
content. This means that the transmitter must be powerful enough to handle the maximum-
width pulses, although the average power transmitted is perhaps only half of the peak
power. PWM still works if synchronization between transmitter and receiver fails, whereas
pulse-position modulation does not.
Advantages of PWM:
 Unlike, PAM, noise is less, since in PWM, amplitude is held constant.
 PWM communication does not require synchronization between transmitter and
receiver.
Disadvantages of PWM:
1. In PWM, pulses are varying in width and therefore their power contents are variable. This
requires that the transmitter must be able to handle the power contents of the pulse having
maximum pulse width.
2. Large bandwidth is required for the PWM communication as compared to PAM.
PROCEDURE:
(a) PWM Modulation
1. Connect the circuit as explained below:
a. 1 KHz sine wave output of function generator block to modulation input of PWM block.
b. 64 KHz square wave output to pulse input of PWM block.
3. Observe the output of PWM block.
4. Vary the amplitude of sine wave and see its effect on pulse output.
5. Vary the sine wave frequency by switching the frequency selector switch to 2 KHz.
6. Also, change the frequency of the pulse by connecting the pulse input to different pulse
frequencies viz. 8 KHz, 16 KHz, 32 KHz and see the variations in the PWM output.

7. Switch ‘On’ fault No. 1, 2, & 5 one by one & observes their effect on PWM output and tries
to locate them.
(b) PWM Demodulation
1. Connect the circuit as explained below:
a. 1 KHz sine wave output of function generator block to modulation input of PWM block.
b. 64 KHz square wave output to pulse input.
c. Output of PWM to input of low pass filter.
d. Output of low pass filter to input of AC Amplifier.
3. Observe the output of low pass filter and AC amplifier respectively to understand the
demodulation of pulse width demodulation waveform in detail.
4. Vary the amplitude and frequency of sine wave and observe its effect on the demodulated
waveform.
5. Now, connect the pulse input in the pulse width modulation block to the different
frequencies available on board viz. 8, 16, 32 KHz and observe their demodulated
waveforms.
6. Try varying the amplitude of sine wave signal; you will observe that the output signal
varies similarly.
7. Switch ‘On’ fault no, 1, 2, 5 & 8 one by one at a time. Observe their effects on final output
and try to locate them.
CONCLUSION:
What is PWM? Or pulse length modulation? Or pulse duration modulation

Mention the applications of PWM
What is the purpose of PWM?
What are the disadvantages of PWM

EXPERIMENT 5: Pulse Position Modulation generation and

detection
AIM: Pulse Position Modulation generation and detection
THEORY:
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) is the amplitude and width of the pulses is kept constant
in this system, while position of each pulse, in relation to the position of a recurrent
reference pulse is varied by each instantaneous sampled value of the modulating wave. This
means that the transmitter must send synchronizing pulses to operate timing circuits in the
receiver. As mentioned in connection with PWM, pulse-position modulation has the
advantage of requiring constant transmitter power output, but the disadvantage of
depending on transmitter-receiver synchronization,
Advantages of PPM
1. Like PWM, in PPM amplitude is held constant thus less noise interference.
2. Like PWM, signal and noise separation is very easy.
3. Due to constant pulse widths and amplitudes, transmission power for each pulse is Same.
Disadvantages of PPM:
1. Synchronization between transmitter and receiver is required.
2. Large bandwidth is required as compared to PAM.
PPM Modulation:
1. Connect the circuit as described below for clarity.
a. Input of pulse position modulation blocks to sine wave output of FG block.
3. Keep the oscilloscope at 0.5mS / div, time base speed and in X-5 mode, and observe the
pulse position modulated waveform at the pulse position modulation block output.
4. Vary the amplitude of sine wave and observe the pulse position modulation, keep the
amplitude preset in centre. Here you can best observe the pulse modulation.
5. Switch ‘On’ fault No. 1, 2, & 6 one by one & observe their effects in pulse position
modulation output and try to locate them.
7. Plot waveforms of modulating signal, PPM signal and demodulated signal.
PPM Demodulation:
1. Connect the circuit as described below for clarity.
a. Sine wave of 1 KHz to input of PPM block.
b. Output PPM block to input of low pass filter.
c. Output of low pass filter to input of AC amplifier.
d. Keep the gain potentiometer in amplifier block at maximum position.
3. Observe the waveform at the TP12 output of low pass filter block.
4. Then observe the demodulated output at TP14 output of AC amplifier.
5. Switch ‘On’ fault No. 1, 2, 6 & 8 one by one & observes their effect on demodulated
waveform & tries to locate them.
CONCLUSION:
1.What is Pulse Position Modulation

2.What is the advantage of PPM over PWM
3.What are the applications of pulse position modulation.
4.Explain the principle of PPM

EXPERIMENT 6: To study ASK Modulation and

demodulation
AIM: To study ASK Modulation and demodulation
APPARATUS REQUIRED : ST 2111, ST2106 & ST 2107 Trainer Kit, DSO/CRO

(30/50 MHz) with Patch Cords, Power Cords, CRO Probes etc.
THEORY:-
ASK Modulation
Data Formatting & Carrier Modulation Transmitter Trainer (ST2106) and 8-Bit Data
Generator (ST2111) are connected to DSO for ASK Modulation is as follows
The simplest method of modulating a carrier with a data stream is to change the amplitude
of the carrier wave every time the data changes. This modulation technique is known
amplitude shift keying (ASK). The simplest way of achieving amplitude shift keying is by
switching ‘On’ the carrier whenever the data bit is '1' & switching off. Whenever the data bit
is '0' i.e. the transmitter Outputs the carrier for a' 1' & totally suppresses the carrier for a
'0'. This technique is known as ‘On-Off’ keying figure 20 illustrates the amplitude shift
keying for the given data stream. Thus,
Data = 1------------------- carrier transmitted
Data = 0 ------------------ carrier suppressed
The ASK waveform is generated by a balanced modulator circuit, also known as a

linear multiplier. As the name suggests, the device multiplies the instantaneous signal
at its two inputs. The output voltage is product of the two input voltages, at any instance of
time. One of the inputs is AC coupled 'carrier' wave of high frequency. Generally, the carrier
wave is a sine wave since any other waveform would increase the bandwidth, without
providing any advantages. The other input which is the information signal to be
transmitted, is DC coupled. It is known as modulating signal. The carrier, input data and
ASK output waveforms are shown in figure1.
Figure 1:- ASK modulation waveforms
In order to generate ASK waveform it is necessary to apply a sine wave at carrier

input & the digital data stream at modulation input. The double - balanced modulator is shown
in figure 2

ASK Demodulation: Circuit connection on between ST 2106, ST 2107, ST2111

and DSO for ASK Demodulation experiment is as follows:
Figure 2:- Amplitude Shift Keying
The data stream applied is unipolar i.e. 0 volts at logic '0' & + 5 Volts at logic '1'. The
output of balanced modulator is a sine wave, unchanged in phase when a data bit ‘1' is
applied to it. In this case the carrier is multiplied with a positive constant voltage when the
data bit '0' is applied, the carrier is multiplied by 0 volts, giving rise to 0 volt signal at
modulator's output.
The ASK modulation result in a great simplicity at the receiver. The method to
demodulate the ASK modulation results in a great simplicity at the receiver. The method to
demodulate the ASK waveform is to rectify it, pass it through the filter & 'Square Up' the
resulting waveform. The output is the original data stream. Figure 3 shows the functional
blocks required in order to demodulate the ASK waveform at receiver.
The various steps involved are as below:

Step A : The ASK waveform is rectified by a diode rectifier, giving a positive going signal.
This signal is too rounded to be used as digital data. Also the carrier component is still
present & it is of unreliable amplitude due to the attenuation & noise in transmission path.
In fact it is a great drawback associated with ASK modulation. The data level may be
misinterpreted by the receiver if the amplitude change is too much.
CONCLUSION

1. What is meant by coherent ASK?

2. Draw the waveform of it.
3. Differentiate ASF over FSK?

EXPERIMENT 7: To Study FSK Modulation and

Demodulation
AIM: - To Study FSK Modulation and Demodulation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED : ST 2111, ST 2107 & ST 2106 Trainer Kit, DSO/CRO
THEORY:-
FSK Modulation
Generator (ST2111) are connected to DSO as follows
In frequency shift keying, the carrier frequency is shifted in steps (i.e. from one
frequency to another) corresponding to the digital modulation signal. If the higher
frequency is used to represent a data '1' & lower frequency a data '0', the resulting
Frequency shift keying waveform appears as shown in figure 1. Thus
Data = 1 high frequency
Data = 0 low frequency

Figure 1:-FSK waveforms

On a closer look at the FSK waveform, it can be seen that it can be represented as the sum of
two ASK waveforms. This is illustrated in figure 2.
Figure 2:-Generation of FSK Waveform from ASK Waveforms

Let us assume that we apply the above data stream to an ASK modulator using the higher
frequency carrier. The resulting output is shown in figure 3
FSK Demodulation
Figure 5:-FSK Modulator

Let us now invert the original data stream.

Original Data Steam 0110001011
Inverted Data Steam 1001110100
Figure3:- Data Steam

We now apply the inverted data stream to the ASK modulator using a lower stream
frequency carrier. The result is the original data '0' filled with the lower frequency carrier
shown in figure 4
Figure 4:-ASK Wave form using Lower Frequency Carrier with Inverted Data Stream
Lastly, we have to sum the two ASK waveforms, to get a FSK wave. The functional blocks
required in order to generate the FSK signal is as shown in figure 5. The two carriers have
different frequencies & the digital data is inverted in one case. The demodulation of FSK
waveform can be carried out by a phase locked loop. As known, the phase locked loop tries
to 'lock' to the input frequency. It achieves this by generating corresponding output Voltage
to be fed to the voltage controlled oscillator, if any frequency deviation at its input is
encountered. Thus the PLL detector follows the frequency changes & generates proportional
output voltage. The output voltage from PLL contains the carrier components. Therefore the
signal is passed through the low pass filter to remove them. The resulting wave is too
rounded to be used for digital data processing. Also, the amplitude level may be very low
due to channel attenuation. The signal is 'Squared Up' by feeding it to the voltage
comparator. Figure 1 show the functional blocks involved in FSK demodulation.
Figure 6:- FSK Demodulator

Since the amplitude change in FSK waveform does not matter, this modulation
technique is very reliable even in noisy & fading channels. But there is always a price to be
paid to gain that advantage.
The price in this case is widening of the required bandwidth. The bandwidth
increase depends upon the two carrier frequencies used & the digital data rate. Also, for a
given data, the higher the frequencies & the more they differ from each other, the wider the
required bandwidth. The bandwidth required is at least doubled than that in the ASK
modulation. This means that lesser number of communication channels for given band of
frequencies.
PROCEDURE:-
Part-A] FSK Modulaton

[1] Ensure that all trainers are switched off, until the complete connections are made.
[2] Make the following connections between ST2111, ST2106 trainers.
a) TX clock output (TP3) to TX clock input

b) Data output to data input
c) Gnd to Gnd
[3] Make the following connections on ST2106 Trainer:
A. NRZ (L) output (TP5) to modulation input of unipolar-bipolar converter
(TP27)
B. Modulation input (TP27) to data inverter input (TP32)
C. Modulator output (TP28) to summing amplifier input A (TP34)
D. Data inverter output (TP33) to modulation input of modulator 2 (TP30)
E. 1.44 MHz carrier (TP16) to Modulator 1 carrier input (TP26)
F. 960 KHz (1) carrier (TP17) to modulator 2 carrier input (TP29)
G. Modulator 2 output (TP31) to summing amplifier input (TP35)
[4] Connect the NRZ (L) output (TP5) to CH-1 and Summing amplifier output (TP36) on
ST 2106 to CH-2 of DSO/CRO.Switch on the power for two trainer kits and
CRO/DSO.
[5] Adjust the DSO/CRO to observe the NRZ (L) and FSK waveforms.
OBSERVATION:-
A] FSK Modulation
Sr. No. Signal Amplitude Frequency
1 Clk
2 Data
3 NRZ(L)
4 FSK ‘0’
‘1’
B] FSK Demodulation
Sr.No. Signal Amplitude Frequency
1 Clk
2 Data
3 NRZ(L)
4 FSK ‘0’
‘1’
5 Data at Receiver

[5] Three variables have been provided in the modulators block. Their use may be
necessary to obtain a required FSK waveform. These variables are
a. Gain : This pot adjusts the amplification of the modulator's output. Adjust
this pot till the output is not a 2Vpp signal in ‘On’ state.
b. Modulation Offset : This control is used to adjust the amplitude of the ‘Off’
signal. Adjust this control till the amplitude of the ‘Off’ signal is an close to
zero as possible.
c. Carrier Offset: This control adjusts the ‘Off’ bias level of the ASK waveform.
Adjust this control till the ‘Off’ level occurs midway between the ‘On’ signal
peaks.
[6] Observe the effect of Gain, Modulation offset & Carrier offset on FSK waveform of
each modulator.
[7] With reference to above observation write the conclusion.
[8] Draw the all FSK waveform observed on graph paper.
Part-B] FSK Demodulaton
[2] Make the connections between ST2111 and ST2106 to generate FSK signal as
explained Part-A.
[3] Between ST2106 & ST2107 trainer:
i) Summing amplifier output (TP36) to PLL detector input (TP16)
[4] On ST2107 trainer:
i) PLL detector output (TP17) to low pass filter 1 input (TP23)
ii) Low pass filter 1 Output (TP24) comparator 1 input (TP46)
[5] Connect the PLL detector input (TP16) to CH-1 and Comparator-1 output (TP47) on
ST 2106 to CH-2 of DSO/CRO.
[6] Switch on the power for two trainer kits and CRO/DSO.
[7] Adjust the DSO/CRO to observe the FSK and received data waveforms.
[8] Three variables have been provided in the modulators block. Their use is explained
in step 7 of part-A. Observe their effect on demodulated FSK signal.
[9] Observe the effect of Gain, Modulation offset & Carrier offset on FSK waveform of
each modulator.
[11] Draw the FSK, PLL, LPF and Comparator outputs observed on graph paper.
CONCLUSION:-

1. What is MSK?
2.What is meant by Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)?
3. For the given 8 bit data 10111010 draw the FSK output waveform.
4. Draw the constellation diagram of FSK.
5. What will happen if the same frequency is used for both the carriers?

EXPERIMENT 8: To Study PSK Modulation and

Demodulation
AIM: To Study PSK Modulation and Demodulation

.
APPARATUS REQUIRED : - ST 2111, ST 2106 and ST 2107 Trainer Kit, DSO/CRO
THEORY:-
PSK Modulation
Figure-1:- PSK Modulator
PSK Modulation
Phase shift keying involves the phase change of the carrier sine wave between ‘0°
and 180° in accordance with the data stream to be transmitted. Phase shift keying is also
known as phase reversal keying (PRK). The PSK waveform for a given data is as shown in
figure 1
Functionally, the PSK modulator is very similar to the ASK modulator. Both uses
balanced modulator to multiply the carrier with the modulating signal. But in contrast to
ASK technique, the digital signal applied to the modulation input for PSK generation is

bipolar i.e. have equal positive and negative voltage levels. When the modulating input is
positive the output of modulator is a sine wave in phase with the carrier input. Whereas for
the negative voltage levels, the output of modulator is a sine wave which is shifted out of
phase by 180° from the carrier input. This happens because the carrier input is now
multiplied by the negative constant level. Thus the output in phase when a change in
polarity of the modulating signal results figure 2 shows the functional blocks of the PSK
modulator.
Figure-2:-PSK Demodulator

PSK Demodulation
At receiver, the square loop detector circuit is used to demodulate the transmitted
PSK signal. Functionally. The incoming PSK signal with 00& 1800 phase changes is first fed
to the signal squarer, which multiplies the input signal by itself. The output of this block is a
signal of twice the frequency with the frequency of the output doubled, the 0 0& 1800phase
changes are reflect as 00& 3600phase changes. Since phase change of 3600 is same as 00 phase
change, it can be said that the signal squarer simply removes the phase transitions from the
original PSK waveform.
The PLL block locks to the frequency of the signal square output & produces a clean
square wave output of same frequency. To derive the square wave of same frequency as the
incoming PSK signal, the PLL's output is divided by two in frequency domain is the divided
by 2 circuit.
The following phase adjust circuit allows the phase of the digital signal to be
adjusted with respect to the input PSK signal. Also its output controls the closing of an
analog switch. When the output is high the switch closes & the original PSK signal is
switched through the detector. When the phases adjust block's output is low, the switch
opens & the detector's output falls to 0 Volts. The demodulator output contains positive half
cycles when the PSK input has one phase & only negative half cycles when the PSK input
has another phase. The phase adjust potentiometer is adjusted properly. The average level
information of the demodulator output which contains the digital data information is
extracted by the following low pass filter. The low pass filter output is too rounded to be
used for digital processing. Therefore it is 'Squared Up' by a voltage comparator.
Since the sine wave is symmetrical, the receiver has no way of detecting whether the
incoming phase of the signal is 00& 1800This phase ambiguity create two different
possibilities for the receiver output i.e. the final data stream can be either the original data
stream or its inverse. This phase ambiguity can be corrected by applying some data
conditioning to the incoming stream to convert it to a form which recognizes the logic levels
by changes that occur & not by the absolute value. One such code is NRZ (M) where a
change or the absence of change conveys the information. A change in level represents data
'1' & no change represents data '0'. This NRZ (M) waveform is used to change the phase at
the modulator. The comparator output at receiver can again be of two forms, one being the
logical inverse of the other. But now it is not the absolute value in which we are interested.
Now the receiver simply locks for changes in levels, a level change representing a '1' and no
level changes representing a '0' thus the phase ambiguity problem does not makes
difference any more. This is known as differential phase shift keying. From the differential
bit decoder output is a data '1' when it encounters a level change & a '0' when no change
occurs. Thus the output from the differential bit decoder is a NRZ (L) waveform.
PROCEDURE:-
PSK Modulation
[2] Make the following connections between ST2111, ST2106 trainers.
i) TX clock output (TP3) to TX clock input
ii) Data output to data input
iii) Gnd to Gnd
[3] On ST2106 Trainer :
i) Carrier input of modulator 1 (TP26) to 960KHz (1) carrier (TP17)

ii) NRZ (M) output (TP6) to unipolar-bipolar converter input (TP20)
iii) Unipolar-bipolar converter output (TP21) to modulator 1 input (TP27)
[4] Connect the NRZ (M) output (TP6) to CH-1 and Modulator-1output (TP28) on ST
2106 to CH-2 of
DSO/CRO.
[5] Switch on the power for two trainer kits and CRO/DSO.
[6] Adjust the DSO/CRO to observe the data and PSK waveform.
[7] Monitor the modulator- 1o/p (TP28) in ST2106 trainer with reference to its i/pt
(TP27) by using a CRO/DSO. The three controls in modulator block may require
some setting.
a. Gain: This controls the amplitude of the modulator output signal. Vary it
until the amplitude of the output is 2Vpp.
b. Modulation offset: This controls the peak to peak amplitudes of 00&
1800 phases relative to each other. Vary it till the amplitudes for both
faces become equal.
c. Carrier offset: This controls the DC offsets of two phases namely 00&
1800 phases relative to each other. Vary the control till the DC off set
for them is reduced to as close as zero volts. Displaying the NRZ (M)
input with the PSK modulated waveform helps to understand the PSK
modulation concept. Notice that every time the NRZ (M) waveform level
changes, PSK modulated waveform undergoes 1800 phase change.
[8] Observe the effect of Gain, Modulation offset & Carrier offset on PSK waveform.
[10] Draw NRZ (M) and PSK waveform on graph paper.
PSK Modulation
1 Clk
2 Data
3 NRZ(M)
4 PSK ‘0’
‘1’
PSK Demodulation

1 Clk
2 Data
3 NRZ(M)
4 PSK ‘0’
‘1’
PM DEMODULATION
[2] Make the connections between ST2111 and ST2106 to generate PSK as explained in
Part-A.
[3] Connection On ST2106 trainer:
i) Carrier input of modulator 1 (TP26) to 960KHz (1) carrier (TP17)
ii) NRZ (M) output (TP6) to unipolar-bipolar converter input (TP20)
iii) Unipolar-bipolar converter output (TP21) to modulator 1 input (TP27)
[4] Connection between ST2106 & ST2107 trainers :
i) Modulator 1 output (TP28) to PSK demodulator input (TP10)
[5] Connection On ST2107 trainer :
i) PSK demodulator output (TP15 to low pass filter 1 input (TP23)
ii) Low pass filter 1 output (TP24) to comparator 1 input (TP46)
iii) Comparator 1 output (TP47) to Dibit decoder input (TP39)
iv) Clk from ST2111 to Clk at Dibit Decoder
[6] Connect the input of PSK demodulator (TP10) to CH-1 and bit decoder output
(TP40) on ST2107 to CH-2 OF CRO/DSO
[7] Switch on the power for three trainer kits and CRO/DSO.
[8] Adjust the DSO/CRO to observe the FSK and received data waveforms.
[9] Monitor the modulator- 1o/p (TP28) in ST2106 trainer with reference to its i/p
(TP27) by using a CRO/DSO.
[10] Three variables have been provided in the modulators block. Their use is
explained in step 7 of
part-A. Observe their effect on demodulated PSK signal.
[11] Observe the effect of Gain, Modulation offset & Carrier offset on PSK
waveform of each modulator.
[13] Draw the PSK, LPF, Comparator and Decoder outputs observed on graph
paper.
CONCLUSION:-

1.What are the drawbacks of binary PSK system?

2. What is meant by DPSK?
3. Define Nyquist rate
4.Why is PSK always preferable over ASK in coherent detection

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ELEC/PHCET Communication Engineering

MAHATMA EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S

PILLAI HOC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Rukhsar Pathan, Lecturer

Department of Electrical Engineering

Rukhsar Pathan Page 1 of 33

1) Generation of Double-Sideband Full Carrier Amplitude

Rukhsar Pathan Page 2 of 33

EXPERIMENT 1: Generation of Double-Sideband Full

AIM: Generation of Double-Sideband Full Carrier Amplitude Modulation (DSB-FC

APPARATUS REQUIRED : Trainer Board, CRO, Connecting Probes

THEORY: Information signals are transported between a transmitter and a receiver

PRINCIPLES OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION:

Rukhsar Pathan Page 3 of 33

Although th ere are several types of amplitude modulation, AM double-

An AM modulator is a nonlinear device. Therefore, nonlinear mixing occurs and the

COEFFICIENT OF MODULATION AND PERCENT MODULATION:

Rukhsar Pathan Page 4 of 33

demodulator circuits in the receiver, which is the predominant advantage of AM

Rukhsar Pathan Page 5 of 33

Sr. No. Vmax Vmin m Percent m

1. Why Modulation is necessary for communication system.

Rukhsar Pathan Page 6 of 33

EXPERIMENT. 2: Frequency modulation generation using

AIM: Frequency modulation generation using varactor diode

FREQUENCY DEVIATION BANDWIDTH AND MODULATION

Where, ∆f = Peak frequency deviation (Hertz)

Rukhsar Pathan Page 8 of 33

Rukhsar Pathan Page 9 of 33

1. What are the different methods of generating FM signal?

Rukhsar Pathan Page 10 of 33

EXPERIMENT 3: Pulse Amplitude modulation generation and

AIM: Pulse Amplitude modulation generation and detection

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Trainer Board, CRO, Connecting Probes

Rukhsar Pathan Page 12 of 33

1. Mention the applications of PAM signal.

Rukhsar Pathan Page 13 of 33

EXPERIMENT 4: Pulse Width modulation generation and

APPARATUS REQUIRED : Trainer Board, CRO, Connecting Probes

Rukhsar Pathan Page 14 of 33

What is PWM? Or pulse length modulation? Or pulse duration modulation

Rukhsar Pathan Page 15 of 33

EXPERIMENT 5: Pulse Position Modulation generation and

APPARATUS REQUIRED : Trainer Board, CRO, Connecting Probes

1.What is Pulse Position Modulation

Rukhsar Pathan Page 17 of 33

EXPERIMENT 6: To study ASK Modulation and

APPARATUS REQUIRED : ST 2111, ST2106 & ST 2107 Trainer Kit, DSO/CRO

The ASK waveform is generated by a balanced modulator circuit, also known as a

Figure 1:- ASK modulation waveforms

In order to generate ASK waveform it is necessary to apply a sine wave at carrier

Rukhsar Pathan Page 19 of 33

ASK Demodulation: Circuit connection on between ST 2106, ST 2107, ST2111

Figure 2:- Amplitude Shift Keying

The various steps involved are as below:

Rukhsar Pathan Page 20 of 33

1. What is meant by coherent ASK?

Rukhsar Pathan Page 21 of 33

EXPERIMENT 7: To Study FSK Modulation and

Rukhsar Pathan Page 22 of 33

Figure 1:-FSK waveforms

Figure 2:-Generation of FSK Waveform from ASK Waveforms

Figure 5:-FSK Modulator

Rukhsar Pathan Page 23 of 33